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Groningen
Full nameFootball Club Groningen
Nickname(s)Trots van het Noorden
(lit. 'Pride of the North')
De FC (lit. 'The FC')
Founded16 June 1971; 53 years ago (1971-06-16)
GroundEuroborg
Capacity22,525
OwnerFC Groningen Beheer B.V.
ChairmanJakob Klompien
Head coachDick Lukkien
LeagueEredivisie
2023–24Eerste Divisie, 2nd of 18 (promoted)
Websitehttps://www.fcgroningen.nl
Current season

Football Club Groningen (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛfˈseː ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]) is a Dutch professional association football club based in Groningen, Groningen province. Founded in 1971 as the successor of GVAV, Groningen compete in the Eredivisie, the first tier of Dutch football, following promotion from the 2023–24 Eerste Divisie.

Groningen played in the Eredivisie during their first three seasons, before the side were relegated to the Eerste Divisie in 1973–74 as they got into financial difficulties. Groningen were promoted back to the Eredivisie as champions in 1979–80 with a squad composed mostly of players who were recruited from the club's youth academy, remaining in the top flight for 18 seasons before they dropped to the second tier in 1997–98. The team won promotion back to the Eredivisie in 1999–2000, where they remained for 23 seasons before suffering relegation in 2022–23. Groningen finished as runners-up in the 2023–24 Eerste Divisie and returned to the Eredivisie at the first attempt.

Groningen have won the KNVB Cup once, in 2014–15, and were runners-up in 1988–89. Groningen achieved their highest league finish in 1990–91 when they ranked third in the Eredivisie, competing for the league title until the latter part of the season. The side have participated in several European competitions; Groningen's first participation in European competition came during the 1983–84 UEFA Cup, when they defeated Atlético Madrid on aggregate in the first round, but were eliminated by Inter Milan in the following round. Erwin Koeman, Ronald Koeman, Arjen Robben and Virgil van Dijk started their careers at Groningen, while it was Luis Suárez's first European club.[1]

The team's first home ground was Oosterparkstadion; since 2006, they have played their home games at Euroborg. Groningen's home kit colours are based on the city's coat of arms: green and white. The club is nicknamed "Trots van het Noorden" (lit. 'Pride of the North'), and has a rivalry with Frisian side Heerenveen, with whom it contests the Derby van het Noorden (lit. 'Derby of the North').

History

[edit]

Foundation

[edit]
Black and white image of GVAV
GVAV in 1964, away at DWS
A statue of Van Leeuwen in front of Euroborg
Statue of goalkeeper Tonny van Leeuwen. He died a day before Groningen's foundation.

GVAV, established in 1921, were founder members of the Eredivisie in 1956, the first tier in Dutch football.[2] GVAV were one of the four professional teams from the city of Groningen, the others being Be Quick, Velocitas and Oosterparkers [nl].[3] During the early 1960s, GVAV became mired in financial difficulties. This led to the establishment of "Stichting Betaald Voetbal GVAV" (lit. 'Professional Football Foundation GVAV') in 1963, a triumvirate of GVAV, Groningen City Council and an organisation representing local businesses.[4] The three parties paid 300,000 Dutch guilders each to be the foundation's shareholders;[4] GVAV's finances remained in a weak position and their future as a professional side was uncertain, as was the prospect of professional football in the city of Groningen, with GVAV the only remaining professional team left.[5] The club remained in the Eredivisie until it was relegated to the Eerste Divisie in 1969–70.[6]

In February 1970, Harm Brink, the chairman of amateur club GRC Groningen [nl], suggested the foundation of a new professional team representing Groningen. Several other local amateur clubs supported Brink's idea, and local businesses and Groningen City Council were willing to remit the debt of Stichting Betaald Voetbal GVAV.[6] In September 1970, the majority of GVAV's members voted in favour of the plans. GVAV won promotion to the Eredivisie after a one-year absence, and Football Club Groningen were founded on 16 June 1971 as the successor of GVAV, who returned to amateur football.[7] During the 1970–71 season, GVAV goalkeeper and Netherlands international Tonny van Leeuwen conceded only seven goals; no goalkeeper conceded fewer during the season, and Van Leeuwen was honoured with an award by the Royal Dutch Football Association in Rotterdam. On his way back home, Van Leeuwen died in a car accident, one day before Groningen's foundation.[8][9] Groningen played their first match on 17 July 1971, defeating German Regionalliga side TSR Olympia Wilhelmshaven 6–0.[4] Groningen played in a green and white kit, the colours of the city's coat of arms.[7]

Financial difficulties and European matches (1971–1991)

[edit]
A black and white picture of De Vries
Renze de Vries [nl] (pictured in 1984), Groningen's chairman from 1980 to 1989

Groningen lost their first league game 1–0 at home against FC Utrecht in front of 13,000 spectators.[10] The team recorded their first league victory on the 10th matchday—a 2–1 win at Vitesse—and finished the 1971–72 Eredivisie season 12th out of 18 sides.[11] The club was still mired in financial difficulties; to cut transfer expenses, Groningen established a scouting system.[12] In 1973–74, Groningen ranked bottom and were relegated to the Eerste Divisie; during the season, the team lost 9–0 to Ajax, Groningen's record defeat.[10] The club came close to bankruptcy but was saved by Groningen City Council.[13] In 1974–75, Groningen finished runners-up to NEC Nijmegen because of an inferior goal difference, although Groningen qualified for the play-offs which determined the second and final team to gain promotion to the Eredivisie. They finished second behind FC Eindhoven and remained in the second tier.[14] In 1975, Groningen established a youth boarding school as the club tried to rebuild the squad with youth players.[15] The side placed eighth in the 1976–77 Eerste Divisie—Groningen's lowest league finish—before they missed promotion to the Eredivisie on goal difference in the promotion play-offs in 1977–78, despite Peter Houtman scoring a club record 31 goals during the season.[10][16] Groningen finished runners-up to Excelsior in 1978–79,[17] but returned to the Eredivisie as champions in the following season under coach Theo Verlangen [nl], losing only 4 of 36 matches.[18] Most of the squad came from Groningen's youth academy.[2]

In the 1982–83 season, Groningen qualified for European competition for the first time following a 5th-place finish, meaning that the side would enter the 1983–84 UEFA Cup.[19] Key player Ronald Koeman left the club during the off-season in 1983 and joined Ajax, while his brother Erwin remained at Groningen; both players had made their debut at Groningen.[1][20] The team's first European game was an away match against Atlético Madrid, losing 2–1 after being 1–0 ahead. Groningen recorded a shock 3–0 victory in the return game, winning 4–2 on aggregate. They faced Inter Milan in the second round; Groningen won 2–0 at Oosterparkstadion but lost 5–1 in Italy and were eliminated from the competition.[21] Groningen competed in European competition again on five occasions from 1986 until 1992,[2] reaching the third round in the 1986–87 UEFA Cup and in the 1988–89 UEFA Cup.[22]

As a result of their successful spell, Groningen became almost fully professional during the mid-1980s—only Jan van Dijk and Adri van Tiggelen remained semi-professionals. The club also recorded the fourth highest average home attendances in Dutch football—behind Ajax, PSV and Feyenoord—as it attracted more than 10,000 fans for each match.[23][24] In 1989, Groningen reached their first KNVB Cup final, but lost 4–1 against PSV.[25] During the same year, Groningen chairman Renze de Vries [nl] was found guilty by the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (FIOD) of embezzlement and the use of dirty money to sign several players between 1984 and 1989.[26][27] De Vries, Groningen's chairman since 1980, stepped down and spent several days in prison.[27][28] Several other Eredivisie clubs were also investigated and punished by the FIOD during this period,[27] with Groningen receiving an additional assessment of 700,000 Dutch guilders from the Tax and Customs Administration.[26] Groningen were saddled with debt and again came close to bankruptcy.[29] Despite the financial situation, Groningen recorded their highest-ever league finish in 1990–91: third place. Managed by Hans Westerhof, Groningen competed for the league title with Ajax and PSV until the latter part of the season, when suspensions and injuries to first-team players saw them drop points. Groningen's Henny Meijer was named Dutch Footballer of the Year after the season ended.[30]

New stadium and the first major honour (1991–2021)

[edit]
A coloured picture of Jans
Ron Jans (pictured in 2007), Groningen's coach from 2002 to 2010
Mural in Euroborg
Mural of Piet Fransen (left) and Arjen Robben (right) in Euroborg

Although Groningen recorded a 5th-place finish in 1991–92 and qualified for the 1992–93 UEFA Cup,[31] the team began to slide down the league table; they were eventually relegated to the Eerste Divisie in 1997–98.[32] Groningen had little financial resources left, and made many managerial changes in a search for success.[32][33] The side returned to the Eredivisie in 1999–2000 following a first-place finish in the promotion play-offs group.[34] During the season, Groningen set several club records: they scored 81 goals, won 10 matches in a row and recorded their largest victory—10–1 against DVS '33 in the KNVB Cup.[32] In December 2000, 16-year-old Arjen Robben made his professional debut under coach Jan van Dijk; Robben, later regarded as one of the best players of his generation, was soon sold to PSV for a fee of 3.9 million euros.[35][36] Groningen avoided relegation during their first seasons back in the Eredivisie; under coach Ron Jans, appointed in 2002, Groningen began to return into the top half of the league.[37]

In January 2006, Groningen moved from the outdated Oosterparkstadion—the club's first home stadium—to the newly-built Euroborg.[38] The club's average home attendance increased from approximately 12,000 in Oosterparkstadion to around 20,000 in its new stadium.[37] Groningen went the first 15 league games unbeaten at Euroborg,[39] and the stadium was soon nicknamed "De Groene Hel" (lit. 'The Green Hell').[37] Groningen finished the 2005–06 season in fifth place and qualified for the play-offs which determined a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Champions League. Groningen reached the final but were narrowly beaten by Ajax on aggregate, after Ajax scored in the last minutes of the second leg; the side qualified instead for the 2006–07 UEFA Cup in which they were eliminated by Partizan Belgrade in the preliminary round.[37] Groningen again qualified for the UEFA Cup preliminary round the following season, but were eliminated by Italian side Fiorentina after a penalty shootout.[37][40] In 2010, Jans left the club and went to local rivals Heerenveen; his successor was former Groningen player Pieter Huistra.[41]

Under Huistra, the team finished 5th in 2010–11 and reached the European competition play-off final; Groningen turned around a 5–1 deficit against ADO Den Haag but lost after a penalty shootout.[42] In 2013–14, Groningen won the European competition play-off final under coach Erwin van de Looi and qualified for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League,[43] but were eliminated by Aberdeen in the second qualifying round.[44] Groningen claimed their first major honour during the season, however, defeating PEC Zwolle 2–0 in the 2015 KNVB Cup final.[45] They became the third Groningen-based team to win a major honour, after Be Quick (1919–20 Dutch League Championship) and Velocitas (1933–34 KNVB Cup).[46][47] By winning the cup, Groningen qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League group stage.[48] They gained only two points from six matches and finished the group in bottom place.[49] In 2019, Hans Nijland [nl]—Groningen's CEO since 1996 and the longest-serving director in Dutch professional football—stepped down and was replaced by Excelsior's Wouter Gudde.[50]

Relegation and promotion (2021–present)

[edit]

In 2022–23, Groningen finished the season in bottom place, winning only 4 times in 34 matches, and were relegated to the Eerste Divisie for the third time.[51][52] Before the start of the season, the German Frank Wormuth was appointed coach.[53] He was sacked in November 2022, after which Wormuth labelled the working conditions as "mentally unsafe".[52] Under his successor, Dennis van der Ree, Groningen won only once in 21 matches, and were eliminated from the KNVB Cup at home by amateur club SV Spakenburg.[52][54] During the season, director of football Mark-Jan Fledderus was sacked, and two board members stepped down.[52] Gudde concluded the squad was unfit, unbalanced, and lacked quality and "personality".[55] Under coach Dick Lukkien, Groningen finished runners-up in the Eerste Divisie the following season and were promoted back to the Eredivisie with a squad composed of many players who were recruited from Groningen's youth academy; the team defeated direct rivals Roda JC 2–0 on the last matchday to take second place from them.[56]

Crest and colours

[edit]
Scarfs of FC Groningen
Groningen supporter scarfs with the club crest

Shortly after Groningen were founded in June 1971, Nieuwsblad van het Noorden organised a competition to design a crest for the club. The draft of 21-year-old Reint Rozema, a designer at a local printing house, was chosen: an abstract letter "G", referring to Groningen.[7] In 1993, board member and commercial manager Jos Smulders added a Pegasus to the badge to give Groningen a more "dynamic and aggressive" image; in 1996, the Pegasus was removed after criticism from the club's fans and the local press, and the original crest was restored.[57][58]

Groningen's colours have been green and white since the club's foundation, derived from the city's coat of arms. During the first seasons, the team also played several matches in a purple kit.[7] Groningen's jerseys were manufactured by local companies until 1975, when Adidas became the first to have its logo on the club's shirt.[59] The team's first kit sponsor was AGO in 1982. Since then, the club has had a variety of kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors.[19] Until the early 1990s, Groningen used various permutations of green and white on their home kits, when the club adopted a white shirt with two vertical green stripes.[60]

Stadium

[edit]
The interior of Euroborg
Euroborg during a match in 2018

Groningen have played their home matches at Euroborg since January 2006, which replaced Oosterparkstadion, the home of GVAV and Groningen since the 1930s.[38] The Netherlands national team played two international matches at Oosterparkstadion: against Cyprus in 1981 and in 1983 against Iceland.[61] In 1985, Groningen recorded their largest attendance at the stadium during a 1–1 draw against Feyenoord, when 21,500 spectators attended.[62] The club first expressed an interest in building a new stadium away from Oosterparkstadion in 1996 as it had become outdated and had only a capacity of around 12,500. In 2003, Groningen started with the building of Euroborg, designed by Wiel Arets. The stadium was opened on 13 January 2006 with a match against Heerenveen, which Groningen won 2–0.[37][38] It hosted the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship final, in which the Netherlands defeated Serbia 4–1.[63] In 2014, Groningen became the first Dutch club to have its own solar power plant;[64] more than 1,000 solar panels were placed on the roof of Euroborg to make Groningen "more eco-friendly".[65]

Euroborg's current capacity is 22,525,[66] and is nicknamed "De Groene Hel" (lit. 'The Green Hell') and "De Groene Kathedraal" (lit. 'The Green Cathedral').[37][38] The stadium consists of four stands: the Tonny van Leeuwen Tribune, the Piet Fransen Tribune, the Koeman Familie Tribune and a stand containing skyboxes.[67]

Supporters and rivalries

[edit]
Groningen fans before a match
Groningen fans before a game in 2015

Groningen's supporters are mainly drawn from the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe.[68] During their early years, Groningen, and their predecessor GVAV, also had a decent following in Friesland as they were the only northern team in the Eredivisie, which earned them the nickname "Trots van het Noorden" (lit. 'Pride of the North').[5] During the late 1970s, an ultras group known as the Z-side emerged from within Groningen's fanbase.[69] The Z-side and other Groningen ultras groups have had long-standing friendships with the ultras and hooligans of AS Roma, Beerschot and Rot-Weiß Erfurt.[70][71] The club's fans also have had a long-standing friendship with supporters of Scottish team Hibernian since the 1990s. Several Groningen and Hibernian fans regularly make an overseas journey to visit each other's matches.[72]

As Groningen are one of the few professional sides in the Northern Netherlands and the only team from the province of Groningen,[68] the team lack rivalries.[73] Until SC Veendam from Groningen province was dissolved in 2013,[74] Groningen contested the Groningse derby [nl] with the club.[75] The sides met only four times in the Eredivisie—in 1986–87 and 1988–89, with both teams winning once—as Veendam spent most of their existence in the lower divisions.[76] During the 1990s, Groningen contested heated matches with Twente as hooligans of both clubs often clashed.[77] During the same period, a local rivalry between Groningen and Frisian club Heerenveen developed—known as the Derby van het Noorden (lit. 'Derby of the North')—following Heerenveen's first-ever promotion to the Eredivisie in 1989–90.[78][79] Groningen went down to the Eerste Divisie in 1998, and by 2000, they were surpassed in results by Heerenveen. During the 2000s, the rivalry reached its peak and fans of both clubs pulled pranks, such as Groningen fans painting the statue of Heerenveen's Abe Lenstra in green-white colours. The rivalry faded during the mid-2010s as another Frisian club, Cambuur, won promotion to the Eredivisie; Heerenveen regard Cambuur as their main rivals.[78]

Players

[edit]

First-team squad

[edit]
As of 5 November 2024[80]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Suriname SUR Etienne Vaessen
2 DF Netherlands NED Wouter Prins
3 DF Netherlands NED Thijmen Blokzijl
4 MF Netherlands NED Joey Pelupessy
5 DF Germany GER Marco Rente
6 MF Netherlands NED Stije Resink
7 MF Curaçao CUW Leandro Bacuna (captain)
8 MF Norway NOR Johan Hove
9 FW Iceland ISL Brynjólfur Willumsson
10 MF Italy ITA Luciano Valente
11 FW France FRA Noam Emeran
14 MF Netherlands NED Jorg Schreuders
18 MF Netherlands NED Tika de Jonge
21 GK Netherlands NED Hidde Jurjus
No. Pos. Nation Player
22 DF Netherlands NED Finn Stam (on loan from AZ Alkmaar)
23 FW Netherlands NED Fofin Turay
24 GK Netherlands NED Dirk Baron
25 MF Netherlands NED Thijs Oosting
26 FW Netherlands NED Thom van Bergen
27 FW Portugal POR Rui Mendes
29 FW Netherlands NED Romano Postema
31 GK Netherlands NED Jasper Meijster
36 DF Netherlands NED Maxim Mariani
38 FW Netherlands NED Kian Slor
43 DF Belgium BEL Marvin Peersman
67 DF Netherlands NED Sven Bouland
— FW Netherlands NED Kevin van Veen

Out on loan

[edit]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
— FW Sweden SWE Paulos Abraham (at IFK Göteborg until 31 December 2024)
— FW Norway NOR Kristian Strømland Lien (at Kristiansund BK until 31 December 2024)

Management

[edit]

Football management

[edit]
Position Name
Head coach Dick Lukkien
Assistant coaches Casper Goedkoop
Marcel Groninger
Chairman Jakob Klompien
Chief executive officer Frank van Mosselveld
Chief operating officer Marc-Jan Oldenbandringh
Director of football Vacant

Source:[80][81]

Coaches

[edit]

Ron Groenewoud was the club's first coach; he was relegated with Groningen to the Eerste Divisie in 1974 and remained in charge until 1975.[82] Groningen won the Eerste Divisie title in 1979–80 under coach Theo Verlangen [nl], who also led them to qualification for their first-ever European campaign in 1983.[18] Groningen recorded their best league finish under Hans Westerhof: third in the 1990–91 Eredivisie.[30] After relegation in 1998, the side won promotion back to the top flight under Jan van Dijk in 1999–2000.[32] Erwin van de Looi led Groningen to their first major honour: the 2014–15 KNVB Cup.[83] The German Frank Wormuth became the club's first foreign coach when he took the post in 2022.[53] Under Dick Lukkien, Groningen won promotion back to the top flight in 2023–24.[56]

Honours

[edit]
Groningen fans during the 2015 Cup final
Groningen fans during the 2015 KNVB Cup Final

Records and statistics

[edit]
Historical chart of Groningen's league performance (including GVAV)

The record for the most first team appearances in all competitions for Groningen is held by Jan van Dijk, who played 537 games between 1975 and 1992.[86] The club's top goal scorer is Peter Houtman, who scored 128 goals in three spells for Groningen.[87] He also holds the club record for the most goals scored in a season, when he netted 31 times in 1977–78.[10] The youngest player to make an appearance for Groningen is Richairo Živković, who was aged 16 years and 88 days on his debut against Heracles Almelo in 2012.[88] The oldest player to make an appearance for the club is goalkeeper Peter van der Vlag, who played his last match aged 37 years and 163 days against NAC Breda in 2015.[89][90] In 1991, Hennie Meijer won the Dutch Footballer of the Year award, the first and to date only time a Groningen player achieved this.[30]

Groningen's largest victory has been a 10–1 win against DVS '33 in the 1999–2000 KNVB Cup. The club's largest win in league football has been a 7–1 home victory against Willem II in the 2010–11 Eredivisie.[32] The club's largest defeat is a 9–0 loss to Ajax in the 1973–74 Eredivisie.[10] The highest transfer fee received by Groningen is the €11 million from Celta de Vigo for Norwegian striker Jørgen Strand Larsen in 2022,[91] while the highest transfer fee paid by the club was for Nigerian midfielder Oluwafemi Ajilore from Midtjylland in 2008; he was bought for a fee of €3.3 million.[92]

References

[edit]

Specific

  1. ^ a b Giraldo, Javier (17 June 2021). "El día más emotivo de Koeman en su vuelta a Groningen" [Koeman's most emotional day on his return to Groningen]. Sport (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Historie" [History] (in Dutch). FC Groningen. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  3. ^ Derksen, Johan (9 November 2003). "'De magische krachten van Stadion Oosterpark'" ['The magical powers of Stadium Oosterpark']. Voetbal International (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Donker et al. (2011), p. 12
  5. ^ a b Donker et al. (2011), p. 15
  6. ^ a b Donker et al. (2011), pp. 22–23
  7. ^ a b c d Donker et al. (2011), pp. 24–26
  8. ^ "Veertigste sterfdag Tonny van Leeuwen" [Fortieth anniversary of Tonny van Leeuwen's death] (in Dutch). RTV Noord. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  9. ^ "Tonny van Leeuwen" (in Dutch). FC Groningen. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
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  11. ^ Poker (1996), p. 9
  12. ^ Poker (1996), p. 11
  13. ^ Poker (1996), p. 20
  14. ^ Poker (1996), p. 23
  15. ^ Poker (1996), pp. 32–33
  16. ^ Poker (1996), p. 42
  17. ^ Schoenmakers, Jan (20 February 2005). "Netherlands 1978/79". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  18. ^ a b Poker (1996), pp. 54–55
  19. ^ a b Poker (1996), pp. 74–77
  20. ^ Poker (1996), p. 78
  21. ^ Poker (1996), p. 82
  22. ^ Poker (1996), pp. 111, 124
  23. ^ Poker (1996), p. 72
  24. ^ Poker (1996), p. 109
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  27. ^ a b c "Nieuwe rechtszaak Karel Aalbers" [New lawsuit Karel Aalbers] (in Dutch). SBV Vitesse. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
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  29. ^ Poker (1996), p. 138
  30. ^ a b c Poker (1996), pp. 140–144
  31. ^ Poker (1996), pp. 151, 155
  32. ^ a b c d e Minnema, Egbert (14 June 2021). "De FC-historie in cijfers: 1991–2001, degradatie en veel trainerswisselingen" [FC's history in numbers: 1991–2001, relegation and many head coach changes] (in Dutch). RTV Noord. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  33. ^ Poker (1996), p. 163
  34. ^ Schoenmakers, Jan (20 February 2005). "Netherlands 1999/2000". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
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  36. ^ "Ranked! The 101 greatest football players of the last 25 years: full list". FourFourTwo. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Minnema, Egbert (15 June 2021). "FC-historie in cijfers: 2001–2011, Jans-tijdperk en gang naar Euroborg" [FC's history in numbers: 2001–2011, Jans era and the move to Euroborg] (in Dutch). RTV Noord. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  38. ^ a b c d Donker et al. (2011), pp. 432–437
  39. ^ Donker et al. (2011), pp. 584, 586
  40. ^ "Groningen made to pay the penalty". UEFA. 4 October 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  41. ^ "Jans verliest met Heerenveen in Groningen" [Jans loses with Heerenveen in Groningen] (in Dutch). RTV Drenthe. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  42. ^ Donker et al. (2011), pp. 594–595
  43. ^ "FC Groningen in voorronde Europa League" [FC Groningen in preliminary round Europa League] (in Dutch). RTL Nieuws. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  44. ^ Freriks, Gijs (24 July 2014). "Europees avontuur voor FC Groningen al ten einde" [European adventure for FC Groningen has already come to an end]. Voetbalzone (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  45. ^ "Bekerfinale 2015: De sfeer in beeld" [Cup final 2015: The atmosphere in pictures] (in Dutch). Royal Dutch Football Association. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  46. ^ Kárpáti, Tamás; Stokkermans, Karel (12 May 2021). "Netherlands – Champions". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  47. ^ a b Stokkermans, Karel (22 April 2021). "Netherlands Cup Finals". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  48. ^ "FC Groningen naar groepsfase Europa League" [FC Groningen to Europa League group stage] (in Dutch). RTL Nieuws. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  49. ^ Stokkermans, Karel (23 March 2017). "UEFA European Competitions 2015–16". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  50. ^ "Wouter Gudde volgt Hans Nijland op bij FC Groningen" [Wouter Gudde succeeds Hans Nijland at FC Groningen]. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
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General

  • Donker, Martin; Heuvelman, Dick; Mennega, Jan; Mulder, Henk; Nederlof, Bert; Penning, Wessel; Swart, Nico; Verkamman, Matty; Visser, Jaap; Zweverink, Paul (2011). 40 jaar FC Groningen en de historie van GVAV (in Dutch). Uitgeverij de Buitenspelers. ISBN 9789071359439.
  • Poker, Henk (1996). 25 jaar FC Groningen (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Profiel [nl]. ISBN 9789052941394.
  • Van de Vooren, Jurryt (2017). De Bosatlas van het Nederlandse voetbal (in Dutch). Noordhoff Uitgevers. ISBN 9789001123048.
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