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Kangra painting

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The Gods Sing and Dance for Shiva and Parvati, attributed to Khushala, son of Manaku. Kangra, c. 1780-1790. Philadelphia Museum of Art

Kangra painting (Hindi: कांगड़ा चित्रकारी) is the pictorial art of Kangra, named after the Kangra State, a former princely state of Himachal Pradesh, which patronized the art. The art style became prevalent with the fading of the Basohli school of painting in the mid-18th century.[1][2] Later, Kangra paintings were produced in such magnitude, both in content and volume, that the Pahari painting school came to be known as the Kangra painting school.[3] Kangra painting style was registered under the Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 on 2nd April 2012.[4]

Historically, the main centres of Kangra paintings have been Guler, Basohli, Chamba, Nurpur, Bilaspur and Kangra.[5] Later, this style also reached Mandi, Suket, Kullu, Arki, Nalagarh and Tehri Garhwal (represented by Mola Ram), and is now collectively known as Pahari painting, covering the style that was patronized by Rajput rulers between the 17th and 19th centuries.[6][5]

Pahari paintings, as the name suggests, were paintings executed in the hilly regions of India, in the sub-Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh.[7] It is in the development and modification of Pahari paintings, that the Kangra School features. Under the patronage of Maharaja Sansar Chand (c.1765–1823), it became the most important center of Pahari painting. The Maharaja Sansar Chand Museum has various masterpieces of Kangra art.[8] The museum is adjoining the Kangra Fort and was founded by the founded by the former Royal Family of Kangra.[8]

Kangra art are is also part of international collections and museums, including in the Reitberg Museum in Zurich, the London Museum, and the Boston Museum in the USA.[8]

History

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Raja Balwant Singh’s Vision of Krishna and Radha by Nainsukh. Jasrota, c. 1745-1750. Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Kangra art style originated in Guler State, a small hill princely state in the Lower Himalayas in the first half of the 18th century when a family of Kashmiri painters trained in the Mughal painting style sought shelter at the court of Raja Dalip Singh (r. 1695–1741) of Guler. The rise of Guler paintings started in what is known as the Early phase of Kangra Kalam. The new arrivals mingled with the local artists and were greatly influenced by the atmosphere of the hills. Instead of painting flattering portraits of their masters and love scenes, the artistes adopted themes of eternal love between Radha and Krishna. The paintings were naturalistic and employed cool, fresh colors. The colors were extracted from minerals, vegetables, and possessed enamel-like luster. Verdant greenery of the landscape, brooks, springs were the recurrent images on the miniatures.

The artistry of Kangra paintings was significantly advanced by Nainsukh and Manaku, sons of Pandit Seu, a painter from the Guler state. A group of artists, including Manku, Khushala, Kishan Lal, Basia, Purkhoo, and Fatoo, played important roles in the development and proliferation of this art form between the 18th and 19th centuries.[9]

Nainsukh (1710–1778), succeeded by two generations of his family workshop, introduced a distinctive style that combined Mughal elements with personal innovations.

This style reached its zenith during the reign of Maharaja Sansar Chand Katoch (r.1776–1824), who was a great patron of Kangra art. Noted as a generous patron, the painters working at his atelier received large commissions while others accepted a permanent settlement in the form of lands. Chand Katoch was an ardent devotee of Krishna and used to commission artists to paint subjects based on the loves and life of Krishna.

The Guler-Kangra art is the art of drawing and the drawing is precise and fluid, lyrical, and naturalistic. In these styles, the faces are well modeled and shaded so judiciously that they possess almost porcelain-like delicacy.

In 2022, during a visit to the United States, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi gifted Kangra miniature paintings to US President Joe Biden.[10]

Themes

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Rama and Sita in the forest. Kangra, c. 1780. Kronos Collections

The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringara rasa. The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period. Bhakti cult was the driving force and the love story of Radha and Krishna was the main source of spiritual experience, which was also the base for the visual expression. Bhagavata Purana and the love poems Gita Govinda by Jayadeva were the most popular subjects dealing with the legends and the amorous plays of Radha and Krishna symbolizing the soul’s devotion to God. In some miniatures, the blue-god Krishna is seen dancing in the lush woodlands and every maiden’s eye is drawn to him. Krishna subjects, known commonly as Krishna-Lila predominate, while the themes of love, inspired by the Nayaks and nayikas and baramasa enjoyed great favor. The sentiment of love remained the inspiration and the central theme of Pahari painting. The Sat Sai depictions of the legendary lovers, on the other hand, were set against an architectural background with walls, balconies, and windows. Kangra paintings influenced by the Bhagavad Purana portrayed incidents from the life of the young Krishna, against the Brindavan forest or river Yamuna. The other popular themes were the stories of Nala and Damayanti, and those from Keshavdas's Baramasa.

Features of Kangra painting

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A woman preparing a meal. Kangra, c. 1810. Chester Beatty Library

One striking feature of Kangra paintings is the verdant greenery it depicts. The style is naturalistic, and great attention is paid to detail. The foliage depicted is vast and varied. This is made noticeable by using multiple shades of green. The Kangra paintings feature flowering plants and creepers, leafless trees, rivulets, and brooks.

The Kangra artists adopted various shades of the primary colors and used delicate and fresher hues. For instance, they used a light pink on the upper hills to indicate distance.

Kangra paintings depict the feminine charm in a very graceful manner. Facial features are soft and refined. The female figures are exceptionally beautiful.

Later Kangra paintings also depicted nocturnal scenes, and storms, and lightning. The paintings were often large and had complex compositions of many figures and elaborate landscapes. Towns and house clusters were often depicted in the distance.

The natural poison used in the painting is generated from waste of slow fire (known as Dhuna in local language). Fallen wings of Turtle Dove, a local migratory bird, were also used for creating the brushes used in the paintings.[11]

The Kangra painters used colors made of vegetable and mineral extracts. They employed cool and fresh colors. Kangra paintings are known for the lyrical blending of form and color.

Decline

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As of the 2020s, Kangra art has suffered from a decline in popularity and the art style has been described as being on the verge of extinction.[12] Reasons for the decline include high costs of the paintings which resulted in less purchases or commissions form mass consumers, digital paintings gaining popularity in the art market than hand-painted art, and lack support from the Government of Himachal Pradesh and the Government of India.[12][13][14]

Preservation and revival

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There have been efforts to persevere and revive Kangra art. The Government of Himachal Pradesh has undertaken preservation and revival initiatives. One of these initiatives is Project Srijan.[12][15] Project Srijan is an initiative that aims to preserve and promote traditional Kangra art by digitizing and making it accessible online, thereby broadening its reach.[15] This effort includes collaborations with local artists and craftspeople to ensure the continuity in cultural heritage.[15]

The Kangra Arts Promotion Society, an NGO in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, is working for the promotion of this art which is on the verge of extinction today. This NGO is running a school to train young boys and girls in this art. It also runs a workshop where genuine Kangra Paintings are made on traditional handmade paper using only mineral and vegetable colors.[16]

Independent artists also continue work in the Kangra painting style and promote Kangra paintings.[17] Other measures include building museums and centres to preserve the art and to attract art historians.[18] Local government institutions, academic institutions, and students have also begun efforts, including organizing workshops, to preserve and revive Kangra art.[19][20] As of 2021, the former Royal Family of Kangra, that had previously been a patron of the art, has encouraged local artists, including some who are descendants of the original master painters, to create new paintings while preserving traditional techniques of the art.[21]

See also

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Further reading

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  • Kangra Painting, by William George Archer. Published by Faber and Faber, 1956.
  • Kossak , Steven (1997). Indian court painting, 16th–19th century.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870997831. (see index: p. 148-152)
  • Centres of Pahari Painting, by Chandramani Singh. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1982. ISBN 0-391-02412-4.
  • Kangra Paintings on Love, by M S Randhawa. Publications Division. 1994. ISBN 81-230-0050-2.
  • Welch, Stuart Cary (1985). India: art and culture, 1300–1900. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780944142134.

References

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  1. ^ Bradnock, Robert W.; Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 512. ISBN 1-904777-00-7. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  2. ^ Kangra painting Archived 22 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Britannica.com.
  3. ^ Pahari centres Archived 22 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft, by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7017-209-8. Page 62.
  4. ^ Indications, Geographical. "GI Tag to Kangra Paintings". Archived from the original on 18 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b Randhawa, M.S. "Indian Miniature Painting Section". Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  6. ^ "Chandigarh Museum – Kangra paintings". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  7. ^ "Kangra Painting" https://www.auchitya.com/kangra-painting-delicate-and-lyrical-style/ Archived 14 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c Mohan, Lalit. "Kangra paintings 'neglected' despite PM Modi's push". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  9. ^ O2, IAS ACADEMY (26 April 2024). "Kangra Paintings: Discovering the Rich Artistic Heritage of India". Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Tribune News Service (16 November 2022). "Kangra painting to Phithora tribal art: PM Modi gifts slices of Himachal, Gujarat art to world leaders at G20 Summit". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  11. ^ Tribune (27 December 2022). "Kangra Art Feature". Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Thakur, Naresh K (3 January 2021). "To revive Kangra art, serve it on a plate". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  13. ^ "Lack of 'govt support', Kangra paintings dying a slow death". The Tribune. 10 December 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  14. ^ "Kangra paintings 'neglected' despite PM Modi's push". The Tribune. 27 December 2022. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  15. ^ a b c Thakur, Naresh K (26 September 2021). "Project Srijan takes traditional Kangra art online for wider reach". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  16. ^ "Home". Kangra Arts Promotion Society. 25 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  17. ^ "Artist committed to preserving Kangra miniature art, one brushstroke at a time". The Tribune. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  18. ^ Statesman News Service (29 October 2018). "Preserving the rich heritage of Kangra". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Workshop to preserve Kangra painting begins at Dehra". The Tribune. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  20. ^ Mohan, Lalit (9 January 2024). "Gurugram student leads initiative to promote Kangra miniature paintings". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  21. ^ Rao, Bindu Gopal (13 February 2021). "Royal revivers: Descendants of erstwhile aristocrats bring back dying artwork". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
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