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Jervis Bay

Coordinates: 35°03′55″S 150°44′05″E / 35.06528°S 150.73472°E / -35.06528; 150.73472
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For other uses, see Jervis Bay (disambiguation).

Jervis Bay
A resort on the coast of Jervis Bay
Hyams Beach, Booderee National Park & the Jervis Bay Marine Park
Location of Jervis Bay off the coast of New south Wales.
Location of Jervis Bay off the coast of New south Wales.
Jervis Bay
Location off the coast of New South Wales
Jervis Bay from orbit
LocationJervis Bay Territory
New South Wales
Coordinates35°03′55″S 150°44′05″E / 35.06528°S 150.73472°E / -35.06528; 150.73472[1]
TypeOceanic bay
Primary outflowsTasman Sea
Basin countriesAustralia

Jervis Bay (/ˈdʒɜːrvɪs, ˈdʒɑːr-/)[2][3][4] is a 102-square-kilometre (39 sq mi)[5] oceanic bay and village in the Jervis Bay Territory and on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. In the Dhurga language of the Aboriginal inhabitants of the area, it is called Booderee, which translates as "bay of plenty".[6]

A 70-square-kilometre (27 sq mi) area of land around the southern headland of the bay is a territory of the Commonwealth of Australia, known as the Jervis Bay Territory, which is administered by, but is not a part of, the Australian Capital Territory.[7] The Territory includes the settlements of Jervis Bay Village and Wreck Bay Village. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base, HMAS Creswell, is in the Jervis Bay Territory between Jervis Bay Village and Greenpatch Point.

History

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Archaeological finds at Burrill Lake, 55 kilometres south of Jervis Bay, provide evidence of Aboriginal occupation dating back 20,000 years.[8]

Jervis Bay was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard HMS Endeavour on 25 April 1770, two days after Saint George's Day, and he named the southern headland Cape St George.[9][10]

In August 1791, Lieutenant Richard Bowen, aboard the convict transport ship Atlantic, part of the Third Fleet, sailed into the bay and named it in honour of Admiral John Jervis, under whom he had served.[9][11][12] In November 1791 Master Matthew Weatherhead entered the bay aboard Matilda, which had also been part of the Third Fleet, in order to undertake repairs to the ship.[11]

In mid 1797, survivors of the wreck of Sydney Cove passed through the area on foot, while undertaking an arduous trek of 600 kilometres in an attempt to get to Port Jackson (Sydney) – only three of them completed the journey.[11][13]

Explorer George Bass entered the bay on 10 December 1797 and named Bowen Island.[14]

The Point Perpendicular Lighthouse in 1899

Alexander Berry's takeover of land in the Shoalhaven displaced the Aboriginal inhabitants, who were moved to Wreck Bay in 1822. Smallpox and syphilis significantly reduced their population.[15] A separate population of Aborigines, whom settlers called "the Jervis Bay tribe" — the Wandandian people[16] — remained on their traditional lands on the bank of Currambene Creek, near Huskisson, and around St Georges Basin, until well into the 20th century.[17][18][19][20]

In 1841, the private township of South Huskisson on Jervis Bay was founded as a seaport and terminus of The Wool Road.[21] It was renamed Vincentia in 1952.[22]

The bay was a base for whaling in 1912 and 1913. The vessels involved were the factory ship Loch Tay and her two catchers Campbell and Sorrell.[23]

!n 1915, the land now comprising the Jervis Bay Territory was surrendered to the Commonwealth Government by the state of New South Wales.[24][25] It was proposed that it would become a seaport for the new federal capital under construction at Canberra, which would be Australia's only inland capital.[26]

In the late 1960s, Australia's first nuclear power plant was proposed for the area, and a site was prepared, but the project did not proceed.[27]

In 1995, Jervis Bay National Park and Botanic Gardens were handed back to the Wreck Bay Aboriginal community. In 1997, the community, who jointly manage the park with the Commonwealth Government, decided to rename it Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens.[28]

Geography

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Geology

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Cliff faces and vegetation at the Booderee National Park

Jervis Bay is a drowned river valley and formed 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age.[29] The bay took on its present appearance around 4000 BC after the sea levels had risen 120 metres (390 ft), and as sand dune barriers created the southern peninsula.[30] Much of the rock in Jervis Bay is part of the Sydney Basin sandstone formation, which is 280-225 million years old, although lower areas are overlain with Tertiary-era sediments.[30]

Several features at Jervis Bay have been used as evidence that the Australian coast experienced many giant tsunamis prior to European colonisation.[31]

Description

[edit]

In the Jervis Bay Territory on the southern side of the bay are the settlements of Greenpatch, Hyams Beach, and Bowen Island. From north to south on the New South Wales shore of the bay are Callala Beach, Callala Bay, Huskisson and Vincentia. Beecroft Peninsula, on the northern side of the bay, has been used as a bombing range by the RAN.[32] Point Perpendicular forms the southern end of the peninsula. Jervis Bay is approximately a three-hour drive south of Sydney. A door-to-door shuttle service is available between Sydney Airport and the South Coast every day.[33]

Environment and protected areas

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Hyams Beach, a white sandy beach

Significant areas of the Jervis Bay natural environment have been established as protected areas, including Booderee National Park, Jervis Bay National Park (NSW) and the Jervis Bay Marine Park.

Some 158 km2 (61 sq mi) of the land on both sides of the bay have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because the coastal heathland supports the largest sub-population of the endangered eastern bristlebird, isolated from other sub-populations.[34]

Jervis Bay has been recorded as having the whitest sand in the world.[35]

Recreation

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Recreational boats at Huskisson

Jervis Bay is known for recreational fishing, kayaking, paddleboarding, sailing[36] and scuba diving, with tour operators departing from Huskisson and amateurs using boat ramps at bayside towns and camp sites. Popular diving sites include The Labyrinths, Gorgonian Wall, Point Perpendicular, a submerged Fairey Firefly aeroplane, scallop beds, Middle Ground, Ten Fathom Reef, and Bowen Island.[37]

Jervis Bay is also known for whale watching, because whale migration, both north and south, can be observed as the animals pass the entrance to the bay, frequently entering the sheltered waters to rest. The majority of whales sighted at Jervis Bay are humpbacks, which migrate along Australia's east coast from June to November. Southern right whales are also showing a slow but steady increase in recent years as they re-colonise former habitats, having been extensively hunted in the 19th and 20th centuries. Other species sighted have been false killer whales, orcas, minke whales and, on one occasion, a blue whale.[citation needed]

Tourism

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Tourism in Jervis Bay is one of the most important avenues of income for many of the local residents, with many businesses orienting themselves towards it. The Jervis Bay Visitors Information Centre is at Huskisson, and is part of the Lady Denman Maritime Museum and Gallery.[38] Local council-managed visitor information centres are at Nowra and Ulladulla.

Aquaculture

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The first commercial aquaculture licence for an area in the bay was granted in 2015, for an enterprise which started growing blue mussels. They also found abundant Angasi oysters and scallops growing on the lines which they dropped at first, but the industry focus is on the blue mussels, which have a high ratio of meat to shell. The first full-scale commercial harvest of blue mussels was scheduled for November 2020. The potential of growing seaweeds for commercial use is also being explored, and Shoalhaven City Council is investing A$2.3 million to develop a wharf, boat maintenance facility and other infrastructure needed to service the industry. It is hoped that the industry will create up to 1,000 jobs.[39]

Climate

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Jervis Bay experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with average maximum temperatures varying from 16 °C in winter to 25 °C in summer tempered by sea breezes. Since 2001, the highest recorded temperature is 42.1 °C on 1 January 2006, and the lowest 4.7 °C on 13 August 2005. Hot summer evenings are often relieved by a front of rapidly moving cool air known as a southerly buster.

Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the seasons, with a bias to the first half of the year, due to prevailing easterlies. Short high intensity rainfall events may happen at any time of the year and can lead to local flooding. Jervis Bay also experiences thunderstorms during the warmer months bringing lightning, heavy rain and occasionally hail. With an annual rainfall around 1,200 mm, it is wetter than other areas in the South Coast due to its exposed eastward location on a peninsula facing the Tasman Sea, thus making it more susceptible to moist easterly flows. Yearly rainfall is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

Climate data for Jervis Bay (Point Perpendicular Lighthouse); 2001–2023
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 42.1
(107.8) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.4
(99.3) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		35.7
(96.3) 		38.9
(102.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		42.1
(107.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.0
(77.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		20.7
(69.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.6
(65.5) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		14.4
(57.9)
Record low °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		7.7
(45.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		4.7
(40.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 94.7
(3.73) 		145.0
(5.71) 		143.3
(5.64) 		140.0
(5.51) 		112.1
(4.41) 		151.1
(5.95) 		111.6
(4.39) 		77.5
(3.05) 		63.3
(2.49) 		84.3
(3.32) 		83.0
(3.27) 		77.8
(3.06) 		1,282.2
(50.48)
Average rainy days 11.3 12.9 14.1 13.7 10.1 11.5 10.1 9.0 9.8 12.1 12.0 12.4 139.0
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[40]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Jervis Bay (NSW)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  2. ^ Macquarie Dictionary (Fourth ed.). Melbourne: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. 2005. ISBN 1-876429-14-3.
  3. ^ The Australian Broadcasting Commission Standing Committee on Spoken English; Mitchell, AG; Australian Broadcasting Commission (1957), A guide to the pronunciation of Australian place names, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, p. 61, retrieved 17 June 2013
  4. ^ "You say Jervis, I say Jarvis…". 2 October 2013.
  5. ^ Crabb 2007, p. 1.
  6. ^ "Our history". Booderee National Park. Parks Australia. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  7. ^ "Jervis Bay Territory governance and administration". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, Australian Government. 11 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Aboriginal culture and history". Department of Environment, Government of Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b Reed 1973[page needed]
  10. ^ Crabb 2007, p. 4.
  11. ^ a b c Crabb 2007, p. 5.
  12. ^ Antill, Robert G. (1982). Settlement in the South : a record of the discovery, exploration, and settlement of the Shoalhaven River Basin, 1803-1982. Weston). [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified]. ISBN 0-9593149-0-3. OCLC 10696671.
  13. ^ "The Sydney Cove". www.parks.tas.gov.au/. Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  14. ^ Crabb 2007, p. 6.
  15. ^ "Jervis Bay Territory History". Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Government of Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  16. ^ Organ, Michael (1990). Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines 1770-1850. Aboriginal Education Unit Wollongong University. p. 401. ISBN 0-86418-112-4.
  17. ^ "ABORIGINAL QUEEN DIES NEAR NOWRA MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD". Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). 27 February 1928. p. 11. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  18. ^ "An Interesting Character". Nowra Leader (NSW : 1909 - 1939). 6 May 1927. p. 3. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  19. ^ Crittenden, Madeline (24 October 2018). "Aboriginal 'King of Jervis Bay' believed to be buried at Husky Church". South Coast Register. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  20. ^ "Photograph: King of Jervis Bay and his wife Mary, Nowra, New South Wales, approximately 1905". nla.gov.au. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  21. ^ "St Georges Basin Heritage". stgeorgesbasin.info. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  22. ^ "Shoalhaven Family Local and Cultural History Fair NSW". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  23. ^ Colwell, Max (1969). Whaling around Australia (First ed.). Adelaide: Rigby. pp. 125–6.
  24. ^ Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 (Cth)
  25. ^ "Seat of Government Surrender Act (NSW) Act 9 of 1915". This document, assented to by the Governor-General in 1915, provided for the transfer of 28 square miles of land at Jervis Bay to the Commonwealth, in addition to the areas surrendered under the Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 and the Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Map Showing Jervis Bay and the Most Suitable Area for Commonwealth Purposes". Documenting a Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  27. ^ "Nuclear reactor and steelworks plan once considered for pristine beaches of Jervis Bay". ABC News. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  28. ^ "Aboriginal name for Jervis Bay National Park". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Jervis Bay Landscape and Geology". NSW National Parks and Wildlife.
  30. ^ a b Geology and Geomorphology Archived 19 February 2013 at archive.today, Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council.
  31. ^ Bryant, Edward A; Young, RW; Price, DM; Wheeler, DJ; Pease, MI (1997). "The impact of tsunami on the coastline of Jervis Bay, Southeastern Australia". Physical Geography. 18 (5): 440–459. Bibcode:1997PhGeo..18..440B. doi:10.1080/02723646.1997.10642629.
  32. ^ Crabb 2007, p. 53.
  33. ^ Australia, Tourism (13 December 2017). "Guide to Jervis Bay, New South Wales - Tourism Australia". www.australia.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  34. ^ "IBA: Jervis Bay". Birdata. Birds Australia. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  35. ^ "Gazing onto the world's whitest sands". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  36. ^ "Jervis Bay". Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  37. ^ "Jervis Bay". VisitNSW.com. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  38. ^ "Lady Denman Heritage Complex". Lady Denman Heritage Complex. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  39. ^ Murphy, Sean (11 October 2020). "Jervis Bay mussels in on key seafood markets with conservation-friendly farm". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Jervis Bay (Point Perpendicular) AWS". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 17 November 2023.

Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jervis Bay Territory.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jervis Bay.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jervis_Bay&oldid=1250146574"