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Keikyu N1000 series

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This article is about the Keikyu rolling stock type introduced from 2002. For the Keikyu rolling stock type introduced from 1959, see Keikyu 1000 series.

Keikyu N1000 series
Stainless steel (left) and aluminium (right) N1000 series sets in July 2021
In service2002–present
ManufacturerJ-TREC, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Tokyu Car Corporation
Family nameSustina S13 Series (1000-1890 series only)
Replaced800 series, 1000 series, 1500 series[1]
Constructed2002–
Entered service15 April 2002
Refurbished2017–present
Number built492 vehicles (83 sets)[verification needed]
Number in service476 vehicles (80 sets; as of December 2021)[verification needed]
Number scrapped8 vehicles (1 set; accident damage)
Formation4/6/8 cars per set
Fleet numbers8-car sets:
  • 1001–1185,
  • 1201–1225

6-car sets:

  • 1301–1367,
  • 1601–1667

4-car sets:

  • 1401–1489,
  • 1801–1809,
  • 1891–
OperatorsKeikyu
Lines served
Specifications
Car body constructionAluminium (batches 1-5)
Stainless steel (batches 6-)
Car length18 m (59 ft 1 in)
Width2.83 m (9 ft 3 in)
Floor height1.15 m (45 in)
Doors3 pairs per side
Maximum speed120 km/h (74.6 mph) (service)
130 km/h (80.8 mph) (design)
Traction system
  • 1st-2nd batches (original): GTO–VVVF (Siemens)
  • 1041F, 1049F (original): IGBT–VVVF (Siemens)
  • 1st-5th batches (8-car sets, current), 6th-19th batches (4-car and 6-car sets), 1800 series: IGBT–VVVF (Toyo Denki)
  • 6th-15th batches (8 car sets): IGBT–VVVF (Mitsubishi Electric)
  • 1401F-1413F, 1367F: IGBT–VVVF (Toshiba)
  • 1001F, Batch 16-19 (8-car sets): SiC–VVVF (Mitsubishi Electric)
  • 1000-1890 series: SiC Hybrid IGBT–VVVF (Toyo Denki)
Traction motors3-phase AC induction motor (except 1367F)
1367F: Permanent magnet synchronous motor
Power output
  • Siemens, Toshiba, Toyo Denki (8-car), Mitsubishi SiC: 190 kW
  • Mitsubishi IGBT, Toyo Denki (4 and 6 car): 155kW
Acceleration3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s)
Deceleration4 km/(h⋅s) (2.5 mph/s) (regular use)
4.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.8 mph/s) (emergency)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC (nominal) from overhead catenary
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Braking system(s)Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes, regenerative brakes
Safety system(s)C-ATS
Multiple working600 series, 1500 series, 2100 series
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Notes/references
This train won the 65th Blue Ribbon Award in 2022.
※ Awarded for 1000-1890 series "Le Ciel"

The Keikyu N1000 series (京急新1000形, Keikyū Shin-1000-gata) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Keikyu on commuter services in the Tokyo area of Japan since 2002.[2][3]

Operations

[edit]

The eight-car sets are primarily used on limited-stop "Rapid Limited Express" and "Limited Express" services on the Keikyu Main Line, including through-running services to the Toei Asakusa Line as well as the Keisei Oshiage Line, Keisei Main Line, and Hokuso Line.[3] Some of these eight-car sets are also being used on the Keikyu Airport Line. Four-car sets are commonly used to form 12-car "Rapid Limited Express" and "Limited Express" services, and are also used singly on all-stations "Local" services;[3] in addition, some are used on the Keikyu Daishi Line,[4] with some being used to form eight-car trains for use on inter-running services to the Asakusa Line and Keisei lines.[5] The six-car formations delivered from 2011 are generally used on all-stations "Local" services.[3] The N1000 series sets can be used in multiple with other Keikyu EMU types, including the 600 series, 1500 series, 2000 series, and 2100 series.[3]

Variants

[edit]

Since the first set was introduced in 2002, the type has undergone a number of design improvements. Sets built from 2002 to 2006 have painted aluminium bodies, whereas sets built from 2007 onward (sets 1073 onward) have stainless steel bodies. More detailed variations are described below. The Siemens inverters fitted to the first two batches prior to their refurbishment between 2017 and 2021 were known in Japan by the nickname "Do-re-mi-fa Inverter" (ドレミファインバータ), due to the distinctive ascending musical scale the trains produced when accelerating from a standstill.[6]

Batch 1

[edit]

Delivered February to June 2002.

  • 8-car sets x 3: 1001, 1009, 1017
  • 4-car sets x 2: 1401, 1405

These sets have single-arm pantographs and were formerly equipped with roller-blind destination indicators and Siemens GTO variable-frequency drive (VVVF) traction equipment.

  • Refurbished 1st-batch set 1001 in October 2020
    Refurbished 1st-batch set 1001 in October 2020

Batch 2

[edit]

Delivered May to July 2003.

  • 8-car sets x 2: 1025, 1033
  • 4-car sets x 2: 1409, 1413

The centre pillars of the passenger windows were discontinued.

Set 1409 was upgraded in May 2018, and modifications included LED lights, LCD-displays above the doors, LED-displays on the sides, and replacement of the original GTO-VVVF propulsion systems with IGBT inverters supplied by Toshiba, which is also used on sets 1401 and 1405 from the earlier batch. Set 1413 was also upgraded like set 1409 and started service in December 2018. Set 1025 was refurbished in May and August 2019, and the original Siemens GTO was changed to Toyo Denki IGBT. Set 1033 had Siemens GTO inverters until 18 July 2021, where it operated as a charter from Shinagawa; its last run ultimately took place on 20 July. Following refurbishment, set 1033 received Toyo Denki IGBT inverters.

Batch 3

[edit]

Delivered January to March 2005.

  • 8-car sets x 2: 1041, 1049
  • 4-car sets x 2: 1417, 1421

Initially built with Siemens-manufactured IGBT-VVVF inverters.

Set 1417 was refurbished in March 2019. This set now has LED lighting, LCD-displays above the doors, other LED displays, and was refitted with Toyo Denki-manufactured IGBT-VVVF inverters. Both 1041 and 1049 were powered by Siemens IGBT-VVVF.[tense verification needed]

  • 3rd-batch 4-car set 1421 in June 2010
    3rd-batch 4-car set 1421 in June 2010

Batch 4

[edit]

Delivered July to August 2005.

  • 8-car sets x 1: 1057
  • 4-car sets x 4: 1425, 1429, 1433, 1437

Feature full-colour LED destination indicators.

  • 4th-batch 4-car set 1425 in March 2008
    4th-batch 4-car set 1425 in March 2008

Batch 5

[edit]

Delivered November 2006.

  • 8-car sets x 1: 1065
  • 4-car sets x 2: 1441, 1445

No design changes over 4th batch vehicles.

Set 1065 has refurbished and refitted with Toyo Denki IGBT-VVVF.

  • 5th-batch 8-car set 1065 with full-colour LED destination indicators in October 2020
    5th-batch 8-car set 1065 with full-colour LED destination indicators in October 2020

Batches 6–15

[edit]
6th-batch 8-car set 1073 in July 2021
9th-batch set 4-car 1481 in July 2023
11th-batch 6-car set 1313 in September 2023

These are four-, six-, and eight-car sets manufactured by Tokyu Car Corporation (J-TREC from 2012) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2007[7] and 2015.

External and technical changes

[edit]
Opened front-end emergency exit

These sets were built with significant bodywork and system updates over previous batches, some of which would be firsts for the N1000 series and Keikyu's history. These changes include the use of stainless steel bodies with film wrapping used for body colouring (earlier sets used painted aluminium[8]); the discontinuation of front-end wiper covers; and domestically supplied traction systems, with the 8-car trains use from Mitsubishi IGBT-VVVF, while 4- and 6-car trains use Toyo Denki IGBT-VVVF; both traction systems have an output of 155kW per motor. However, 6-car set 1367 uses Toshiba- built PMSM-VVVF with an output of 190kW per motor.[9][10][7] The new bodies are approximately 40 millimetres (2 in) narrower than their aluminium-bodied counterparts.[7] Four-car sets were built with motor cars throughout whilst eight-car sets preserved the motor car-to-trailer car ratio of 3:1.[10]

Batches 10 onward feature improved front-end emergency exits.[11]

The sets have garnered the nickname Ginsen (銀千, lit. 'silver thousand') for their red and silver colouring.[12]

Internal changes

[edit]

From batch 6, the transverse seat bays at the ends of cars were replaced with longitudinal bench seats, the seat partitions were recoloured beige, and the driver's position was raised by 150 mm (6 in).[7] Batch 7 introduced yellow warning tape around door interiors;[10] batch 10 introduced visual door warnings and LCD information displays;[11] and batch 11 introduced internal LED lighting (set 1313 only),[13] following trials with older trainsets from December 2009.[14]

  • Interior
    Interior
  • Interior with wheelchair/stroller space at left
    Interior with wheelchair/stroller space at left
  • Priority seating
    Priority seating
  • LED info display (batches 6–9)
    LED info display (batches 6–9)
  • LCD info display (batches 10–15)
    LCD info display (batches 10–15)
  • Driver's cab

Build histories

[edit]
8-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[12]
1073 Tokyu Car 14 March 2007[15] 6
1081 21 January 2008[16] 7
1089 8 February 2008[16]
1097 27 October 2008[17] 8
1105 17 November 2008[17]
1113 15 December 2008[17]
1121 10 May 2010[18] 10[11]
1129 2 June 2010[18]
1137[a] 21 June 2010[18]
1145 10 January 2012[19] 11
1153 J-TREC 6 April 2012[20] 12
1161 27 August 2013[21] 13
1169 24 June 2014[22] 14
6-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[12]
1301 Kawasaki HI 15 April 2011[10] 11
1307 22 April 2011[10]
1313[b] 3 March 2012[10]
1319 17 April 2012[10] 12
1325 24 April 2012[10]
1331 7 January 2014[10] 13
1337 7 March 2014[10]
1343 22 April 2014[22] 14
1349 22 May 2014[22]
1355 8 August 2014[22]
1361 9 April 2015[23] 15
1367[c] 9 December 2015[23]
4-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[12]
1449 Kawasaki HI 22 September 2008[10] 8
1453
1457 1 April 2009[10] 9
1461
1465 3 April 2009[10]
1469
1473 22 May 2009[10]
1477
1481 4 June 2009[10]
1485
1489 17 March 2011[10] 10


1000-1800 series

[edit]
1000-1800 series set 1809 in May 2019

Two new 1000-1800 series four-car sets (1801 and 1805) were delivered from J-TREC in February 2016. These two sets differ from earlier variants in having centre gangways on the cab ends as well as a vinyl-based red and ivory livery.[25] These two sets entered revenue service on 4 March 2016.[26]

A third set, 1809, was delivered ahead of the 16th batch on 30 September 2016.[27]

Batches 16–19

[edit]
16th-batch 8-car set 1185 in September 2023
17th-batch 6-car set 1619 in March 2022

These are six- and eight-car sets manufactured by J-TREC and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2016[28] and 2019.[29]

External changes

[edit]

While they inherit the stainless-steel bodies used with the N1000 series fleet since 2007, the 16th-batch sets carry a film-wrapped livery akin to that of the 1000-1800 series sets.[30] For the 17th batch of sets, film-wrapped liveries were discontinued in favour of painted liveries. Keikyu states that these sets are the first privately operated, stainless steel-bodied sets to incorporate full-surface painting on a large scale in the Kanto region.[31]

LED lighting is used throughout, and the 16th-batch sets are Keikyu's first to use LED headlights from new.[30]

All 8-car trains use Mitsubishi SiC-VVVF and has the power output of 190kW per motor while the 6-car trains use the same Toyo Denku IGBT-VVVF from the previous 4- and 6-car trains.[32]

Internal changes

[edit]

These batches incorporate a combination of longitudinal and transverse seating.[30] Each car has two bays of transverse seating, one at each end. The longitudinal seat partitions were enlarged to reduce wind gusts and interference between seated and standing occupants. Also provided are power outlets and LCD information displays, some of which support Japanese and English, and others that support Korean and simplified Chinese.[30]

  • Interior view
    Interior view
  • Transverse seating bay
    Transverse seating bay
  • Power outlets
    Power outlets

Build histories

[edit]
8-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[12]
1177 J-TREC 22 December 2016[33] 16
1185 21 February 2017[33]
1201 2017[34] 17
1209 2018[35]
1217 29 March 2018[10]
1225 2 September 2019[36] 19
6-car sets
Set No. Manufacturer Date delivered Batch[12]
1601 Kawasaki HI 7 November 2016[33] 16
1607 29 November 2016[33]
1613 5 January 2018[10] 17
1619 5 February 2018[10]
1625 10 October 2018[37] 18
1631 8 June 2018[37]
1637 18 June 2018[37]
1643 J-TREC 8 August 2018[37]
1649 Kawasaki HI 25 December 2018[37]
1655 J-TREC 26 February 2019[37]
1661 19 March 2019[37]
1667 Kawasaki HI 2019[29] 19

1000-1890 series "Le Ciel" (batches 20 and 21)

[edit]
1000-1890 series set 1891 in May 2021

The 1000-1890 series 4-car sets were introduced into service from 6 May 2021 as part of Batch 20.[38] These are the first trains in the fleet to feature rotating banks of seats; they can be arranged in a longitudinal or transverse seating configuration when required. The seats are similar to those used on the 2100 series but are 10 mm (0.39 in) wider.[39] Power sockets are also provided. They are also the first trainsets in the fleet to feature toilets; car 2 features a universal-access Western toilet,[39] and car 3 features a men's toilet.[40] The trains are intended for use on reserved seat "Wing" services as well as chartered event services.[41]

Following their initial entry into service, Keikyu procured three additional 4-car sets as part of its investment plan for fiscal 2021:[42] 1893–1895.[12]

Following a nickname contest for the 1000-1890 series fleet held between June and July 2021, the nickname "Le Ciel" (The Sky in French) was announced for the 1000-1890 series fleet on 24 December.[43] Four entries were given honourable mentions: "Red Rabbit", "Leap", "Sunsun", and "Kofu".[44] From 26 March 2022, the intermediate cars of sets 1891, 1892, 1894, and 1895 were adorned with "Le Ciel" branding.[45]

On 26 May 2022, the 1000-1890 series received the Blue Ribbon Award.[46] Set 1893 was adorned with branding commemorating the award.[47]

All trains on both batches use Toyo Denki IGBT-SiC(hybrid)-VVVF with the output of 190kW per motor. However, due to the layout of the equipments, the VVVFs are installed on the intermediate cars to reduce weight on the end cars.[48]

  • 4-car sets x5: 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895[12]
  • "Le Ciel" branding as used with the 1000-1890 series
  • Interior of a 1000-1890 series set

Batch 22

[edit]
22nd-batch 6-car set 1501 in September 2023

This batch was announced as part of Keikyu's investment plan for fiscal 2023, consisting of one 8-car set and one 6-car set.[49] The first set, 6-car set 1501, was delivered from the Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing plant on 28 July 2023[50] and entered service on 7 September.[51]

Build histories

[edit]
Set No. No. of cars Manufacturer Date delivered
1501 6 Kawasaki Railcar Mfg. 28 July 2023
1701 8 J-TREC 2 November 2023[52]

Formations

[edit]

As of 26 March 2022, the fleet consists of 27 eight-car sets (numbered 1001 to 1129, 1145 to 1185, and 1201 to 1225), 24 six-car sets (numbered 1301 to 1367 and 1601 to 1667), and 31 four-car sets (numbered 1401 to 1489, 1801 to 1809, and 1891 to 1895).

8-car sets 1001 to 1033

[edit]

The five eight-car (aluminium bodied) sets 1001 to 1033 are formed as follows, with four motored (M) cars and four trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation Muc Tpu Tu Mu Ms Ts Tps Msc
Numbering 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx

The "Tpu" and "Tps" cars are each fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[53]

8-car sets 1041 to 1065

[edit]

The five eight-car (aluminium bodied) sets 1041 to 1065 are formed as follows, with six motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation Muc Tpu M2u M1u M1s M2s Tps Msc
Numbering 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx 1xxx

The "Tpu" and "Tps" cars are each fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[53]

8-car sets 1073 to 1185 and 1201 to 1225

[edit]

The eighteen eight-car (stainless steel bodied) sets 1073 to 1185 and 1201 to 1225 are formed as follows, with six motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation M2uc M1u Tu M1u' M2s Ts M1s M2sc
Numbering 1xxx

The "M1u" and "M1s" cars are each fitted with two single-arm pantographs, and the "M1u'" are fitted with one pantograph.[53]

6-car sets 1301 to 1367 and 1601 to 1667

[edit]

The twenty-four six-car (stainless steel bodied) sets 1301 to 1367 and 1601 to 1667 are formed as follows, with four motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation M2uc M1u Tu Ts M1s M2sc
Numbering 13xx

On 1301–1367, the "M1u" cars are fitted with one single-arm pantograph, while "M1s" cars are fitted with two single-arm pantographs. On 1601–1667, the "M1u" and "M1s" cars are each fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[53]

4-car sets 1401 and 1405

[edit]

The first batch of four-car (aluminium bodied) sets, numbered 1401 and 1405, are formed as follows, with two motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation M1uc T1pu T1ps M1sc
Numbering 14xx

The "T1pu" and "T1ps" cars are each fitted with one single-arm pantograph.[53]

4-car sets 1409 and 1413

[edit]

The two four-car (aluminium bodied) sets 1409 and 1413 are formed as follows, with two motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[53]

Designation M1uc T Tp M1sc
Numbering 1xxx

The "Tp" cars are fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[53]

4-car sets 1417 to 1445

[edit]

The eight four-car (aluminium bodied) sets 1417 to 1445 are formed as follows, with three motored (M) cars and one trailer (T) car.[53]

Designation M1uc M2 Tp M1sc
Numbering 14xx

The "Tp" cars are fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[53]

4-car sets 1449 to 1489 and 1801 to 1809

[edit]

The 16 four-car (stainless steel bodied) sets 1449 to 1489, 1801 to 1809, and 1891 to 1892 are formed as follows, with all cars motored (M).[53]

Designation M2uc M1u M1s M2sc
Numbering 14xx/18xx

The "M1u" and "M1s" cars are each fitted with one single-arm pantograph.[53] The 18xx cars have end gangways that can be connected to form 8-car trains for through service to Asakusa and Keisei Lines.

1000-1890 series 4-car sets

[edit]

The 1000-1890 series four-car sets are formed as follows, with two motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars.[54] The "Muc2" car is at the Misakiguchi end.[55]: 4 

Designation Muc2 Tuv2 Tpsv2 Msc2
Numbering 189x-1 189x-2 189x-3 189x-4
Weight (t) 34.5 30.5 33.0 34.5
Capacity (total) 101 107 111 101

The "Tpsv2" cars are fitted with two single-arm pantographs.[55]: 4 

Refurbishment

[edit]

On 10 May 2017, Keikyu announced that it would make investments in safety and comfort that would total approximately 21.9 billion yen. Also announced was refurbishment work for eight N1000 series cars.[56] The work includes:[57]

  • Modifications to some of the passenger side windows to allow them to be opened
  • Removal of roof-mounted exhaust fans
  • Enlarged seat partitions
  • Replacement of traction equipment
  • Replacement of roller-blind destination indicators in favour of full-colour LED destination indicators
  • Replacement of external and internal lighting with LEDs
  • Replacement of above-door LED passenger information systems with liquid-crystal display systems
  • Addition of door opening/closing visual indicators for all passenger doors
  • Replacement of cooling equipment

Eight-car set 1001, the first set to be treated, returned to service on 18 September 2017.[58]

Livery variations

[edit]

Haneda Airport Terminal 2

[edit]
2nd-batch set 1025 reliveried to commemorate the opening of Haneda Airport Terminal 2 in March 2005

8-car sets 1025 and 1033 received a sky-blue livery to commemorate the opening of Haneda Airport Terminal 2. They carried this livery until March 2005.[59]

Yellow Happy Train

[edit]

8-car set 1057 was repainted into a special "Yellow Happy Train" livery from May 2014, for the collaboration with the private railway operator Seibu Railway. In return, Seibu repainted one of its 9000 series trainsets into Keikyu livery, known as the "Seibu Red Lucky Train".[60] The "Yellow Happy Train" livery was originally intended to be used for about three years; however, due to its popularity, on 27 April 2017, Keikyu announced its decision to keep the livery and to also repaint the passenger doors yellow from their original silver colour.[61]

  • The "Yellow Happy Train" livery with original silver doors in March 2017
    The "Yellow Happy Train" livery with original silver doors in March 2017
  • Updated "Yellow Happy Train" livery with yellow doors in October 2020
    Updated "Yellow Happy Train" livery with yellow doors in October 2020

Accidents

[edit]

Set 1137[62] was involved in a collision with a truck on a level crossing near Kanagawa-shimmachi Station on 5 September 2019, killing the truck driver and injured at least 30 others on the train.[63] The set was substantially damaged and scrapped in March 2020.[12]: 3 

Explanatory footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Scrapped March 2020; accident damage[12]: 3 
  2. ^ First Keikyu trainset to use LED interior lighting from new
  3. ^ Fitted with Toshiba-supplied PMSMs[24]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "京急「1500形」置き換えへ 京急の2022年度鉄道事業設備投資計画 | 鉄道ニュース".
  2. ^ Keikyu N1000 series Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 September 2008. (in Japanese)
  3. ^ a b c d e 私鉄車両年鑑 2012: 大手15社営業用車両完全網羅 私鉄車両年鑑2012 [Japan Private Railways Annual 2012]. Tokyo, Japan: Ikaros Publications Ltd. February 2012. p. 123. ISBN 978-4-86320-549-9.
  4. ^ "京急 新1000形が大師線運用に" [Keikyu New 1000 series to operate on the Daishi Line]. 鉄道ファン・railf.jp (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  5. ^ "京急新1000形1800番台が都営浅草線・京成線に乗り入れ" [Keikyu 1000-1800 series begin service on the Toei Asakusa Line and Keisei Line]. Japan Railfan Magazine Online (in Japanese). Koyusha Co., Ltd. 17 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  6. ^ 通称「ドレミファインバータ」は運行を終了しました [The So-called "Do-re-mi-fa Inverter" Has Ended Its Operation] (in Japanese). Japan: Keikyu Electric Railway. 21 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d 京浜急行電鉄 新1000形6次車 [Keihin Electric Express Railway New 1000 series batch 6]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 47, no. 554. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2007 [segment written 31 March 2007]. pp. 78–79.
  8. ^ 新形車両形態分析進化論1　京浜急行電鉄 [New vehicle evolution analysis No. 1: Keihin Electric Express Railway]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 48, no. 563. Koyusha Co., Ltd. March 2008. pp. 90–95.
  9. ^ 『鉄道ピクトリアル』通巻791号p148
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 車両解説 京浜急行電鉄1000形 [Rolling stock in a nutshell: Keikyu 1000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 58, no. 686. Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2018. pp. 106–115.
  11. ^ a b c 京浜急行電鉄 新1000形10次車 [Keikyu N1000 series 10th-batch cars]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 50, no. 692. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2010 [segment written 5 June 2010]. p. 69.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 京急1000形､なぜ｢最大勢力｣にまで増えたのか [Why did the Keikyu 1000 series become Keikyu's largest fleet?]. Toyo Keizai Online (in Japanese). 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  13. ^ 京浜急行電鉄 新１０００形（１１次車） [Keikyu New 1000 series (11th batch unit)]. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine. Vol. 41, no. 337. Japan: Kotsu Shimbun. May 2012. p. 75.
  14. ^ 京急1000形でLED照明を本採用 [LED lighting used on Keikyu 1000 series]. Japan Railfan Magazine. Vol. 52, no. 614. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. June 2012. pp. 84–85.
  15. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 47, no. 557. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2007.
  16. ^ a b 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 48, no. 569. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2008.
  17. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 49, no. 581. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2009.
  18. ^ a b c 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 51, no. 605. Koyusha Co., Ltd. September 2011.
  19. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 52, no. 616. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2012.
  20. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 53, no. 628. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2013.
  21. ^ 車両 データバンク [Rolling Stock Databank]. Japan Railfan Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 55, no. 640. Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2014.
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