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Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham

Coordinates: 12°50′36″N 79°42′03″E / 12.843214°N 79.700834°E / 12.843214; 79.700834
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Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham
TypeReligious
Location
First Jagadguru
Adi Shankara
Present Jagadguru
Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal
AffiliationsHinduism
Websitewww.kamakoti.org

Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, also called the Sri Kanchi Matham or the Moolamnaya Sarvagnya Peetham,[web 1] is a Hindu religious center of Vedic learning, located in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. It is housed at the Kamakshi Amman Temple of the Shaktism tradition, which also contains a shrine for the Advaita Vedanta teacher Adi Shankara.[1]

The matha-tradition attributes its founding to Adi Shankara, but this and the reliability of the matha's succession list has been questioned.[2][3] According to the Sri Kanchi math tradition, the matha was founded at Kanchipuram, and shifted south to the temple city of Kumbakonam in the mid-18th century due to the on-going wars, when there was warfare in the region, and returned to Kanchipuram in the 19th century.[4]

Historically, the Kanchi Math was established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt, and became involved with the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram in 1839,[5] "set[ing] up shop in Kanchipuram at the turn of the last [19th] century."[web 2]

The peetham gained a good reputation under the charismatic leadership of Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII (born 20 May 1894; 68th Shankaracharya 1907 – 8 January 1994), who was regarded as an avatara purusha, a realised seer.[web 3] The peetham lost authority and standing under the leadership of Sri Jayendra Saraswati (born 1935; appointed suceesor 1954; 69th Shankaracharya 3 january 1994 - 28 February 2018), who favoured an outreach to a broader audience beyond the Brahmins, but had less spiritual charisma, and was involved in a murder-trial.[web 3] He was succeeded in february 2018 by Vijayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal.

Founding

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Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. Kanchipuram. 2010

Traditional accounts

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The founding of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam is traditionally attributed by its adherents to Adi Shankara.[2][a] According to the Kanchi matha's tradition, Adi Shankara was born in 509 BCE and died in 477 BCE,[6] and founded Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham in 482 BCE.[7] The chronology stated in Kanchi matha texts recognizes five major Shankaras: Adi, Kripa, Ujjvala, Muka and Abhinava. According to the Kanchi matha tradition, it is "Abhinava Shankara" that western scholarship recognizes as the Advaita scholar Adi Shankara.[6]

According to the Sri Kanchi matha documents, the matha relocated completely to Kumbakonam in the mid-18th century to escape wars and persecution,[4][web 4] returning to Kanchi in the 19th century.[4] According to Jonathan Bader and other scholars, the monastic tradition gives "fear of Muslim atrocities" from Nawab of Arcot, Mysore's Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan as the reason, but the details remain unclear.[8][9][10]

According to T. A. Gopinatha Rao, copperplate inscriptions show that the matha was located at Kanchipuram until 1686 CE,[11] and relocated to Kumbakonam, Tanjore, in the 18th century.[12] Sharma disputes Rao's interpretations of the copper plates, arguing that the dating is doubtfull, and that most plates do not refer to Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham at all.[13] According to Rao, based on the oldest record found in the respective mathas (1291 and 1346 respectively), Kanchipuram matha may be older than Sringeri Pitham.[14]

Disputed chronology

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The foundation-story of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, and it's chronology of Shankaracharyas, is widely disputed.[15][2] Sringeri matha rejects the claims of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam, and does not count it among the mathas established by Shankara.[16]

Modern scholarship places Shankara in the 8th century CE, and the story of the four cardinal mathas founded by Shankara dates from the 16th century, putting in question the founding stories of all those mathas,[3] though Christopher Fuller and David Smith regard the Kanchi Shankaracharyas as his "spiritual descendants."[15] According to Sunil, the history of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham has been rewritten in the 20th century, when Chandrashekharendra Saraswati was the Paramacharya.[17]

Historical account

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Historically, the Kanchi Math was established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 by the Maratha king of Tanjore, Serfoji II Bhonsle,[18][19][b][web 2] as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt.[5][web 2] It became an apostate schismatic institution in 1839 when the Kumbakonam Mutt applied for permission to the English Collector of Arcot to perform the "kumbhabhishekham" of the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram.[20] In 1842, the East India Company headquartered at Fort William, Calcutta appointed the head of the mutt as the sole trustee of the Kamakshi temple, despite the protests of the traditional priests of the Kamakshi temple, which are well documented and preserved.[20][21][web 2][web 5] Mohan Guruswamy recalls,

My own ancestral village, Nagavedu, is a few miles from Kanchipuram. I remember my father telling me that his father was a young man when the Kanchi Shankaracharya set up shop in Kanchipuram at the turn of the last century. He also said that his father always referred, and as did others in the area, to this new Shankaracharya as the Kumbakonam Shankaracharya. This is a nice play on the word Kumbakonam for in colloquial Tamil it is also used to refer to a shady deal.[web 2]

20th-21st century

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Tensions in the temple leadership

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Under the leadership of Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII (born 20 May 1894; 68th pontiff 1907 – 8 January 1994), who was regarded as an avatara purusha, a realised seer,[web 3] the peetham gained a significant role as a traditional center of religious studies, focusing on male Brahmin students.[web 3]

His successor Sri Jayendra Saraswati was appointed as successor in 1954,[web 6] and succeeded him at 3 January 1994, staying in office until his death at 28 February 2018. Jayendra favoured an outreach to a broader audience beyond the Brahmins, propagating Hindu-values and lifestyle in general,[web 3] leading to tensions between Chandrashekharendra and Jayendra.[web 3][5] Due to these tensions, in august 1987 Jayendra disappeared for a couple of days, apparently withdrawing from the temple leadership, but returning just a couple of days later and eventually succeeding Chandrashekharendra Saraswati.[web 3][5][web 6] Jayendra broadened the scope of the peetham, supporting "schools, colleges, hospitals, and rural programmes."[web 3] He opposed Christian conversion efforts by active oureach toward the poor and down-throdden, visiting slums and poor neighborhoods.[web 3] Jayendra was also politically involved, maintaining contacts with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bharatiya Janata Party and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[web 3]

Sankararaman murder case (2004)

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Main article: Sankararaman murder case

In 2004, Jayendra Saraswathi and his junior Vijayendra Saraswati were arrested in connection with the Sankararaman murder case on Diwali day.[web 7] The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court,[22] but the murder trial negatively impacted both his standing and his role in society,[web 3] and the image and influence the Kanchi Mutt.[web 3][web 7]

Religious center

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Vedic studies

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The matha offers Vedic studies to male Brahmin students in a number of pathasalas.[23] Under the leadership of Jayendra Saraswati, the peetham took a more liberal stance, also reaching out to a non-Brahmin audience.

Cultural preservation

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The Kanchi monastery, along with other monasteries across India, has been an important preserver and source of historic palm leaf manuscripts.[24][25]

Chronological list of Shankaracharyas

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According to the Peetham, the chronological list of Guru Paramapara of the matham is follows:[26]

  1. Sri Adi Shankaracharya (482 BCE–477 BCE)
  2. Sri Sureshwaracharya (477 BCE–407 BCE)
  3. Sri Sarvajnatmanendra Saraswati (407 BCE–367 BCE)[27]
  4. Sri Satyabodhendra Saraswati (367 BCE–268 BCE)[28]
  5. Sri Jnanandendra Saraswati (268 BCE–205 BCE)
  6. Sri Shuddhanandendra Saraswati (205 BCE–124 BCE)
  7. Sri Anandaghanendra Saraswati (124 BCE–55 BCE)
  8. Sri Kaivalyananda Yogendra Saraswati (55 BCE–28 CE)
  9. Sri Kripashankarendra Saraswati (28 CE–69 CE)
  10. Sri Sureshwara Saraswati (69 CE–127 CE)
  11. Sri Shivananda Chidghanendra Saraswati (127 CE–172 CE)
  12. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati I (172–235)
  13. Sri Satchidghanendra Saraswati (235–272)
  14. Sri Vidyaghanendra Saraswati (272–317)
  15. Sri Gangadharendra Saraswati (317–329)
  16. Sri Ujjwala Shankarendra Saraswati (329–367)
  17. Sri Sadashivendra Saraswati (367–375)
  18. Sri Shankarananda Saraswati (375–385)
  19. Sri Martanda Vidyaghanendra Saraswati (385–398)
  20. Sri Mukhashankarendra Saraswati (398–437)
  21. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati II (437–447)
  22. Sri Bodhendra Saraswati I (447–481)
  23. Sri Satchisukhendra Saraswati (481–512)
  24. Sri Chitsukhendra Saraswati (512–527)
  25. Sri Satchidanandaghanendra Saraswati (527–548)
  26. Sri Prajnaghanendra Saraswati (548–565)
  27. Sri Chidvilasendra Saraswati (565–577)
  28. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati I (577–601)
  29. Sri Purnabhodhendra Saraswati (601–618)
  30. Sri Bhodhendra Saraswati II (618–655)
  31. Sri Brahmanandaghanendra Saraswati (655–668)
  32. Sri Chidanandaghanendra Saraswati (668–672)
  33. Sri Satchidananda Saraswati (672–692)
  34. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati III (692–710)
  35. Sri Chitsukhendra Saraswati (710–737)
  36. Sri Chitsukhanandendra Saraswati (737–758)
  37. Sri Vidyaghanendra Saraswati III (758–788)
  38. Sri Abhinava Shankarendra Saraswati (788–840)
  39. Sri Satchidvilasendra Saraswati (840–873)
  40. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati II (873–915)
  41. Sri Gangadharendra Saraswati II (915–950)
  42. Sri Brahmanandaghanendra Saraswati (950–978)
  43. Sri Anandaghanendra Saraswati (978–1014)
  44. Sri Purnabhodhendra Saraswati II (1014–1040)
  45. Sri Paramashivendra Saraswati I (1040–1061)
  46. Sri Chandranandabhodhendra Saraswati (1061–1098)
  47. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati IV (1098–1166)
  48. Sri Advaitanandabodhendra Saraswati (1166–1200)
  49. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati III (1200–1247)
  50. Sri Chandrachudendra Saraswati I (1247–1297)
  51. Sri Vidyatirthendra Saraswati (1297–1385)
  52. Sri Shankaranandendra Saraswati (1385–1417)
  53. Purnananda Sadashivendra Saraswati (1417–1498)
  54. Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati (1498–1507)
  55. Chandrachudendra Saraswati II (1507–1524)
  56. Sri Sarvajna Sadashivabodhendra Saraswati (1524–1539)
  57. Sri Paramashivendra Saraswati II (1539–1586)
  58. Atmabodhendra Saraswati (1586–1638)
  59. Bodhendra Saraswati II (1638–1692)
  60. Sri Advaitatma Prakashendra Saraswati (1692–1704)
  61. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati IV (1704–1746)
  62. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati V (1746–1783)
  63. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati V (1783–1813)
  64. Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VI (1813–1851)
  65. Sudarshana Mahadevendra Saraswati (1851–1891)
  66. Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati VII (1891 – 7 February 1907)
  67. Sri Mahadevendra Saraswati V (7 February 1907 – 13 February 1907)
  68. Sri Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII (born 20 May 1894; pontiff 1907 – 8 January 1994)
  69. Sri Jayendra Saraswati (born 18 July 1935; appointed as successor 1954; pontif 3 January 1994 – 28 February 2018)
  70. Sri Shankara Vijayendra Saraswati (28 February 2018 – Present)[29][web 8]

Sankararaman murder case

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Main article: Sankararaman murder case

In 2004, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal and his junior Vijayendra Saraswati were arrested in connection with the Sankararaman murder case on Diwali day.[30] The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court.[31]

Notes

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  1. ^ See also "Sri Shankaracharya and his connection with Kanchipuram" (PDF).
  2. ^ See also:
    * Vidyasankar Sundaresan (3 august 1994), Real history of the Kanchi math
    * Vidyasankar Sundaresan (sept 6, 2000), kanchi Shankara Mutt

References

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  1. ^ Krishna 2006, p. 100.
  2. ^ a b c Suthren Hirst 2005, p. 25.
  3. ^ a b Clark 2006, p. 224.
  4. ^ a b c Dalal 2010, p. 192.
  5. ^ a b c d Sunil (1987).
  6. ^ a b Dalal 2010, p. 376.
  7. ^ "The Traditional Age of Sri Sankaracharya and The Mathas | PDF | Indian Religions | Religious Comparison". Scribd. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  8. ^ Bader 2000, p. 289–290.
  9. ^ Kasturi & Madhavan 2007, pp. 173–174.
  10. ^ Sarasvati & Mahadevan 2003, pp. 436–437.
  11. ^ Rao 1916, p. 2.
  12. ^ Rao 1916, p. 3.
  13. ^ Sharma 1987, p. 59-72.
  14. ^ Rao 1916, p. 6.
  15. ^ a b Scheifinger 2016, p. 106.
  16. ^ Dalal 2014, "Kanchipuram".
  17. ^ Sunil (1987), p. 13.
  18. ^ Sharma 1987, p. 17.
  19. ^ Sunil (1987), p. 374-382.
  20. ^ a b Sharma 1987, p. 18.
  21. ^ Veeramani 1988, p. 217.
  22. ^ "Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, others acquitted in auditor assault case - Times of India ►". The Times of India. May 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  23. ^ Cenkner 1995, p. 117–121.
  24. ^ National Mission for Manuscripts (India) (2006). National Mission for Manuscripts: Report of the Third Year, 7 February 2005 - 7 February 2006. National Mission for Manuscripts. pp. 42–43.
  25. ^ Saṃskr̥ta Āyoga (1958). Report of the Sanskrit Commission, 1956-1957. Manager of Publications, Government of India. p. 63.
  26. ^ "History of the Kanchi Sankaracharya Math and Acharaparampara". www.kamakoti.org. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  27. ^ Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (2006). Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 435. ISBN 978-81-208-3061-5.
  28. ^ "Schools of Philosophy". hindupedia.com. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  29. ^ Meena 1974, p. 46.
  30. ^ "Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies - Times of India ►". The Times of India. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  31. ^ "Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, others acquitted in auditor assault case - Times of India ►". The Times of India. May 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

Sources

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Printed sources
Web-sources
  1. ^ "About the Peetham". www.kamakoti.org. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Guruswamy, Mohan (30 November 2021). "Mohan Guruswamy | The Kumbakonam of the Kanchi Shankaracharya". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l T.M. Krishna (Mar 04, 2018), Jayendra Saraswathi redefined Kanchi Mutt’s role – but did not earn the stature of his predecessor, scroll.in
  4. ^ N. Ramesan. "Preceptors of Advaita 59 SRI KAMAKOTI PITHA OF SRI". www.kamakoti.org. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  5. ^ "ஆதி சங்கரர் நிறுவியதா காஞ்சி சங்கரமடம்? - முரண்படும் தகவல்கள்". BBC News தமிழ் (in Tamil). 1 March 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b Who was Sri Jayendra Saraswathi?, The Indian Express, February 28, 2018
  7. ^ a b A. Subramani (28 February 2018). "Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies - Times of India ►". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Leaders mourn Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi's death". The Hindu. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
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12°50′36″N 79°42′03″E / 12.843214°N 79.700834°E / 12.843214; 79.700834

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