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Khene

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"Khen" redirects here. For other uses, see Khen (disambiguation).
A khene player in Isan

The khaen (/ˈkɛn/; spelled "Khaen", "Kaen", "Kehn"[1] or "Ken" in English;[2] Lao: ແຄນ, pronounced [kʰɛ́ːn]; Thai: แคน, RTGS: khaen, pronounced [kʰɛ̄ːn]; Northeastern Thai: แคน, pronounced [kʰɛ᷇ːn]; Khmer: គែន – Ken; Vietnamese: khèn or kheng) is a Lao mouth organ whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown. The khene is the national instrument of Laos.[3] The khene music is an integral part of Lao life that promotes family and social cohesion[4] and it was inscribed in 2017 on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[5] It is used among the ethnic Lao Isan and Some tai ethnic groups such as Tai dam In north Vietnam and Lao population of the province of Stung Treng and is used in lakhon ken, a Cambodian dance drama genre that features the khene as the main instrument[6][7] In Vietnam, this instrument is used among the Tai peoples and the Muong people.

The khene uses a free reed made of brass and/or silver. It is related to Western free-reed instruments such as the harmonium, concertina, accordion, harmonica, and bandoneon, which were developed beginning in the 18th century from the Chinese sheng, a related instrument, a specimen of which had been carried to St. Petersburg, Russia.[citation needed]

The khene has five different lai, or pentatonic modes with specific drone pitches, organized into two families (thang san and thang yao). The thang san family includes lai sutsanaen (G A C D E), lai po sai (C D F G A), and lai soi (D E G A B), while the thang yao family includes lai yai (A C D E G) and lai noi (D F G A C). Lai po sai is considered to be the oldest of the modes and lai sutsanaen the "Father of the Lai Khaen." [citation needed] Khene can be played as a solo instrument (dio khene), as part of an ensemble (such as wong pong lang and khene wong), or as an accompaniment to a Lao or Isan solo singer (mor lam). It is often played in combination with a traditional fretted plucked lute called phin.

Composers who have written notated music for the instrument include Annea Lockwood, Christopher Adler, David Loeb, and Vera Ivanova.

Tuning

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The khene has seven tones per octave, with intervals similar to that of the Western diatonic natural A-minor scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. A khene can be made in a particular key but cannot be tuned after the reed is set and the pipes are cut.

Varieties

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The khene comes in several varieties:

  • Khaen hok (Lao: ແຄນຫົກ Thai: แคนหก, hok meaning "six") – small khaen with 12 pipes in two rows of 6; usually used by children or beginners, or sold to tourists
  • Khaen jet (Lao: ແຄນເຈັດ Thai: แคนเจ็ด, jet meaning "seven") – medium-sized khaen with 14 pipes in two rows of 7
  • Khaen pet (Lao: ແຄນແປດ Thai: แคนแปด, pet meaning "eight") – medium-sized khaen with 16 pipes in two rows of 8; the most commonly used variety
  • Khaen gao (Lao: ແຄນເກົ້າ Thai: แคนเก้า, gao meaning "nine") – khaen with 18 pipes in two rows of 9; usually very long
  • Khaen sip (Lao: ແຄນສິບ Thai: แคนสิบ, sip meaning "ten") – an "improved" version of the khaen paet; little used

Outside Southeast Asia

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Khene

In the United States, the top master khaen artist is a blind Laotian-born player, Bounseung Synanonh. Master Synanonh started playing the khaen at age twelve and later lost his eyesight at age 15. Master Synanonh immigrated to the U.S. as a refugee in the early 1980s.[8] In 1987, he performed for President Reagan at the White House.  He also recorded with the World Music Institute under the direction of Terry Miller, a world-renowned ethnomusicologist.  In 2007, he performed at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C.[9] In Thailand, one of the top virtuoso khaen soloists is the blind musician Sombat Simla. The instrument has also attracted a few non-Asian performers, including University of San Diego professor Christopher Adler, who also composes for the instrument; English musician Clive Bell (UK); Vancouver-based composer/performer Randy Raine-Reusch (Canada), who played khaen on Aerosmith's Pump (1989), Cranberries' To the Faithful Departed (1996), and Yes's The Ladder (1999); and Jaron Lanier (United States). Since the early 21st century, the California-born khaen player Jonny Olsen has achieved familiarity in Laos and Thailand by appearing on numerous Thai and Lao TV Shows and performing live concerts in Thailand and the U.S. Olsen is the first foreigner to win a khaen championship in Khon Kaen, Thailand in 2005. Stephen Molyneux (United States) has played the khaen on his releases The Arbitrary State (2010), The Stars Are the Light Show (2012), Wings and Circles (2016), and in select live performances. Molyneux bought a khaen in Bangkok in 2010 after developing an interest in the instrument while traveling in Laos and Thailand.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Shepherd, J., et al. (2003). "Wind Instruments: Reeds and Woodwinds", Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Vol. II: Performance and Production. New York: Continumm. p. 486. ISBN 978-184-7-14472-0, 0-8264-6322-3
  2. ^ Martin, Andrew R. and Mihalka, M. (2020). "Khene", Music Around the World: A Global Encyclopedia. California: ABC-CLIO LLC. p. 464. ISBN 978-161-0-69499-5
    • Mansfield, S. Koh, M. and Nevins, D. (2018). Cultures of the World: Laos. (3rd Ed.). New York: Cavendish Square Publishing LLC. p. 98. ISBN 978-150-2-63233-3
  3. ^ Whitaker, Donald P. et al., Foreign Area Studies, American University. (1972). Area Handbook for Laos : Laos, a country study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 143-144. LCCN 72--60017
  4. ^ Yap, Jasmina (2018-04-14). "Laos Celebrates Khaen Music as UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage". Laotian Times. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  5. ^ "UNESCO – Khaen music of the Lao people". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  6. ^ http://www.jiras.se/lakhaon2010/kraythong/info.html>; pictures of performance with the instrument can be seen at <http://www.jiras.se/lakhaon2010/kraythong/index.html>
  7. ^ Referred to as 'Ken Theatre' or lakhaon ken in <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001352/135258eb.pdf>
  8. ^ "Bounxeung Synanonh". www.arts.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  9. ^ "The Khene: A Quintessential Lao Instrument". Alliance for California Traditional Arts. 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2021-07-01.

Bibliography

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  • Miller, Terry E. Traditional Music of the Lao: Kaen Playing and Mawlum Singing in Northeast Thailand (1985). Contributions in Intercultural and Comparative Studies, no. 13. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Miller, Terry E. An Introduction to Playing the Kaen (1980). Kent, Ohio: Terry E. Miller.
  • Lilly, Joseph An Introduction to the Khaen of Laos:The Free-Reed Journal Articles and Essays Featuring Classical Free-Reed Instruments and Performers
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