Julian Davies (microbiologist)
Julian Edmund Davies (born January 1932) is a British-born microbiologist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of British Columbia.
Education and personal life
[edit]Davies was born in Wales in January 1932. He earned a B.Sc. in 1953 (Chemistry) and a Ph.D. in 1956 (Organic Chemistry), both from the University of Nottingham. He then did post-doctoral work, first at Columbia University in New York, working on natural products chemistry under Gilbert Stork, and then at the University of Wisconsin under Eugene van Tamelen.
Career
[edit]Positions held
[edit]Davies began his independent professional life in 1959 as a lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at the Manchester College of Science and Technology. This was followed by research associate positions at Harvard Medical School from 1962 to 1965 (with Bernard Davis) and at the Institute Pasteur from 1965 to 1967 (with François Jacob). He then moved to the Biochemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin, first as an associate professor and then as a professor. In 1980 he left academia to become research director of the new biotechnology company Biogen in Geneva, where he became president in 1983. In 1985 he returned to the Institute Pasteur as Chief of Genetic Microbiology. In 1992 he moved to the University of British Columbia as Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Although he officially retired in 1997, he served as director of the UBC Life Sciences Centre from 2006 to 2011 and maintained an active research program until 2020.
Research achievements
[edit]Although Davies' initial work at Manchester was on the chemistry of natural products, most of his later research focused on how bacteria interact with antibiotics and other small molecules, with important advances in understanding how aminoglycoside antibiotics work and how bacteria become resistant to them. His subsequent work at Harvard introduced him to bacterial genetics and molecular biology (he credits Walter Gilbert and Luigi Gorini for this education). He demonstrated that the antibiotic streptomycin acts by inhibiting the 30S ribosome's role in protein synthesis, that this inhibition causes misreading of the genetic code, and that the most common mode of resistance reduced the accuracy of protein synthesis.[1] At the Institute Pasteur, he established his molecular biology credentials by mapping the i and o genes of the lac operon.[2]
At the University of Wisconsin, he returned to his original focus on antibiotics and resistance, showing that plasmid-borne streptomycin resistance genes act by inactivating the antibiotic rather than by modifying protein synthesis.[3] These broad-ranging studies led to a deeper understanding of the bacterial ribosome[4] and of how antibiotic resistance genes arise and spread in both bacteria and yeast.[5][6] Other useful products of the lab's research include the restriction enzymes PstI and KpnI and the npt gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic G418 widely used in research.[7] Davies was one of the early voices warning that the overuse and careless use of antibiotics would select resistant bacteria, making the antibiotics less and less effective.[8]
Selected publications
[edit]Davies has authored or co-authored more than 700 scientific papers and several books. His most highly cited publications include:
- J Davies, W Gilbert, L Gorini, 1964. Streptomycin, suppression, and the code. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 51; 883-890. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.51.5.883.
- Davies, J. 1994. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes 1994 Science 264:375-382. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8153624.
- EB Goh, G Yim, W Tsui, JA McClure, MG Surette and J Davies 2002. Transcriptional modulation of bacterial gene expression by subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, 17025-17030 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252607699
- J Davies, 2007. Microbes have the last word: A drastic re‐evaluation of antimicrobial treatment is needed to overcome the threat of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. EMBO reports 8, 616-621. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7401022.
- Davies, J., and Davies, D. 2010. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74:417-433. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00016-10.
Awards and honours
[edit]- Fellow of the Royal Society, elected 1994
- Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
- International Member of the US National Academy of Sciences since 2014[9]
- President of the American Society for Microbiology, 2000[10]
- American Society for Microbiology Gold Medal
- Microbiology Society Prize[11]
- Bristol–Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Diseases Research in 1999
References
[edit]- ^ Davies, Julian E. (1964). "Studies on the Ribosomes of Streptomycin-Sensitive and Resistant Strains of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 51 (4): 659–664. Bibcode:1964PNAS...51..659D. doi:10.1073/pnas.51.4.659. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 300136. PMID 14166773.
- ^ Davies, Julian; Jacob, François (28 September 1968). "Genetic mapping of the regulator and operator genes of the lac operon". Journal of Molecular Biology. 36 (3): 413–417. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(68)90165-4. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 4939632.
- ^ Yamada, Takeshi; Tipper, Donald; Davies, Julian (1968). "Enzymatic Inactivation of Streptomycin by R Factor-resistant Escherichia coli". Nature. 219 (5151): 288–291. Bibcode:1968Natur.219..288Y. doi:10.1038/219288a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 4299554. S2CID 4172299.
- ^ Davies, Julian (1974), King, Robert C. (ed.), "Bacterial Ribosomes", Bacteria, Bacteriophages, and Fungi: Volume 1, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 183–202, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1710-2_12, ISBN 978-1-4899-1710-2, retrieved 11 September 2023
- ^ Davies, J. (1 January 1979). "General Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1 (1): 23–27. doi:10.1093/clinids/1.1.23. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 400936.
- ^ Davies, J.; Courvalin, P.; Berg, D. (1 January 1977). "Thoughts on the origins of resistance plasmids". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 3 (suppl C): 7–17. doi:10.1093/jac/3.suppl_c.7. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 599132.
- ^ Jimenez, Antonio; Davies, Julian (October 1980). "Expression of a transposable antibiotic resistance element in Saccharomyces". Nature. 287 (5785): 869–871. Bibcode:1980Natur.287..869J. doi:10.1038/287869a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 6253817. S2CID 4368934.
- ^ Davies, Julian (1 May 1973). "Bacteria Versus Antibiotics: Who Is Winning?". Annals of Internal Medicine. 78 (5): 813. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-813_6. ISSN 0003-4819.
- ^ "Julian Davies". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Julian Davies". The Royal Society. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Microbiology Society Prize Medallists". Microbiology Society. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
External links
[edit]Videos of interviews and presentations
[edit]- Interview at the International Human Microbiome Congress 2012: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13TK_nKhLqc
- Molecules, microbes and me: Microbiology Society Prize Medal presentation 2012 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggtN5VCMtuk
- Small Talk: signalling in the microbial world. Biochemistry Colloquium, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cjdb2l8XkBk