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José Saramago

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In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Sousa and the second or paternal family name is Saramago.
José de Sousa Saramago

GColSE GColCa
Saramago in January 2008
Saramago in January 2008
BornJosé de Sousa Saramago
(1922-11-16)16 November 1922
Azinhaga, Santarém, Portugal
Died18 June 2010(2010-06-18) (aged 87)
Tías, Canary Islands, Spain
OccupationWriter
NationalityPortuguese
Period1947–2010
Notable works
Notable awardsCamões Prize (1995)
Nobel Prize in Literature (1998)
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1944; div. 1970)​
​
(m. 1988)​
PartnerIsabel da Nóbrega (1968–1986)
ChildrenViolante Saramago
Signature
Website
www.josesaramago.org

José de Sousa Saramago GColSE GColCa (European Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ ðɨ ˈsozɐ sɐɾɐˈmaɣu]; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Portuguese writer. He was the recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality."[1] His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the theopoetic human factor. In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today"[2] and in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a permanent part of the Western canon",[3] while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant."[4]

More than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.[5][6] A proponent of libertarian communism,[7] Saramago criticized institutions such as the Catholic Church, the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. An atheist, he defended love as an instrument to improve the human condition. In 1992, the Government of Portugal under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva ordered the removal of one of his works, The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, from the Aristeion Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political censorship of his work,[8] Saramago went into exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote, where he lived alongside his Spanish wife Pilar del Río until his death in 2010.[9][10]

Saramago was a founding member of the National Front for the Defense of Culture in Lisbon in 1992.

Biography

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Early and middle life

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Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of very poor landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in Ribatejo Province, some one hundred kilometres northeast of Lisbon.[9] His parents were José de Sousa and Maria da Piedade. "Saramago", the Portuguese word for Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), was the insulting nickname given to his father, and was accidentally incorporated into his name by the village clerk upon registration of his birth.[9]

In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died. He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig-trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying goodbye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling."[11] Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12.

After graduating as a lathe operator, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. At this time Saramago had acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. He married Ilda Reis, a typist and later artist, in 1944 (they divorced in 1970). Their only daughter, Violante, was born in 1947.[9] By this time he was working in the Social Welfare Service as a civil servant. Later he worked at the publishing company Estúdios Cor as an editor and translator, and then as a journalist. By that time, in 1968, he met and became lover of writer Isabel da Nóbrega, the longtime partner of author and critic João Gaspar Simões. Nóbrega became Saramago's devoted literary mentor, to whom he would later dedicate Memorial do Convento and O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis.

After the democratic revolution in 1974, on 9 April 1975, during the rule of Vasco Gonçalves, Saramago became the assistant director of the newspaper Diário de Notícias, and the editorial line became clearly pro-communist. A group of 30 journalists – half the editorial staff – handed the board a petition calling for the editorial line to be revised and for it to be published. A plenary was called and, following an angry intervention by Saramago, 24 journalists were expelled, accused of being right-wingers. After the Coup of 25 November 1975 that put an end to the communist PREC, Saramago, in turn, was fired from the newspaper.[12]

Saramago published his first novel, Land of Sin, in 1947. It remained his only published literary work until a poetry book, Possible Poems, was published in 1966. It was followed by another book of poems, Probably Joy, in 1970, three collections of newspaper articles in 1971, 1973 and 1974 respectively, and the long poem The Year of 1993 in 1975. A collection of political writing was published in 1976 under the title Notes. After his dismissal from Diário de Notícias in 1975, Saramago embraced his writing more seriously and in following years he published a series of important works including Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia (1977), Objecto Quase (1978), Levantado do Chão (1980) and Viagem a Portugal (1981).

Later life and international acclaim

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Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, Memorial do Convento (1982). A baroque tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda (by Giovanni Pontiero) brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership.[9][13] This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Following acclaimed novels such as The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis and The History of the Siege of Lisbon, Saramago was hailed by literary critics for his complex yet elegant style, his broad range of references and his wit.[14]

For the former novel, Saramago received the British Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. The multilayered The History of the Siege of Lisbon deals with the uncertainty of historical events and includes the story of a middle-aged isolated proofreader who falls in love with his boss. Saramago acknowledged that there is a lot of himself in the protagonist of the novel, and dedicated the novel to his wife.[15]

In 1986 Saramago met a Spanish intellectual and journalist, Pilar del Río, 27 years his junior, and he promptly ended his relationship with Isabel Nóbrega, his partner since 1968.[16] They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.

Saramago joined the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained a member until the end of his life.[17] He was a self-confessed pessimist.[18] His views aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.[19] Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of Jesus and particularly God as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government, led by then-prime minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, did not allow Saramago's work to compete for the Aristeion Prize,[9] arguing that it offended the Catholic community. As a result, Saramago and his wife moved to Lanzarote, an island in the Canaries.[20]

In 1998 Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature with the prize motivation: "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality."[21]

Saramago was expected to speak as the guest of honour at the European Writers' Parliament in 2010, which was convened in Istanbul following a proposal he had co-authored. However, Saramago died before the event took place.[22]

Death and funeral

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"Thank you José Saramago", Lisbon, October 2010

Saramago suffered from leukemia. He died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having spent the last few years of his life in Lanzarote, Spain.[23] His family said that he had breakfast and chatted with his wife and translator Pilar del Río on Friday morning, after which he started feeling unwell and died.[24] The Guardian described him as "the finest Portuguese writer of his generation",[23] while Fernanda Eberstadt of The New York Times said he was "known almost as much for his unfaltering Communism as for his fiction".[5]

Saramago's English language translator, Margaret Jull Costa, paid tribute to his "wonderful imagination," calling him "the greatest contemporary Portuguese writer".[23] Saramago continued his writing until his death. His most recent publication, Claraboia, was published posthumously in 2011. Saramago had suffered from pneumonia a year before his death. Assuming a full recovery, he was set to appear at the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August 2010.[23]

Portugal declared two days of mourning.[7][8] There were tributes from senior international politicians: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Bernard Kouchner (France) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), while Cuba's Raúl and Fidel Castro sent flowers.[7]

Saramago's funeral was held in Lisbon on 20 June 2010, in the presence of more than 20,000 people, many of whom had travelled hundreds of kilometres, but also notably in the absence of right-wing President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was holidaying in the Azores as the ceremony took place.[25] Cavaco Silva, the Prime Minister who removed Saramago's work from the shortlist of the Aristeion Prize, said he did not attend Saramago's funeral because he "had never had the privilege to know him".[8] In an official press release, Cavaco Silva claimed having paid homage to the literary work of Saramago.[26] Mourners, who questioned Cavaco Silva's absence in the presence of reporters,[8] held copies of the red carnation, symbolic of Portugal's democratic revolution.[25] Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon,[25] and his ashes were buried on the anniversary of his death, 18 June 2011, underneath a hundred-year-old olive tree on the square in front of the José Saramago Foundation (Casa dos Bicos).[27]

Burial place of José Saramago's ashes.

Lost novel

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The José Saramago Foundation announced in October 2011 the publication of a "lost novel" published as Skylight (Claraboia in Portuguese). It was written in the 1950s and remained in the archive of a publisher to whom the manuscript had been sent. Saramago remained silent about the work up to his death. The book has been translated into several languages.[28]

Style and themes

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Saramago at Teatro Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in Bogotá in 2007

Saramago's experimental style often features long sentences, at times more than a page long. He used full stops sparingly, choosing instead a loose flow of clauses joined by commas.[9] Many of his paragraphs extend for pages without pausing for dialogue (which Saramago chooses not to delimit by quotation marks); when the speaker changes, Saramago capitalizes the first letter of the new speaker's clause. His works often refer to his other works.[9] In his novel Blindness, Saramago completely abandons the use of proper nouns, instead referring to characters simply by some unique characteristic, an example of his style reflecting the recurring themes of identity and meaning found throughout his work.

Saramago's novels often deal with fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel The Stone Raft, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails around the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel Blindness, an entire unnamed country is stricken with a mysterious plague of "white blindness". In his 1984 novel The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (which won the PEN Award and the Independent Foreign Fiction Award), Fernando Pessoa's heteronym survives for a year after the poet himself dies. Additionally, his novel Death with Interruptions (also translated as Death at Intervals) takes place in a country in which, suddenly, nobody dies, and concerns, in part, the spiritual and political implications of the event, although the book ultimately moves from a synoptic to a more personal perspective.

Saramago addresses serious matters with empathy for the human condition and for the isolation of contemporary urban life. His characters struggle with their need to connect with one another, form relations and bond as a community, and also with their need for individuality, and to find meaning and dignity outside of political and economic structures.

When asked to describe his daily writing routine in 2009, Saramago responded, "I write two pages. And then I read and read and read."[29]

Personal life

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Saramago by Portuguese painter Carlos Botelho

Saramago was an atheist. The Catholic Church criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content of some of his novels, mainly The Gospel According to Jesus Christ and Cain, in which he uses satire and biblical quotations to present the figure of God in a comical way. The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo (The Gospel according to Jesus Christ) and struck the writer's name from nominees for the European Literature Prize, saying the atheist work offended Portuguese Catholic convictions.

The book portrays a Christ who, subject to human desires, lives with Mary Magdalene and tries to back out of the crucifixion.[30] Following the Swedish Academy's decision to present Saramago with the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Vatican questioned the decision on political grounds, though gave no comment on the aesthetic or literary components of Saramago's work. Saramago responded: "The Vatican is easily scandalized, especially by people from outside. They should just focus on their prayers and leave people in peace. I respect those who believe, but I have no respect for the institution."[6]

Saramago was a member of the Communist Party of Portugal,[10] and in his late years defined himself as a proponent of libertarian communism.[7] He ran in the 1989 Lisbon local election as part of the "Coalition For Lisbon," and was elected alderman presiding officer of the Municipal Assembly of Lisbon.[31] Saramago was also a candidate of the Democratic Unity Coalition in all elections of the European Parliament from 1989 to 2009, though he ran for positions of which it was thought he had no possibility of winning.[31] He was a critic of European Union (EU) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) policies.[9]

Many of his novels are acknowledged as political satire of a subtle kind. It is in The Notebook that Saramago makes his political convictions most clear. The book, written from a Marxist perspective, is a collection of blog entries from September 2008 to August 2009. According to The Independent, "Saramago aims to cut through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and to convince readers by delivering his opinions in a relentless series of unadorned, knock-down prose blows."[32] His political engagement has led to comparisons with George Orwell.[33]

When speaking to The Observer in 2006, Saramago said he "believe[s] that we all have some influence, not because of the fact that one is an artist, but because we are citizens. As citizens, we all have an obligation to intervene and become involved, it's the citizen who changes things. I can't imagine myself outside any kind of social or political involvement."[34]

During the Second Intifada, while visiting Ramallah in March 2002, Saramago said that "what is happening in Palestine is a crime we can put on the same plane as what happened at Auschwitz ... A sense of impunity characterises the Israeli people and its army. They have turned into rentiers of the Holocaust."[4] In an essay he wrote expanding on his views, Saramago wrote of Jews: "educated and trained in the idea that any suffering that has been inflicted . . . on everyone else . . . will always be inferior to that which they themselves suffered in the Holocaust, the Jews endlessly scratch their own wound to keep it bleeding, to make it incurable, and they show it to the world as if it were a banner."[35] Critics of these statements charged that they were antisemitic.[10][36] Six months later, Saramago clarified. "To have said that Israel's action is to be condemned, that war crimes are being perpetrated – really the Israelis are used to that. It doesn't bother them. But there are certain words they can't stand. And to say 'Auschwitz' there ... note well, I didn't say that Ramallah was the same as Auschwitz, that would be stupid. What I said was that the spirit of Auschwitz was present in Ramallah. We were eight writers. They all made condemning statements, Wole Soyinka, Breyten Breytenbach, Vincenzo Consolo and others. But the Israelis weren't bothered about those. It was the fact that I put my finger in the Auschwitz wound that made them jump."[4]

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Saramago joined Tariq Ali, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, and others in condemning what they characterized as "a long-term military, economic and geographic practice whose political aim is nothing less than the liquidation of the Palestinian nation".[37]

He was also a supporter of Iberian Federalism. In a 2008 press conference for the filming of Blindness he asked, in reference to the Great Recession, "Where was all that money poured on markets? Very tight and well kept; then suddenly it appears to save what? lives? no, banks." He added, "Marx was never so right as now", and predicted "the worst is still to come."[38]

Awards and accolades

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Nobel Prize in Literature

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The Swedish Academy selected Saramago as the 1998 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. The announcement came when he was about to fly out of Germany after the Frankfurt Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor by surprise.[9] The Nobel committee praised his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony", and his "modern skepticism" about official truths.[13]

Decorations

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The José Saramago Foundation

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The José Saramago Foundation was founded by José Saramago in June 2007, with the aim to defend and spread the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the promotion of culture in Portugal just like in all the countries, and protection of the environment.[42] The José Saramago Foundation is located in the historic Casa dos Bicos in the city of Lisbon.

List of works

[edit]
Title Year English title Year ISBN
Terra do Pecado 1947 Land of Sin ISBN 972-21-1145-0
Os Poemas Possíveis 1966 Possible Poems
Provavelmente Alegria 1970 Probably Joy
Deste Mundo e do Outro 1971 This World and the Other
A Bagagem do Viajante 1973 The Traveller's Baggage
O Embargo 1973 The Embargo
As Opiniões que o DL teve 1974 Opinions that DL had
O Ano de 1993 1975 The Year of 1993
Os Apontamentos 1976 The Notes
Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia 1977 Manual of Painting and Calligraphy 1993 ISBN 1-85754-043-3
Objecto Quase 1978 The Lives of Things 2012 ISBN 9781781680865
A Noite (Teatro) 1979 The Night
Levantado do Chão 1980 Raised from the Ground 2012 ISBN 9780099531777
Que Farei Com Este Livro? (Teatro) 1980 What Will I Do With This Book?
Viagem a Portugal 1981 Journey to Portugal 2000 ISBN 0-15-100587-7
Memorial do Convento 1982 Baltasar and Blimunda 1987 ISBN 0-15-110555-3
O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis 1984 The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis 1991 ISBN 0-15-199735-7
A Jangada de Pedra 1986 The Stone Raft 1994 ISBN 0-15-185198-0
A Segunda Vida de Francisco de Assis (Teatro) 1987 The Second Life of Francisco de Assis
História do Cerco de Lisboa 1989 The History of the Siege of Lisbon 1996 ISBN 0-15-100238-X
O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo 1991 The Gospel According to Jesus Christ 1993 ISBN 0-15-136700-0
In Nomine Dei (Teatro) 1993 In Nomine Dei 1993 ISBN 9788571643284
Cadernos de Lanzarote - Diário-I 1994 Lanzarote Notebooks - Diary I ISBN 9722109014
Ensaio sobre a Cegueira 1995 Blindness 1997 ISBN 0-15-100251-7
Cadernos de Lanzarote - Diário-IV 1997 Lanzarote Notebooks - Diary IV ISBN 9722111140
Todos os Nomes 1997 All the Names 1999 ISBN 0-15-100421-8
O Conto da Ilha Desconhecida 1997 The Tale of the Unknown Island 1999 ISBN 0-15-100595-8
Folhas Políticas 1976-1998 1999 Political Pages ISBN 9722113038
A Caverna 2000 The Cave 2002 ISBN 0-15-100414-5
A Maior Flor do Mundo 2001 The Biggest Flower in The World
O Homem Duplicado 2002 The Double 2004 ISBN 0-15-101040-4
Ensaio sobre a Lucidez 2004 Seeing 2006 ISBN 0-15-101238-5
Don Giovanni ou O Dissoluto Absolvido 2005 Don Giovanni, or, Dissolute Acquitted
As Intermitências da Morte 2005 Death with Interruptions 2008 ISBN 1-84655-020-3
As Pequenas Memórias 2006 Small Memories 2010 ISBN 978-0-15-101508-5
A Viagem do Elefante 2008 The Elephant's Journey 2010 ISBN 978-972-21-2017-3
Caim 2009 Cain 2011 ISBN 978-607-11-0316-1
Claraboia 2011 Skylight 2014 ISBN 9780544570375
O Silêncio da Água 2011 The Silence of Water 2023 ISBN 9781644213124
Alabardas, alabardas, Espingardas, espingardas 2014 Halberds, halberds, Shotguns, shotguns ISBN 9789720046956
O Lagarto 2016 The Lizard 2019 ISBN 9781609809331
Último Caderno de Lanzarote 2018 Last Lanzarote Notebook ISBN 9789720031280
Uma Luz Inesperada 2022 An Unexpected Light' 2024 ISBN 9781644213407

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Bloom, Harold (2003). Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-52717-3.
  3. ^ Bloom, Harold (15 December 2010). "Fond Farewells". TIME. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Evans, Julian (28 December 2002). "The militant magician". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2002.
  5. ^ a b Eberstadt, Fernanda (18 June 2010). "José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Writer, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Nobel Writer, A Communist, Defends Work". The New York Times. 12 October 1998. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d "Portugal mourns as Nobel laureate's body returned". The China Post. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d "President defends Jose Saramago funeral no-show". BBC News. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Quoted in: Eberstadt, Fernanda (26 August 2007). "The Unexpected Fantasist". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  10. ^ a b c "Nobel-winning Portuguese novelist Saramago dies". 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010.
  11. ^ "Nobel Lecture". Nobel Committee. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010.
  12. ^ Aguiar, Carla (19 June 2010). "O director que marcou o 'verão quente' de 1975". Diário de Notícias. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  13. ^ a b Jaggi, Maya (22 November 2008). "New ways of seeing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  14. ^ The History of the Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago Kirkus Reviews 1 May 1997
  15. ^ José Saramago, The Art of Fiction No. 155 Paris Review 1998
  16. ^ Marques, Joana Emídio (30 May 2015). "Isabel da Nóbrega, a musa que Saramago apagou da (sua) história". Observador. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Nobel Prize citation, 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  18. ^ Langer, Adam (November–December 2002). "José Saramago: Prophet of Doom – Pessimism is our only hope. The gospel according to José Saramago". Book Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 October 2002. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  19. ^ Paige, Austin (Spring 2004). "Shadows on the Wall: Jose Saramago's latest novel depicts a capitalist nightmare". The Yale Review of Books. Yalereviewofbooks.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  20. ^ "José Saramago: Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 1998. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  21. ^ José Saramago Biography Nobel Prize.org
  22. ^ Wall, William (1 December 2010). "The Complexity of Others: The Istanbul Declaration of The European Writers' Conference". Irish Left Review. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  23. ^ a b c d Lea, Richard (18 June 2010). "Nobel laureate José Saramago dies, aged 87". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  24. ^ "Nobel-wiining[sic] novelist Saramago dies aged 87". The Hindu. Chennai. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  25. ^ a b c "Portuguese Nobel laureate Saramago's funeral held". Xinhua News Agency. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  26. ^ Correia, Hugo (20 June 2010). "Saramago: Cavaco Silva diz ter cumprido obrigações como Presidente". Público. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  27. ^ Cinzas de Saramago são depositadas aos pés de uma oliveira, em Lisboa UOL (18 de junho de 2011).
  28. ^ "Claraboya, novela inédita de Saramago, verá la luz". El País. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  29. ^ Maloney, Evan (4 March 2010). "The best advice for writers? Read". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
  30. ^ Nash, Elizabeth (9 October 1998). "Saramago the atheist, an outsider in his own land". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022.
  31. ^ a b "Communist Party of Portugal: Short Biographical note on José Saramago". Pcp.pt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  32. ^ Wright, Thomas (4 April 2010). "The Notebook by José Saramago: The Nobel laureate's blog entries burn with passion". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  33. ^ Rollason, Christopher (2006). "How totalitarianism begins at home: Saramago and Orwell" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011.
  34. ^ Meritt, Stephanie (30 April 2006). "Interview: Still a street-fighting man". The Observer. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  35. ^ Saramago, Jose (20 April 2002). "De las piedras de David a los tanques de Goliat". El País. In Spanish: "educados y formados en la idea de que cualquier sufrimiento que hayan infligido . . . a los demas . . . siempre sera inferior a los que ellos padecieron en el Holocausto, los judios arañan sin cesar su herida para que no dejede sangrar, para hacerla incurable, y la muestran al mundo como una bandera."
  36. ^ "Bigotry in Print. Crowds Chant Murder. Something's Changed" Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Paul Berman, The Forward (available online here) 24 May 2002.
  37. ^ "Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine: Tariq Ali, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, Eduardo Galeano, Naomi Klein, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, José Saramago & Howard Zinn". 19 July 2006.
  38. ^ "Karl Marx was never so right, says Nobel laureate Saramago". MercoPress (Quote here is based on the source heading; there appears to be a typing error in the source text.). 28 October 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
  39. ^ Folha Online (31 May 2009). "Prêmio São Paulo de Literatura divulga finalistas". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  40. ^ a b "Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  41. ^ "Marcelo condecora Saramago com o grande-colar da Ordem de Camões" [Marcelo awards Saramago with the Grand Collar of the Order of Cam~es]. Público (in Portuguese). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  42. ^ José Saramago Foundation Statute (PDF), José Saramago, 2007, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2014

Further reading

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  • Baptista Bastos, José Saramago: Aproximação a um retrato, Dom Quixote, 1996
  • T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, Entre a história e a ficção: Uma saga de portugueses, Dom Quixote, 1989
  • Maria da Conceição Madruga, A paixão segundo José Saramago: a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
  • Horácio Costa, José Saramago: O Período Formativo, Ed. Caminho, 1998
  • Helena I. Kaufman, Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução, Madison, 1991
  • O. Lopes, Os sinais e os sentidos: Literatura portuguesa do século XX, Lisboa, 1986
  • B. Losada, Eine iberische Stimme, Liber, 2, 1, 1990, 3
  • Pires, Filipe. “Os provérbios por detrás da escrita em In Nomine Dei, de José Saramago. / Proverbs Behind the Writing in José Saramago’s In Nomine Dei”. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs, 2 to 8 November 2020, at Tavira, Portugal, edited by Rui J.B. Soares, and Outi Lauhakangas, Tavira: Tipografia Tavirense, 2021, pp. 361–394.
  • Carlos Reis, Diálogos com José Saramago, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
  • M. Maria Seixo, O essential sobre José Saramago, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
  • "Saramago, José (1922–2010)". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 September 2007.
  • Sereno, M.H.S., 2005. Proverbial style in novelistic José Saramago. Estudos em Homenagem ao Professor Doutor Mário Vilela, vol. 2 p.657-665. Universidade do Porto. (accessible as part of larger volume)
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