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Karl Barry Sharpless

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Karl Barry Sharpless
Sharpless in 2018
Born
Karl Barry Sharpless

(1941-04-28) April 28, 1941 (age 83)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma materDartmouth College (BA)
Stanford University (MS, PhD)
Known for
Spouse
Jan Dueser
​
(m. 1965)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsStereochemistry
Institutions
ThesisStudies of the Mechanism of Action of 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase: Featuring Enzymic Cyclization of Modified Squalene Oxides (1968)
Doctoral advisorEugene van Tamelen
Doctoral studentsM.G. Finn
Other notable studentsUndergrads:
Post-docs:

Karl Barry Sharpless (born April 28, 1941) is an American stereochemist. He is a two-time Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his work on stereoselective reactions and click chemistry.

Sharpless was awarded half of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions", and one third of the 2022 prize, jointly with Carolyn R. Bertozzi and Morten P. Meldal, "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry".[1][2] Sharpless is the fifth person (in addition to two organizations) to have twice been awarded a Nobel prize, along with Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Linus Pauling and Frederick Sanger, and the third to have been awarded two prizes in the same discipline (after Bardeen and Sanger).

Early life and education

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Sharpless was born April 28, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[3] His childhood was filled with summers at his family cottage on the Manasquan River in New Jersey. This is where Sharpless developed a love for fishing that he would continue throughout his life, spending summers in college working on fishing boats.[4] He graduated from Friends' Central School in 1959,[5] and continued his studies at Dartmouth College, earning an A.B. degree in 1963. Sharpless originally planned to attend medical school after his undergraduate degree, but his research professor convinced him to continue his education in chemistry.[6] He earned his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Stanford University in 1968 under Eugene van Tamelen.[7] He continued post-doctoral work at Stanford University (1968–1969) with James P. Collman, working on organometallic chemistry. Sharpless then moved to Harvard University (1969–1970), studying enzymology in Konrad E. Bloch's lab.[6]

Academic career

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Sharpless was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1970–1977, 1980–1990) and Stanford University (1977–1980).[8] While at Stanford, Sharpless discovered Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, which was used to make (+)-disparlure. As of 2023, Sharpless led a laboratory at Scripps Research.[9]

Research

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Sharpless developed stereoselective oxidation reactions, and showed that the formation of an inhibitor with femtomolar potency can be catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, beginning with an azide and an alkyne. He discovered several chemical reactions which have transformed asymmetric synthesis from science fiction to the relatively routine, including aminohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, and the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.[10]

In 2001 he was awarded a half-share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions (Sharpless epoxidation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Sharpless oxyamination). The other half of the year's Prize was shared between William S. Knowles and Ryōji Noyori (for their work on stereoselective hydrogenation).[1]

The term "click chemistry" was coined by Sharpless around the year 2000, and was first fully described by Sharpless, Hartmuth Kolb, and M.G. Finn at The Scripps Research Institute in 2001.[11][2] This involves a set of highly selective, exothermic reactions which occur under mild conditions; the most successful example is the azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to form 1,2,3-triazoles.[12]

As of 2024, Sharpless has an h-index of 130 according to Scopus.[13]

Awards and honors

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Sharpless is a two-time Nobel Laureate. He is a recipient of the 2001 and 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on "chirally catalysed oxidation reactions", and "click chemistry", respectively.[1][2]

In 2019, Sharpless was awarded the Priestley medal, the American Chemical Society's highest honor, for "the invention of catalytic, asymmetric oxidation methods, the concept of click chemistry and development of the copper-catalyzed version of the azide-acetylene cycloaddition reaction.".[5][6] He received the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Chemists in 2023.[14]

He is Distinguished University Professor at Kyushu University. He holds honorary degrees from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology (1995), Technical University of Munich (1995), Catholic University of Louvain (1996) and Wesleyan University (1999).[8]

Personal life

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Sharpless married Jan Dueser in 1965 and they have three children.[10] He was blinded in one eye during a lab accident in 1970 where an NMR tube exploded, shortly after he arrived at MIT as an assistant professor. After this accident, Sharpless stresses "there's simply never an adequate excuse for not wearing safety glasses in the laboratory at all times."[15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" (Press release). Nobel Foundation. October 10, 2001. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  3. ^ Rogers, Kara, ed. (April 24, 2023). "K. Barry Sharpless". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  4. ^ Sharpless, Barry (December 8, 2001). "Searching For New Reactivity" (PDF). Nobel Prize.
  5. ^ a b Halford, Bethany (March 31, 2019). "2019 Priestley Medalist K. Barry Sharpless works magic in the world of molecules". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 97, no. 13. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "K. Barry Sharpless named 2019 Priestley Medalist". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  7. ^ Sharpless, Karl Barry (1968). Studies of the mechanism of action of 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase: featuring enzymic cyclization of modified squalene oxides (Ph.D.). Stanford University. OCLC 66229398. ProQuest 302369766.
  8. ^ a b Henderson, Andrea Kovacs (2009). American Men & Women of Science. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Cengage Learning. pp. 764. ISBN 9781414433066.
  9. ^ "Sharpless Lab - Group Members". Scripps Research. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "K. Barry Sharpless". Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications. 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  11. ^ Kolb, Hartmuth C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. Barry (June 1, 2001). "Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions". Angewandte Chemie. 40 (11): 2004–2021. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010601)40:11<2004::AID-ANIE2004>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 11433435.
  12. ^ Evans, Richard A. (2007). "The Rise of Azide–Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar 'Click' Cycloaddition and its Application to Polymer Science and Surface Modification". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 60 (6): 384. doi:10.1071/CH06457. ISSN 0004-9425.
  13. ^ "Scopus preview – Sharpless, K. Barry – Author details – Scopus". www.scopus.com. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  14. ^ "American Institute of Chemists – Gold Medal Awards". www.theaic.org. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  15. ^ Barry Sharpless, Karl (March 11, 1992). "A cautionary tale from the past". MIT News. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
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