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Karava of Sri Lanka
The Karava Maha Kodiya of the Karava Community.
Regions with significant populations
Sri Lanka,
Languages
Sinhala (Tamil also spoken by bilingual Karavas north of Negombo.)
Religion
91% Theravada Buddhism, 9% Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Sinhalese, Tamils, Karaiyar, Pattanavar
The Karava Sun and Moon Flag symbolising the Royal Solar and Lunar Dynastical origins of the community. This flag is also one of the main flags still used by the Karavas at their ceremonies.

Karava (Sinhala: කරාවා, romanized: Karāvā) is a Sinhalese speaking ethnic group of Sri Lanka, whose ancestors migrated throughout history from the Coromandel coast, claiming lineage to the Kaurava royalty of the old Kingdom of Kuru in Northern India. The Tamil equivalent is Karaiyar.[1][2][3][4][5] Both groups are also known as the Kurukula (Kuru clan).[6]

The last mass migration to Sri Lanka happened in the 15th century from Tamil Nadu to fight against the Mukkuvar confederation as mentioned in the Mukkara Hatana. They have also given great importance to trade and commerce. The elite families are involved in entrepreneurial activities including the development of plantation agriculture such as coconut, tea and rubber.[7][8][9] They also played a leading role in advocating constitutional reforms and socialism prior to independence as well as in the emergence of Sinhala Buddhist nationalism in post-independent Sri Lanka.[10][11][12][13][14] It is estimated that they form 10% of the Sinhalese population.[15]

Etymology

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The origins of the term Karava are still debated. The name might be a modified version of the Tamil Karaiyar, where "Karava" has the same root word kara or karai meaning "coast" or "shore" in Tamil.[16][17] The earliest recorded instance could be the Prakrit inscription at the Abhayagiri Vihāra dating from the 1st century BC denoting a Dameda karava navika which means Tamil Karava mariner.[1][2][18] The name "Karava" has also been proposed to be a corruption of the Sanskrit name Kaurava, following their origin story.[3] Other historical counts refer to them and also the Karaiyars as Careas and Kaurawar.[19]

History

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See also: Timeline of the Kurukulam

Many Kurukula communities throughout Sri Lanka and south India claim an origin from the Kuru kingdom and the Kauravas of the Hindu epic Mahabharata.[20] For instance, Kurukulattaraiyan was the name ascribed to 'the prince who wore a golden anklet' that commanded the army of Vijayabahu I (11th century AD) to end Chola rule in Sri Lanka.[4][5]

Studies on the establishment of caste system in Sinhalese society show that the history of the Karava caste does not go beyond the Kotte period (15th–16th century AD).[21] Typically four castes were mentioned prior to this era and migrants were usually mentioned by their ethnicity.[22][23] Historical manuscripts such as the Mukkara Hatana indicate that there were migrations from the Kurumandalam coast of Tamil Nadu, South India, and that they were originally Tamil speakers.[24] Some Karava families migrated from South India as recently as the 18th century.[25] The Karavas north of Negombo are predominantly Catholic and bilingual in Tamil and Sinhalese,[26] whereas the Karavas south of Colombo are Buddhist. It is evident that they had also patronised Mahayana Buddhism before its extinction in the Island.[1][18]

The Mukkara Hatana describes that they won a three month siege against the Mukkuvars, under the sponsorship of Kotte king Parakramabahu VI in the 14th century AD.[27] The Kotte King Bhuvanaikabahu VI was the son of a Karava chief who was adopted by Parakramabahu VI after the death of his father in the war mentioned in Mukkara Hatana.[28][29] The Rajavaliya mentions that in the 16th century, the heirs to the throne - Bhuvanaikabahu and Pararajasinghe were under the care of the minister Karunadhipati, the Patabenda of Yapa-Patuna.[30]

The Karava chieftains resisted the colonial Portuguese rule in 16th century. The Karava Prince of Uva, Kuruvita Rala (also known as Antonio Barreto[31]), who had his strongholds in Batticaloa, Wellawaya, Negombo and parts of Sabaragamuwa and Matara region, led his and the troops of Sitawaka Kingdom and revolted against the Portuguese.[32] Kuruvita Rala also raided the Kandy Kingdom and drove king Senarat of Kandy out of his capital.[33]

They were under Portuguese rule, along with the Karaiyar and Nair recruited as Lascarins and were converted to Catholicism.[34] Large Catholic Karava communities exists ever since, who were mostly Hindus prior to conversion.[35] The Catholic Karava chieftains sided with the Kingdom of Kandy and the kingdom's Dutch allies against the Portuguese empire, and the King bestowed honors and titles to the Karava chieftains.[36]

The Karavas amassed wealth through commercial ventures such as in coastal navigation, fishing, carpentry, transportation, arrack, coconut, rubber, graphite and other industries.[8][24] The Karavas formed the elites between 16th century and early 20th century.[7][37] Numerous organization were formed by them such as Ceylon National Association, one of the predecessors of the Ceylon National Congress.[13] James Peiris, a Karava lawyer and national leader, was an essential character in the Sri Lankan independence movement.[12][38] Rohana Wijeweera and other Karava leaders formed in the 1960s the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, a communist party and political movement, who were involved in two armed uprisings against the ruling governments in 1971 and 1987.[39]

Traditional status

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Main article: Karava heraldry

The Karavas were coastal people, who served in naval warfare and contributed as coastal chieftains and regional kings.[9][3] Their chiefs were referred in Sinhalese as Patabendi or Patangatim,[30][40] which is derived from the Tamil term Pattamkattiyar (meaning "crowned one"),[41] which was also used by their equivalent Tamil Karaiyars.[42]

A 19th-century representation of the Karava Makara Flag.

The Karavas were one of the few Sri Lankan communities traditionally entitled to use flags.[43] A large number of these Karava flags have survived the ravages of time and many are illustrated in E. W. Perera's book Sinhalese Banners and Standards.[43]

The sacred usage of conch shell and tying of Nalapata (royal forehead plate) was a common practice among Karavas, also mentioned in the Rajaveliya. The sun and the moon, pearl umbrella are traditional royal symbols used by the Karavas.[31] The Makara, being an emblem of their clan, is the mount of their clan deity, the sea god Varuna.[44] The clan name Warnakulasuriya, denotes their deity Varuna.

Insignia such as the pearl umbrella, flags, swords, trident, yak tail whisks, lighted flame torches and drums were previously widely used by the Karavas at their weddings and funerals. By the 1960s, such usage has been greatly reduced, whereas some places is it still practiced.[43]

Ancestral names

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The Karava's use the vasagama naming system. Vasagama, literally meaning "estate (gama) in which one resides", is a title or surname that is given to the patrilineal descendants.[45] The most common clans among the Karavas are Kurukulasuriya, Warunakulasuriya and Mihindikulasuriya (formerly known as Arasakulasuriya).[31][46] Other clans are Koon Karavas and Konda Karavas.

Name based on leadership or armoured military office (Sannaddha/Sannadi) include Hennadige, show a traditional military heritage and confirms the military origins of the group as claimed by Karava origin stories and family histories. Some of the popular surnames, Beminahennedige, Wachchi Hennadige, Weera Hennadige, Andra Hennadige and Warusa Hennadige , Arasa Marakkalage ("house of the Royal Mariners"), Patabendige ("house of the local headmen"), and Thantrige (also Tantulage or Thanthulage, "house of experts").[47][48]

Names based on profession include Marakkalage (house of the ship/boat owners or sailors ) and Vaduge (also Baduge; house of carpenters, ship, Silmaguruge & boat builders, also descendant of Vadugar).[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c PARANAVITĀNA, Senerat (1970). Inscriptions of Ceylon Vol. I (3rd century BC to 1st century CE in the Early Brāhmī Script). Department of Archaeology. pp. 7, 83 & 113. ISBN 9789559159308.
  2. ^ a b Raghavan, M. D. (1971). Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction. Kalai Nilayam. pp. 53, 138.
  3. ^ a b c Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 1965. pp. 18, 51. ISBN 9780521232104.
  4. ^ a b Indrapala, Karthigesu (1965). Dravidian Settlements in Ceylon and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Jaffna. University of London. pp. 109–110, 371, 373.
  5. ^ a b Raghavan, M. D. (1961). The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture. K.V.G. De Sīlva. pp. 5, 13, 195.
  6. ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka, Volume 36-37. University of Michigan: Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 1993. p. 137.
  7. ^ a b Roberts, Michael (1982). Caste Conflict and Elite Formation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18, 75, 81–8, 131–40, 300–20. ISBN 9780521052856.
  8. ^ a b Jiggins, Janice (1979-06-07). Caste and Family Politics Sinhalese 1947-1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780521220699.
  9. ^ a b Fernando, Mario (2007). Spiritual Leadership in the Entrepreneurial Business: A Multifaith Study. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 9781847208613.
  10. ^ Roberts, Michael (1982). Caste conflict and elite formation: the rise of a Karāva elite in Sri Lanka, 1500–1931. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–7. ISBN 978-0-521-23210-4.
  11. ^ Guruge, Ananda (2011). PEACE AT LAST IN PARADISE. Author-House. pp. 213–14. ISBN 978-1463418373.
  12. ^ a b Peebles, Patrick (2015-10-22). Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442255852.
  13. ^ a b Silva, K. M. De (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. University of California Press. pp. 361–362. ISBN 9780520043206.
  14. ^ Working towards reform, The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) Retrieved 23 April 2015
  15. ^ Bush, Kenneth (2003). The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines. Springer. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-230-59782-2.
  16. ^ International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 1990. p. 110.
  17. ^ a b Vaduga: Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands, By Chandra Richard De Silva, p.111 & 137
  18. ^ a b Seneviratna, Anuradha (1994). Ancient Anuradhapura: The Monastic City. Archaeological Survey Department, Government of Sri Lanka. p. 288. ISBN 9789559159025.
  19. ^ Kurukshetra. Sri Lak-Indo Study Group. 1983. p. 78.
  20. ^ The Ceylon Journal of the Humanities. University of Sri Lanka. 1970. pp. 34–35.
  21. ^ Amarasinghe, Jayantha; Kariyakarawana, Saman M. (December 2014). "Immigrated national identity: Karava and Sinhalese Mask Drama (Kolam)". Journal of Social Review. 3 (1). Department of Social Sciences, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka: 58.
  22. ^ Kapferer, Bruce (1997-10-15). The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power. University of Chicago Press. pp. 68. ISBN 9780226424132.
  23. ^ Obeyesekere, Gananath (1984). The cult of the goddess Pattini. University of Chicago Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780226616025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ a b Horowitz, Donald L. (2014-07-14). Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781400854127.
  25. ^ Kemper, Steven (1991). The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics, and Culture in Sinhala Life. Cornell University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8014-2395-6.
  26. ^ Obeyesekere, Ganath (1984). The cult of the goddess Pattini. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 374. ISBN 9780226616025.
  27. ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Duke University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0822341611.
  28. ^ Fernando, A. Denis N. "Dona Catherina was the direct heiress by virtue of her heredity". Info Lanka.
  29. ^ A. Sebastian, A Complete Illustrated History of Sri Lanka. Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2012. p 397. ISBN 9789556651492
  30. ^ a b Gunasekara, B. (1995). Rajavaliya, Or, a Historical Narrative of Sinhalese Kings. Asian Educational Services. p. 75. ISBN 8120610296.
  31. ^ a b c Raghavan, M. D. (1961). The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture. K.V.G. De Sīlva. pp. 36, 39, 143.
  32. ^ Colombo, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Ceylon Branch (1946). Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Colombo Apothecaries Company. p. 210.
  33. ^ DeSilva, Chandra Richard (1972). The Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617-1638. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 59–66, 83–84.
  34. ^ Wickramasinghe, Nira (2006). Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities. University of Hawaii Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780824830168.
  35. ^ Nyrop, Richard F.; Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area; Army, United States Dept of the (1986). Sri Lanka, a country study. Headquarters, Dept. of the Army. p. 106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Sivasubramaniam, K. (2009). Fisheries in Sri Lanka: anthropological and biological aspects. Kumaran Book House. pp. 136, 137. ISBN 9789556591460.
  37. ^ Runciman, W. G. (1989-02-02). A Treatise on Social Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780521369831.
  38. ^ Nyrop, Richard F.; Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area; Army, United States Dept of the (1986). Sri Lanka, a country study. Headquarters, Dept. of the Army. p. 111.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Jiggins, Janice (1979-06-07). Caste and Family Politics Sinhalese 1947–1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780521220699.
  40. ^ Patangatin/Headmen of Chilaw baptised in 1606 at Malwana; Ceylon and the Portuguese 1505–1658, by Paulus Edward Pieris
  41. ^ "பட்டங்கட்டி | அகராதி | Tamil Dictionary". agarathi.com. University of Madras Lexicon. Retrieved 2017-08-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  42. ^ Modern Ceylon Studies. University of Ceylon. 1975.
  43. ^ a b c In 1574 the Mahapatabenda of Colombo is beheaded and quartered by the Portuguese for treasonable communication with Mayadunne, the sannas grants of king Mayadenne to Sitavaka Tantula and Rajapakse Tantula of Ambalangoda for serving the interests of Sitawaka kings, Thamankaduwa, Diddeniya, Galagamuwa and Matale Karavas and their insignia The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture, M. D. Raghavan pp.33–6,43,66,71–5 (K.V.G. De Sīlva ) ASIN: B0006CKOV2
  44. ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 1993. p. 137.
  45. ^ Maloney, Clarence (1974). South Asia; seven community profiles. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 64. ISBN 9780030118562.
  46. ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (1982-09-02). Caste Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780521241458.
  47. ^ Royal grant to a port Patangatin, Kingdom of Jaffanapatam, P.E. Pieris, p. 25-28
  48. ^ The sword of Mahanaga Rajasinghe Kuruvira Adithya Arsanilaishta (1416 AD) – the oldest representation of the Makara knuckle-guard: Ancient Swords, Daggers and Knives in Sri Lankan Museums, P.H.D.H. De Silva and S. Wickramasinghe, pp.82,90,101–5 (National Museums of Sri Lanka) ISBN 9789555780216
  • RAGHAVAN, M. D., The Karava of Ceylon: Society and Culture, K. V. G. de Silva, 1961.
  • Caste Conflict and Elite Formation, The Rise of the Karava Elite in Sri Lanka 1500–1931. Michael Roberts 1982, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 81-7013-139-1
  • Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon. Patrick Peebles. 1995, Navrang ISBN 81-7013-141-3.
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