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Jindřich Waldes

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Jindřich Waldes
Waldes in 1912
Born(1876-07-02)July 2, 1876
Nemyšl, Austro-Hungary
DiedJuly 1, 1941(1941-07-01) (aged 64)
Havana, Cuba
Other namesHeinrich Waldes
Henry Waldes

Jindřich Waldes (also Heinrich Waldes or Henry Waldes; 2 July 1876, Nemyšl – 1 July 1941, Havana) was a leading industrialist, founder of the Waldes Koh-i-noor Company, Czech patriot of Jewish origin and art collector.

Life

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Waldes Koh-i-noor fasteners for the German market, 1920s

Karel Waldes, father of Jindřich, had an inn and a small haberdashery shop in the village of Nemyšl near the town of Tábor in southern Bohemia. He wanted his son to continue his business but Jindřich found a position of a clerk at the firm of Eduard Lokesch and Son in Prague. This company made buttons and cufflinks. As Waldes had a good knowledge of languages he became Lokesch's business agent and travelled the world on behalf of the firm.

In 1902 together with an engineer Hynek Puc (1856–1938) Waldes left Lokesch and founded his own company.[1] A year later Puc invented a special machine that inserted a small spring into concealed dress fasteners, the main product of the new firm. The new machine supplemented labour of ten skilled workers. With the increased production Puc kept inventing more machines to support the manufacture of pins, safety pins, needles and buttons. [2]The world-renowned Waldes trademark, Miss KIN, came about in 1912 when Waldes on his ocean trip met Elizabeth Coyne[3] who playfully put one fastener in her eye. František Kupka painted her portrait in oils and Vojtěch Preissig from it designed the firm’s trademark.[4] The other trade names used were Koh-i-noor and Otello.

Waldes Koh-i-noor headquarters were located in Prague suburbs of Vršovice. Soon the company grew to a large concern with branch factories in Warsaw, Dresden, Vienna, Paris, Barcelona and New York City.

Nazi-era

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After Hitler invaded in 1939, the Waldes, who were Jewish, lost everything.[5] On 1 September 1939 Waldes was imprisoned by Gestapo after the Third Reich occupation of Czechoslovakia and kept in concentration camps Dachau and Buchenwald, arriving in Dachau on September 10, 1939, and transferred to Buchenwald on September 26 of the same year. In 1941 his family, who were sent to USA by Waldes before the war (he decided to remain in Prague as a Czech patriot) paid the Nazi authorities 8 million Czech crowns (about 1 Million Reichsmarks or $250,000 US) ransom. In Buchenwald he suffered a diabetic attack, and was in the prison hospital from 11 April 1940 until his release on 2 June 1941. The Gestapo then transported Waldes by plane to Lisbon, Portugal, where he boarded a United States-bound ship. However, Waldes did not survive the journey to the USA and died under suspicious circumstances on the ship which stopped at Havana, Cuba in May 1941.

"He [Waldes] arrived on a Portuguese ship in Cuba. In the moment that he stepped onto solid ground, he broke down and died."[6]

According to Aufbau Magazine, Waldes died in a hospital in Havana.[7] He was cremated at a memorial attended by several hundred people on 15 July 1941 at Fresh Pond, Maspeth, in New York.[6]

Other reports say that Jindřich and his family perished in the Buchenwald concentration camp.[8]

Art collection

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Waldes was also a passionate art collector of contemporary Czech art. In 1918 in Prague he founded Waldes Museum for his collection of buttons which had over 70 thousand items. The collection was transferred after the World War II to Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague. Apart from buttons he collected works of Czech painters especially František Kupka's paintings. They became friends in 1919 and remained so until 1938. Waldes supported Kupka throughout his career by buying his canvases. Part of Jindřich Waldes' collection held by the National Gallery in Prague had been returned to his descendants living in the United States.

Restitution of looted property

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After the war the factory was not restituted to the family, but instead taken by the state.[9]

In 1999 it was announced that much of the stolen art collection would be restituted.[10]

In 2007 the Prague City Court rendered the decision to return fifty percent of the Czech Koh-i-Noor holdings to the Waldes family heirs. However, in 2010 the Constitutional Court in Brno reversed the decision, stating that the Beneš decrees of 1945 handed the property to the Czech state, not the Communist seizures in 1948.

See also

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Literature

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  • Patrik Šimon: Jindřich Waldes – sběratel umění, Patrik Šimon – Eminent, Praha 2001
  • Jiří Waldes a kolektiv: Kupka – Waldes Malíř a jeho sběratel, Petr Meissner, Praha 1999

References

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  1. ^ "History - Koh-I-Noor". www.kin.cz. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  2. ^ Mittelbau-Dora, Stiftung Gedenkstätten Buchenwald und. "Audio: Jindřich Waldes". Buchenwald Memorial. Retrieved 2024-02-12. Since the turn of the century, Jindřich Waldes, co-founder of "Waldes & Co." in Prague, had been a successful industrialist. His company specialized in producing fasteners for the clothing industry, developing a process for manufacturing snap buttons mechanically, which revolutionized their production. New factories had been established in Dresden, Paris, London, Barcelona and New York. Waldes called the snap button "Koh-i-noor" after the supposedly largest diamond in the world.
  3. ^ 'Koh-i-noor Girl', Koh-i-noor Magazin, Volume IV, number 37, January 1933, page 3, as her signature under her photograph confirms.
  4. ^ "Czech Made: Koh-i-noor snap buttons – innovative artistry". Radio Prague International. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  5. ^ "Koh-i-noor - a tale of two brothers, a famous painting, and the Holocaust". Radio Prague International. 2011-07-29. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  6. ^ a b Obituary in Aufbau Magazine, New York, July 25, 1941. Translated from the German: "Er kam mit einem portugiesischen Schiff auf Cuba an. In dem Augenblick, da er den festen Boden betrat, brach er zusammen und starb.
  7. ^ Lauterbach, E: International Law Reports, Vol. 29, Cambridge University Press, 1966, Page 357.
  8. ^ "Upcoming Holocaust conference overlooks individual claims, observers say". lootedart.com. Retrieved 2024-02-12. In 1939, as part of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Koh-i-noor factory was seized by the Nazis, shortly before Sigmund fled the country for New York. Jindřich and his family later perished in the Buchenwald concentration camp.
  9. ^ "Upcoming Holocaust conference overlooks individual claims, observers say". lootedart.com. Retrieved 2024-02-12. In 1939, as part of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Koh-i-noor factory was seized by the Nazis, shortly before Sigmund fled the country for New York. Jindřich and his family later perished in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After the country's liberation in 1945, the factory was turned over to the state, despite the fact that Sigmund's daughter, Věra, who had relocated to France, was the rightful heir to her father's property. Despite a series of high-profile court battles over ownership, the 17,000-square-meter Koh-i-noor factory, which occupies nearly three full city blocks in Prague 10, has fallen into disrepair after years of continued neglect. It remains solely in the hands of the state, though Sigmund's granddaughter, Jiřina Nováková, continues the figh
  10. ^ "An Extensive Part of the Waldes Collection Returns to Heirs - National Gallery, Prague - Absolutearts.com". www.absolutearts.com. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
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