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Kalinga-Apayao

Coordinates: 18°04′N 121°12′E / 18.067°N 121.200°E / 18.067; 121.200
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Kalinga-Apayao
Province of the Philippines
1966-1995
Flag of Kalinga-Apayao
Flag
Seal of Kalinga-Apayao
Seal

Location of the historical province of Kalinga-Apayao.
CapitalTabuk
Area 
• 
7,048.1 km2 (2,721.3 sq mi)
History 
• Established
18 June 1966
• Disestablished
8 May 1995
Political subdivisions15 (before May 8, 1995)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mountain Province
Apayao
Kalinga
Today part of · Apayao
 · Kalinga

Kalinga-Apayao (IPA: [kaliŋɡa apajaw]) was a province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. It was formed, along with Benguet, Ifugao, and the new Mountain Province, from the earlier Mountain Province, with the passage of Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. The said law was amended by RA No. 7878 in 1995, which divided the province into two new ones, Kalinga and Apayao.[1][2]

As part of a cult of personality, long-time President Ferdinand Marcos made gradual changes to the borders of Kalinga-Apayao over the course of his rule with the aim of making the outline of the province, on a map, resemble the silhouette of his own head, facing towards his own native province of Ilocos Norte. The plan was unfinished when Marcos was overthrown in 1986.[3]

History

[edit]

Before Mountain Province

[edit]

Prior to the establishment of the province, the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao, upon their establishment through Act No. 1642 in 1907, were used to be part of Lepanto-Bontoc (as Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela) and Cagayan provinces respectively.[4][5] The sub-provinces were annexed into the Mountain Province which was established through Act No. 1876 in 1908.[6]

In the early years, the sub-provinces underwent series of territorial changes:[7]

  • Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc (Executive Order 53, 1914); same as part of Apayao to the province of Ilocos Norte (EO 21, 1920).
  • 1922: In Apayao, a barrio of municipal district of Bayag (Calanasan) to Namaltugan.
  • 1926: In Kalinga, barrios in municipal district of Pinukpuk to Balbalan.
  • 1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga to Conner in Apayao.

As sub-provinces of Mountain Province

[edit]

The sub-provinces became part of Kalinga-Apayao which was created along with three other new provinces comprising the old Mountain Province through Republic Act 4695 on June 18, 1966.[1] Those provinces, with Abra, would become part of the Cordillera Administrative Region, created through EO 220 on July 15, 1987.[8]

Since the creation of the sub-provinces, Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. In Apayao, its first sub-provincial capital was Tauit until mid-1915, when it was moved to Kabugao via EO 45.[4][5][7][9]

During the Marcos dictatorship

[edit]

The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.[10] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused[11][12] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.[13][14] : "43" [15][16]

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[17] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[18][19] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[20] The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project,[21][22] which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga Province, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.[23] Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.[22] Marcos sent three armed brigades[22] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[21] and even a 12-year-old child[22] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[21][22]

The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[24] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[25] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[26][27]

After the People Power Revolution

[edit]

After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[28] However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.[29][30] By December 1988, 52% of the barangays in the province were controlled by the New People's Army communist insurgent group while 43% are "under its influence" according to the House of Representatives Committee on National Defense.[31]

Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,[32] believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.[33]

Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region

[edit]

In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.[34][35] Having later been divided into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao were separately declared insurgency-free in 2010: Apayao in February,[36] Kalinga in November.[37][38]

Abolition and division

[edit]

By virtue of Republic Act. No 7878, signed on February 14, 1995, the sub-provinces in Kalinga-Apayao were converted into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao, with their capitals remaining the same as before.[2] Both comprise the same municipalities that were formerly part of these sub-provinces.[8]

Majority of voters in Kalinga-Apayao ratified the law in a plebiscite on May 8, 1995.[39]

1995 plebiscite on the separation of Kalinga and Apayao
Choice Votes %
Referendum passed Yes 75,051 96.15
No 3,008 3.85
Total votes 78,059 100.00
Source: Memorandum Order No. 290, s. 1995

Administrative divisions

[edit]

By the time Kalinga-Apayao was established, eight municipalities remained part of the subprovince of Kalinga, six municipalities in the Subprovince of Apayao as well.[1]

Within almost three decades, two new municipalities were later created. On the same day of the creation of the province, Pasil in Kalinga was created (RA 4741); also, Santa Marcela in Apayao in 1967 (RA 4974). Meanwhile, the municipality of Quirino in Kalinga, which had established before, was abolished sometime between 1975 and 1980. Before the division in 1995, the province had 15 municipalities and 283 barangays.[8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Created as a municipal district in 1932 through an executive order, taken from Lubuagan.[41]
  2. ^ Later created as a municipal district prior to becoming a regular municipality in 1963.[42]
  3. ^ a b Created in 1964 via EO 111, later abolished and reverted to Balbalan and Pinukpuk before 1980.[8][43]
  4. ^ Created in 1965 as Liwan via RA 4396, renamed in 1971 via RA 6184, taken from Tabuk.[8]
  5. ^ Formerly Bayag, renamed in 1967 via RA 4980.[44]
  6. ^ Created in 1929 as municipal district of Macatel via EO 200, later renamed through a resolution, taken from Tauit.[45]
  7. ^ Created in 1956 via EO 217, taken from Luna.[46][47]
  8. ^ Created in 1963 via RA 3672, taken from Pudtol.[8]
  9. ^ Abolished in 1936 via EO 13, annexed to Luna.[48] At present, it also comprises parts of the municipalities of Flora, Pudtol, Sta. Marcela, as well as Allacapan (separated from this municipal district and organized into a new one in 1927 via EO 68)[7] and Lasam in the province of Cagayan.[46]
  10. ^ Abolished in 1936 via EO 78, annexed to present-day Calanasan and Kabugao.[49]
  11. ^ Created in 1966, same day as establishment of Kalinga-Apayao, via RA 4741, taken from Balbalan and Lubuagan.[8]
  12. ^ Created on June 17, 1967 via RA 4974, taken from Flora and Luna.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. June 18, 1966. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Republic Act No. 7878". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. February 14, 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  3. ^ "Marcos Drang nach Unsterblichkeit". Der Spiegel (in German). January 15, 1989. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "Act No. 1642". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. May 9, 1907. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1908 (First of two parts). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1909. pp. 266–269, 330. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  6. ^ "Act No. 1876". Supreme Court E-Library. Government of the Philippines. August 18, 1908. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. The Library Corporation. 2011–2012. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "1995 Provincial Profile - Kalinga Apayao" (Link for PDF file) Philippine Statistics Authority. 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c "The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon" (PDF). Asian Studies. University of the Philippines Diliman. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  10. ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc.
  11. ^ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  12. ^ Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195158984.
  13. ^ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
  14. ^ Kessler, Richard J. (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300044062. OCLC 19266663.
  15. ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275941376.
  16. ^ Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896082768. OCLC 14214735.
  17. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  18. ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999.
  19. ^ Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742510234. OCLC 57452454.
  20. ^ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  21. ^ a b c Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015). Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978971542772-2.
  22. ^ a b c d e Joanna K. Cariño, "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study in National Development Policy," Aghamtao Vol. III (December 1980): 2, https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Aghamtao/1980/05_The%20Chico%20River%20Basin%20Development%20Project_%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20National%20Development%20Policy.pdf.
  23. ^ "Valley of Sorrow". Asiaweek. September 5, 1980.
  24. ^ Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II.
  25. ^ Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria (March 29, 2018). "A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities". Financial Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  26. ^ "Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! Singapore Travel". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
  27. ^ Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. College, Philippines : College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
  28. ^ Villegas, Bernardo M. (February 1, 1987). "The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era". Asian Survey. 27 (2): 194–205. doi:10.2307/2644614. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644614.
  29. ^ Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572
  30. ^ Marchadesch, Barbara (November 24, 2017). "TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  31. ^ Jacinto, Gerry (December 29, 1988). "Kalinga-Apayao: 95% under NPA control". Manila Standard. Manila Standard News, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
  32. ^ https://peace.gov.ph/timeline/peace-process-cba-cpla/ [bare URL]
  33. ^ "Conrado Balweg - Priest, Guerrilla Leader and Politician".
  34. ^ Amor, Patria (February 4, 1990). "What now for Cordillera?". The Manila Standard. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  35. ^ Maragay, Fel V. (February 1, 1990). "Cordillerans reject autonomy proposal". news.google.com. Manila Standard. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  36. ^ "Apayao now free of communist rebels - military". GMA News. February 15, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  37. ^ Cantos, Joy (November 11, 2010). "Kalinga idineklarang insurgency free". Philstar.com (in Tagalog). Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  38. ^ Romero, Alexis (January 30, 2014). "NPA weapons seized in 'insurgency-free' Kalinga". The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  39. ^ "Memorandum Order No. 290". Official Gazette (Philippines). Government of the Philippines. July 5, 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  40. ^ "Act No. 2711"
    —Full text from the Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
    —Digitized copy from the Internet Archive. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  41. ^ History of Different Barangay of Tanudan Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  42. ^ "Tinglayan: Executive Summary, 2020" (PDF) Commission on Audit. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  43. ^ "Executive Order No. 111, s. 1964" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  44. ^ "Republic Act No. 4980" The LawPhil Project. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  45. ^ —"Brief History" Municipality of Luna, Apayao.
    —History and government of Luna, Apayao (via Department of the Interior and Local Government–CAR)
    All were retrieved July 28, 2022.
  46. ^ a b Pudtol - A Brief History Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  47. ^ —"Pudtol: Executive Summary, 2015" (PDF) Commission on Audit.
    —"Executive Order No. 217, s. 1956" Official Gazette.
    —"Executive Order No. 335, s. 1959" Official Gazette.
    All were retrieved July 26, 2022.
  48. ^ "Executive Order No. 13, s. 1936" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  49. ^ "Executive Order No. 78, s. 1936" Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022.

18°04′N 121°12′E / 18.067°N 121.200°E / 18.067; 121.200

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