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ʻAkikiki

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ʻAkikiki
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Oreomystis
Stejneger, 1903
Species:
O. bairdi
Binomial name
Oreomystis bairdi
(Stejneger, 1887)

The ʻakikiki (Oreomystis bairdi), also called the Kauaʻi creeper, is a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi. It is the only member of the genus Oreomystis. Of the Hawaiian birds known to be extant, it is thought to be the most endangered, with only 454 wild individuals known as of 2018. A survey report in 2021 estimated the population at 45 with a 5 percent annual decrease, and in July 2023 the remaining number of wild birds was estimated to be just 5 individuals.[2] This species is predicted to be extinct in the wild in 2023.[3]

Taxonomy

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Although the taxonomic affinities of Oreomystis remain uncertain, some phylogenetic evidence indicates that it is most closely allied with the ʻalauahios (Paroreomyza). Together, they form the second most basal recent lineage within the Hawaiian honeycreepers aside from the recently-extinct poʻouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma), and the most basal extant lineage.[4] However, other studies support it being slightly more derived than Paroreomyza.[5]

Description

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The ʻakikiki is small (13 cm length; 12-17 g mass),[6] with gray plumage above and white below. It is not sexually dimorphic. Juveniles have large white eye rings; adults may retain a pale eyebrow for several years. Legs and bill are pink. The tail is short compared to other birds on Kauaʻi, giving it a stocky appearance.

Vocalizations

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The adult contact call is a short weet or whit, sometimes doubled. The call may also resemble that of the ʻanianiau, with which it may flock. Its song, heard only in breeding season, is a descending trill.[7] The juvenile breeding call is a stuttering series of chits. During the breeding season, females use a similar call to solicit feeding by males.[6]

Distribution and habitat

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It is currently found only in the highest elevation native rainforests of Kokeʻe State Park and the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve on Kauaʻi.[8] Subfossil records indicate that it was once found at sea level as well, and thus may have inhabited a wider range of habitats, including dry forest.[9]

Diet and foraging behavior

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The ʻakikiki is often compared to the nuthatches of North America because it forages by hopping along the trunks and branches of both live and dead trees, picking off arthropods.[6] ʻAkikiki often forage in pairs, family groups, or mixed-species flocks.[9]

Breeding

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Few ʻakikiki nests have been found. Nesting occurs from March to June, with both males and females constructing nests of moss and lichen several meters up in the crowns of ʻohiʻa trees.[10] Only the female incubates the eggs, but both parents feed the nestlings and fledglings.[10] The long juvenile dependency period means only a single brood per pair is typically raised each breeding season.

In 2018, the first ʻakikiki was bred in captivity with the assistance of the San Diego Zoo.[11]

Threats

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The ʻakikiki's habitat has been reduced to a fragment of its former range by deforestation and deterioration by invasive species. Avian malaria, to which most Hawaiian honeycreepers have little immunity, affects birds below approximately 1000 m elevation and further restricts the ʻakikiki's range.[9] Introduced rats are thought to be major predators of eggs and nestlings. Competition for food and space with non-native birds, such as Japanese white-eye, may also affect its numbers.[9]

Conservation

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The ʻakikiki has been listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000.[1] It has been a candidate for listing as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act since 1993, but was not listed as such until 2010.[12] Because little is known about this species, the primary focus of recovery efforts so far have been estimating the population size and understanding its basic biology.[13] Captive breeding, reintroduction, and habitat restoration are planned.[9][13]

An extremely steep decline was noted between 2018 and 2021 in Halehaha, one of the species' former strongholds, with the population declining from 70 to 5 individuals, leaving only 45 wild individuals overall. This decline has been blamed on climate change allowing the mosquitoes carrying avian malaria to invade higher elevations. In addition, it has been predicted that at the current decline rate, the species will likely go extinct in the wild by 2023. About 41 captive individuals exist, although only a limited amount of offspring have been produced. It is currently planned to keep a significant number of ʻakikiki in captivity until landscape-scale control of mosquitoes using Wolbachia can be performed starting in 2024 at the earliest, after which the birds could be reintroduced to their habitat.[3]

In May 2015, a high-school teacher in Tamil Nadu, India named Prakash Vaithyanathan[14][15] suggested that the International Astronomical Union name a celestial body Akikiki during the 2015 IAU General Assembly conducted in Hawaii. After much consideration, asteroid number 7613 was officially named 7613 ʻAkikiki.[16]

References

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  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Oreomystis bairdi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22720809A130843089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22720809A130843089.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "DLNR News Release-Only Five 'Akikiki Left and Their Chances of Survival are Slim, July 12, 2023". governor.hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  3. ^ a b Paxton, Eben H.; Laut, Megan; Enomoto, Stanton; Bogardus, Michelle (2022-04-14). Hawaiian forest bird conservation strategies for minimizing the risk of extinction: biological and biocultural considerations (Report).
  4. ^ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
  5. ^ "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog" (PDF). lsu.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  6. ^ a b c Pratt, H. Douglas (2005). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019854653X.
  7. ^ Kuhn, David. "Native Birds of Kauai". Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  8. ^ BirdLife International. "Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi)". Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e "ʻAkikiki or Kauaʻi Creeper" (PDF). Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaiʻi. 2005-10-01.
  10. ^ a b Foster, J. T., et al. Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi). In: Poole, A. and F. Gill (eds.) The Birds of North America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Birds of North America Inc. 2000.
  11. ^ Fikes, Bradley J. (20 August 2018). "With San Diego Zoo's help, endangered Hawaiian bird bred in captivity for first time". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Newly designated endangered species" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  13. ^ a b Kauai Forest Bird Working Group. "ʻAkikiki Five-Year Recovery Plan". Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  14. ^ "7613 'Akikiki (1996 DK) - NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Database".
  15. ^ "Endangered Hawaiian Bird Immortalized In Space". Audubon. 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  16. ^ "7613 ʻAkikiki", Wikipedia (in Italian), 2019-02-28, retrieved 2019-03-01
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