Junker
Junker (Danish: Junker, German: Junker, Dutch: Jonkheer, English: Yunker, Norwegian: Junker, Swedish: Junker, Georgian: იუნკერი, Iunkeri) is a noble honorific, derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning 'young nobleman'[1] or otherwise 'young lord' (derivation of jung and Herr). The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking, Dutch-speaking and Scandinavian-speaking parts of Europe. It was also used in the Russian Empire due to Baltic German influence, up until the Russian Revolution. The term is currently still in use by the Georgian Defense Forces for student officers of the National Defence Academy.
Honorific title
[edit]In Brandenburg, the Junker was originally one of the members of the higher Edelfrei (immediate) nobility without or before the accolade. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, sometimes politically insignificant, understood as "country squire".[2]
Martin Luther disguised himself as "Junker Jörg" at the Wartburg; he would later mock King Henry VIII of England as "Juncker Heintz".[3]
As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as von or zu before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of the title was Jkr., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von Hohenberg. The female equivalent Junkfrau (Jkfr.) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the honorific Jkr. was also used for Freiherren (barons) and Grafen (counts).[4]
Junker (and its cognates) was traditionally used as a noble honorific throughout the German-speaking parts of Europe. The title today survives in its traditional meaning in the Netherlands and Belgium in the Dutch form Jonkheer.
Germany
[edit]In modern Prussian history, the term became popularly used as a loosely defined synecdoche for the landed nobility (particularly of so-called East Elbia) who controlled almost all of the land and government, or by extension, the Prussian estate owners regardless of noble status. With the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the Junkers dominated the central German government and the Prussian military. A leading representative was Prince Otto von Bismarck.[5] "The Junkers" of Prussia were often contrasted with the elites of the western and southern states in Germany, such as the city-republic of Hamburg (which had no nobility) or Catholic states like Bavaria, in which the "Junker class" of Prussia was often viewed with contempt.[6] After World War II, the junker class, which had formed much of the officer corps of the Wehrmacht and whose prominent member President and former General Paul von Hindenburg had appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933, was often blamed for Prussian militarism, the rise of the Nazis and World War II. As a consequence, a land reform in the Soviet Occupation Zone which had the goal of collectivization along Soviet lines was justified in propaganda as a strike against the Junker class with the slogan "Junkerland in Bauernhand" (junker lands in peasant hands).
It has also been used in military context in the German armed forces, such as rank of Fahnenjunker.
Scandinavia
[edit]In Denmark, the term Junker connotes a young lord, originally the son of a medieval duke or count, but is also a term for a member of the privileged landowner class, and can be considered the equivalent of the gentry. Before 1375 the honorific was also suitable for Danish royal sons. It was also used in the title Kammerjunker within the royal household, the equivalent of the French valet de chambre, a position usually given to young noble men in the service of a princely rank person at the court. A Kammerjunker was ranked below a chamberlain, but above a chamber page.
The title of junker is also used within military roles, most notably in the Swedish military, with the rank of fanjunkare and its derivates (the equivalent of a colour sergeant).
Russia
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Duden; Meaning of Junker, in German. [1]
- ^ William W. Hagen, Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840 (2002).
- ^ Henry VIII: September 1540, 26–30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16: 1540–1541 (1898), p. 51. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76214 Date accessed: 10 June 2012
- ^ Rosenberg, 1943
- ^ Francis Ludwig Carsten, A history of the Prussian Junkers (1989).
- ^ Percy Ernst Schramm: Gewinn und Verlust. Christians, Hamburg, 1969, p. 108.