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Kadiivka

Coordinates: 48°34′05″N 38°39′31″E / 48.56806°N 38.65861°E / 48.56806; 38.65861
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Kadiivka
Кадіївка
City
Mir Cinema
Mir Cinema
Flag of Kadiivka
Flag
Coat of arms of Kadiivka
Coat of arms
Kadiivka is located in Luhansk Oblast
Kadiivka
Kadiivka
Kadiivka is located in Ukraine
Kadiivka
Kadiivka
Coordinates: 48°34′05″N 38°39′31″E / 48.56806°N 38.65861°E / 48.56806; 38.65861
Country Ukraine
OblastLuhansk Oblast
RaionAlchevsk Raion
HromadaKadiivka urban hromada
Founded1814
Area
 • Total91.81 km2 (35.45 sq mi)
Elevation
251 m (823 ft)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total74,546
 • Density810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
940ХХ
Area code+380 06435
ClimateDfb

Kadiivka (Ukrainian: Кадіївка) or Stakhanov (Russian: Стаханов), is a city in Alchevsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Donbas, eastern Ukraine. Residence of Kadiivka urban hromada. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the Luhan.[1] Ukraine renamed the city Kadiivka in 2016, and refers to the city by this name, however Ukraine has not controlled the city since early 2014.[2][3][4]

Following their 2022 annexation referendum, Russia claimed the entire Luhansk Oblast, including Stakhanov (Kadiivka), as part of their Lugansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).[5][6] Kadiivka's population is approximately 73,248 (2022 estimate).[7] Russia maintains the name Stakhanov, after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, and all city signage remains in the name of Stakhanov.[8]

History

[edit]

Origins and name

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Kadiivka has its origins in the mid-19th century in the settlement of Shubynka, when coal mining was developing in the region.[1] It became known as Kadiivka (Ukrainian: Кадіївка; Russian: Кадиевка, romanized: Kadiyevka) in 1898.[1] The city was briefly renamed Serho, after Bolshevik leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze (Ukrainian: Серго) between 1937 and 1940, before returning to the name Kadiivka from 1940 to 1978.[9][10][11] On 15 February 1978, the city was renamed Stakhanov (Ukrainian: Стаханов; Russian: Стаханов) after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, who started his career there.[12] On 12 May 2016, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada voted to change its name back to Kadiivka as a result of decommunization laws, however as the Luhansk People's Republic, who control the city have not recognized this decision and maintain the name Stakhanov, the name change has only had a symbolic, and political meaning.[13][3]

Ukrainian Soviet Union to Ukraine

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The city was part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from its founding in 1922. In January 1928, the town became the center of Kadiivka Raion.[14] A local newspaper has been published in the settlement since September 1930.[15] In 1919, the population of the city was 38,000. Kadiivka received city status in 1932.[1] In April 1932, the Kadiivka Raion was, along with five other raions, restructured into Kadiivka Municipality.[16] By 1940, the population of Kadiivka had risen to 95,000.[17]

During the Second World War, the city was occupied by German troops from July 1942 until September 1943. A Soviet labor camp for German prisoners of war operated at Kadiivka during the Second World War.[18][19] In November 1944, three districts (city district councils) were created: Illichivskyi, Bryanskyi, and Golubivskyi.[20] In the 1950s, the city encompassed settlements that were later separated into separate cities - Brianka, Pervomaisk, and Kirovsk.[21]

The city was renamed in 1978 in honor of Alexei Stakhanov, a Soviet coal miner famous for purportedly setting a new record of coal mining output using his own innovative working methods and inspiring the Stakhanovite movement.[22][12]

The city was incorporated by Ukraine as a city of oblast significance. With the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1991, then Stakhanov became part of independent Ukraine. In the 32 years, from 1991, to 2013, Stakhanov would experience a sharp population fall, from 112,700 in 1991, to 77,593 in 2013.[23][24]

2014–2022

[edit]
Further information: War in Donbas (2014–2022)

From 2014, Kadiivka, as all of Donbas, became caught up in the aftermath of Euromaidan. From April 2014, pro-Russia separatists started taking over parts of the south and east of Ukraine.[25] In April and early May 2014, Luhansk and the surrounding area, including Kadiivka, was taken over by Russian-backed forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).[26][2] The Ukrainian Government launched their Anti-Terrorist Operation in mid-April 2014, with the aim of taking back all territories under separatist control.[27] In May, the 2014 Donbass status referendums were held. The referendums returned an overwhelming majority vote to cede from Ukraine into the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, however they were condemned by the west, and did not obtain international recognition.[28][29]

In autumn 2014, with separatist leader Pavel Dremov controlling Kadiivka, there was talk of the area being a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' within the breakaway Luhansk People's Republic.[30] While remaining a part of the LPR, Dremov and his militia were among the most outspoken against LPR authorities.[31] Any possibility of a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' ended with Dremov's death in a car explosion in late 2015.[32][31]

In October 2015, the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine opened a Forward Patrol Base in the city, meaning that a small number of OSCE international monitors were based full-time in the city.[33] From 2016 until 2022, Stakhanov was not an active scene of war. The OSCE left the city shortly before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began.[34]

2022 on

[edit]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in February 2022, Kadiivka has been a significant, although not central location.[35] In 2022, Russia's Wagner Group were reported to have significant bases in Kadiivka, and these were repeatedly targeted by Ukrainian strikes.[36][37][38]

Economy and education

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A metallurgical plant in Kadiivka, pictured in the early 1900s

In Soviet times, the city was an important industrial centre. In 1984, there were four coal mines, a processing plant, a machine-building plant, a car building plant, the Stakhanov Railway Car Building Works, an ore repair plant, the Stakhanov Coke Plant, a rubber products plant, a carbon black plant, the Stakhanov Ferroalloy Plant, the Stakhanovsky Yunost Mechanical Plant, the Stakhanovsky Experimental Mechanical Plant, a sewing factory, a meat processing plant, a refrigerating plant, and a dairy.[39][1]

In 1985, in the Soviet Union, the city was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.[40] Kadiivka's economy has been severely affected by ongoing war, and it is unclear what is still operational.[30] In 2016, Vice described the city as a 'depressed mining town'.[31]

There is a branch of the Kommunarsky Mining and Metallurgical Institute, an evening engineering college, a mining college, a medical school, a pedagogical college, seven vocational schools, 24 secondary schools, 17 medical institutions, a children's sanatorium.

Sports and culture

[edit]

Stakhanov has a Palace of Culture, 75 libraries, 10 clubs, two cinemas, a historical and art museum, and a mining museum named after Vladimir Lenin.[1] There are three sports stadiums in the city (Pobeda, Yunost, and Vagonostroitel), and the Dolphin swimming pool.[1]

The Bulgarian politician Grisha Filipov (1919–1994) was born in Kadiivka.[41]

Geography

[edit]

Kadiivka is situated between the cities of Pervomaisk, to its north, and Alchevsk, to the south. The area around is traditionally known for mining, and richness of natural resources.[1]

City municipality

[edit]

The municipality of Kadiivka also includes two other cities, in the nearby area -

Transport

[edit]

The city formerly had both trams and trolleybuses. Tram traffic opened on February 15, 1937. The number of trams dwindled over the years before the trams stopped running in 2007. The trolleybuses stopped running in 2011.[42]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192617,837—    
193967,974+281.1%
1959180,205+165.1%
1970137,138−23.9%
1979108,043−21.2%
1989112,023+3.7%
200190,152−19.5%
201179,010−12.4%
202273,248−7.3%
Source: [43]

As per the Ukrainian Census of 2001, the ethnicity of Kadiivka was: Ukrainians: 46.1%, Russians: 50.1%, Belarusians: 1%, Other: 2.9%. The languages spoken were: Russian: 85.3%, Ukrainian: 13.0%, Belarusian: 0.1%, Armenian: 0.1%.[44]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Stakhanov". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b Анастасия Баранова (2014-05-02). "In Stakhanov the armed extremists occupied premises of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies, requirements yet don't put forward". Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України
  4. ^ UNIAN
  5. ^ "Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia". Reuters. 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  6. ^ Walker, Shaun (23 September 2022). "'Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine". Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  7. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  8. ^ "On the line of separation in eastern Ukraine". 15 April 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  9. ^ Звіт Центру документування УГСПЛ "Історія одного міста: Кадіївка: назву змінено, окупація триває" – Українська Гельсінська спілка з прав людини (Report) (in Ukrainian). 29 April 2020.
  10. ^ Україна: енциклопедичний довідник. Київ: Потенціал. 2002. p. 192. У 1940—1978 рр. місто носило попередню назву Кадіївка
  11. ^ Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol. 11. Chicago, 1994. p. 204.
  12. ^ a b Post-Soviet Geography. Vol. 34. 1993. p. 650.
  13. ^ "Seven homes damaged, company building destroyed as Stakhanov comes under Ukrainian artillery fire - JCCC". 10 October 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Кадіївка, Луганська область". Історія міст і сіл Української РСР (in Ukrainian).
  15. ^ № 2911. Стахановское знамя // Летопись периодических и продолжающихся изданий СССР 1986 – 1990. Часть 2. Газеты. М., «Книжная палата», 1994. стр.382
  16. ^ ЗЗРРСУУ/1932/8/Про реорганізацію органів влади в Горлівському, Риківському, Артемівському, Ворошилівському, Костянтинівському … районах  (in Ukrainian) – via Wikisource.
  17. ^ Н. Лопатин «город наш Кадиевка» с. 227.
  18. ^ Boeckh, Katrin (2007). Stalinismus in der Ukraine: die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 131.
  19. ^ Bonwetsch, Bernd; Bordjugov, Gennadij; Naimark, Norman M. (1998). Sowjetische Politik in der SBZ 1945–1949: Dokumente zur Tätigkeit der Propagandaverwaltung (Informationsverwaltung) der SMAD under Sergej Tjul'panow. Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. Bonn. p. 57.
  20. ^ "Відомості ВР УРСР", Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох міських районних Рад депутатів трудящих — Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської, p. 17, 11 November 1944
  21. ^ Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР, 1963, № 8 (1147).
  22. ^ "Stakhanov". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  23. ^ Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol.11. Chicago, 1994. page 204
  24. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.75
  25. ^ "'Casualties' in Ukraine gun battles". 13 April 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Luhansk". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  27. ^ "NINE YEARS AGO, RUSSIA UNLEASHED WAR IN DONBAS". 13 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  28. ^ "Russia Calls for "Civilized Implementation" of East Ukraine Referendum Results". The Wall Street Journal. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  29. ^ "Russia recognises Ukraine separatist regions as independent states". BBC News. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Welcome to the Cossack People's Republic of Stakhanov". 11 February 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  31. ^ a b c "Paranoia and Purges: The Dark and Dirty Battle for Power in Rebel-Held Ukraine". 10 February 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  32. ^ "Дремова убили из-за флешки с компроматом на Ефремова-Плотницкого – новости Донбасса". www.depo.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  33. ^ "OSCE SMM Status Report as of 21 October 2015". Report by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  34. ^ "OSCE begins pullout from Eastern Ukraine". 13 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Ukrainian military carried out a precision strike on Wagner base at stadium in Kadiivka, Luhansk governor says". 10 June 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Video Shows Destroyed Russian Mercenaries' Base, Ukraine Says". Newsweek. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Ukraine strikes Wagner HQ in Luhansk, governor says". 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  38. ^ "Ukrainian military carried out a precision strike on Wagner base at stadium in Kadiivka, Luhansk governor says". Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  39. ^ Стаханов // Украинская Советская Энциклопедия. Т. 10. — Киев: Украинская Советская энциклопедия, 1984. — С. 445.
  40. ^ Стаханов // Советский энциклопедический словарь. редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. 4-е изд. М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1986. стр.1271
  41. ^ Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, Communism in Eastern Europe, Indiana University Press, 1984, p. 202.
  42. ^ "Міський транспорт :: Стаханов". urbantransport.kiev.ua. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  43. ^ "Cities & Towns of Ukraine".
  44. ^ Дністрянський М. С. Етнополітична географія України. Львів: Літопис, 2006. С.464.
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