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History of the Jews in Milwaukee

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The history of Jews in Milwaukee began in the early 1840s with the arrival of Jewish immigrants from German-speaking states and the Austro-Hungarian empire.[1] Throughout the 19th century, Milwaukee was the hub of Wisconsin's Jewish population with 80% of the state's Jews living there.[2] As of 2011, it is home to 25,800 Jewish people, or 78% of Jews in Wisconsin, and is the 42nd largest Jewish community in the United States.[3]

19th Century

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Congregation Emanu-El B'ne Jeshurun, the first synagogue in Wisconsin, was founded as Congregation Imanu-Al in Milwaukee in 1850.[4] Two other congregations, Ahavath Emunah (1854) and Anshe Emeth (1855) would later merge into it.[5] During the 1860s, the majority of services were conducted in German with a few rare ones held in English. Plenty of the Jewish immigrants were atheists or secular: in 1859, only 50% of the families in Milwaukee belonged to the congregation.[4] Most of the German Jews in Milwaukee practiced Reform Judaism, while the Jews from Eastern Europe practiced Orthodox Judaism.[5][6]

Due to an influx of immigrants from Central Europe fleeing discrimination, poverty and pogroms, the Jewish community increased from 70 families in 1850 to 2,074 in 1875. Russian Jews were an estimated 39% of the city's Jewish population.[7] Most German-speaking Jews settled in the downtown and East Side regions of Milwaukee.[8][2]

Jews dominated the city's clothing and footwear manufacturing. Of the fourteen merchant tailors and clothiers in Milwaukee in 1862, five were Jewish-owned and operated.[4] By 1895, nearly all of Milwaukee's clothing factories were Jewish-owned.[8] Many charitable and fraternal organizations were also established during the 1800s, such as the B'nai B'rith fraternal organization, the Milwaukee Jewish Mission and the Jewish Alliance School. Multiple relief organizations were created to aid destitute veterans and their families after the American Civil War.[4] The Settlement Cook Book was compiled by Lizzie Kander in 1891 to raise funds for the Settlement House, a community center for children and adults.[6]

20th Century

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Due to its religious tolerance, industry and German roots, Milwaukee was considered a good place for Jews. By the early 20th century, many of the community's early Jewish founders had assimilated into the city's educated German elite. In 1912, the last German-language temple in Milwaukee voted to switch to English as a reflection of the community's adoption of English as the majority language.[9]

By 1925, the Jewish population in Milwaukee had grown to 22,000, which was eleventh largest concentration of Jews in the United States at the time.[8] Secondary waves of Jewish immigrants came to the city in the hundreds after the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s and the end of the Soviet Union in the late 1970s into the 1990s.[7] These Eastern European immigrants settled on the West Side of Milwaukee in the Haymarket, Sherman Park, Upper East Side and Shorewood neighborhoods.[8][6]

Milwaukee was home to multiple Jewish newspapers, including two Yiddish newspapers: the Wochenblat (1914-1932) and the Yidishe Shtimme (1930-1931).[7][5] In 1921, the Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle was founded as a newspaper that was published weekly and continues into the present day to be published online.[10]

Jews in Milwaukee became heavily involved in entrepreneurship in various industries, such as grocery stores, clothes-making, recycling, meatpacking and manufacturing.[1] Kohl's, ManpowerGroup, Master Lock, Sigma-Aldrich and the MGIC Investment Corporation were all founded in Milwaukee during this time. The Jewish Vocational Service, the first rehabilitation agency in the United States to help veterans retrain and find jobs, opened in 1938.[2]

By 1951, although Jews made up only 3% of Milwaukee's population, 20% of the doctors and 17% of the attorneys in the city were Jewish.[2] The Jewish population was estimated at 23,000 in 1968.[7]

The Milwaukee Jewish Film Festival, held annually in October to showcase local and international Jewish films, began in 1997.[11]

21st Century

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In April 2008, the Jewish Museum Milwaukee opened to the public. It grew out of the Milwaukee Jewish Archives and features oral histories, films, and artifacts related to the Jewish community in Milwaukee.[12]

A 2015 study by the Center for Urban Initiatives and Research at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee estimated that there were approximately 25,800 Jewish people living in the Greater Milwaukee area in 2011, which is 1.8% of the general population. 24% of respondents never attended synagogue, 49% attended a few times a year and 8% attended about once a month.[13][14]

Hillel Milwaukee serves the community's young adult and student population.[15] There is also a Chabad center[16] and a Jewish Studies department at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.[17]

Relevant buildings

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Notable Jews from Milwaukee

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Avner, Jane. "Jews". Encyclopedia of Milwaukee. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Cohen, Sheila Terman (25 September 2019). "What Happened To Wisconsin's Once-Thriving Smaller Jewish Communities?". WisContext. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  3. ^ Sheskin, Ira M.; Dashefsky, Arnold (2018). "United States Jewish Population, 2017". American Jewish Year Book 2017: The Annual Record of the North American Jewish Communities. American Jewish Year Book. 117: 179–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70663-4_5. ISBN 978-3-319-70662-7. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Swichkow, Louis J. (1957). "The Jewish Community of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1860-1870". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. 47 (1): 34–58. ISSN 0146-5511. JSTOR 43059005. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Hintz, Martin (2005). Jewish Milwaukee. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. ISBN 9780738539720.
  6. ^ a b c Cohen, Sheila Terman (2016). Jews in Wisconsin. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780870207457. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Zaret, Melvin S. (2007). "Milwaukee". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 261–263. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d "Jews in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Historical Society. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  9. ^ Byers, Steve (9 October 2019). "The cultural impact of "Americanization" on Milwaukee's original Jewish immigrant population". The Milwaukee Independent. Milwaukee Independent. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  10. ^ "About Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle". www.jewishchronicle.org. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  11. ^ "25th Annual Milwaukee Jewish Film Festival". JCC Milwaukee. Harry & Rose Samson Family Jewish Community Center. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  12. ^ "About Jewish Museum Milwaukee". jewishmuseummilwaukee.org. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  13. ^ Cohen, Leon (29 April 2015). "Revised community study finds fewer Milwaukee Jews". www.jewishchronicle.org. The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  14. ^ Miller, Ron; Kotler-Berkowitz, Laurence; Percy, Stephen. "2011 Jewish Study Greater Milwaukee (Revised March 2015)". www.jewishdatabank.org. Berman Jewish Databank. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  15. ^ "About". HILLEL MILWAUKEE. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  16. ^ "Chabad at UW-Milwaukee". Chabad-Lubavitch of Wisconsin. Chabad.org. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  17. ^ "The Sam and Helen Stahl Center for Jewish Studies - UW-Milwaukee". The Sam and Helen Stahl Center for Jewish Studies. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  18. ^ "Jewish American Heritage Month". VISIT Milwaukee. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
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