Jump to content

Japanese people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Japanese People)
Not to be confused with Japanese citizens.

Japanese people
Total population
c. 125 million
Regions with significant populations
Japan 120.8 million[1]
Significant Japanese diaspora in:
Brazil2,000,000[2] (2022)
United States1,550,875[3] (2020)
Canada129,425[4] (2021)
Philippines120,000[5][6][better source needed]
Peru103,182[7] (2021)
China102,066[8] (2022)note
Australia94,942[8] (2022)note
Mexico86,143[9] (2022)
Thailand78,431[8] (2022)note
Argentina76,440[10] (2020)
United Kingdom65,022[8] (2022)note
Germany42,266[8] (2022)note
South Korea41,717[8] (2022)note
France36,104[8] (2022)note
Singapore32,743[8] (2022)note
Malaysia24,545[8] (2022)note
Vietnam21,819[8] (2022)note
Taiwan20,345[8] (2022)note
Micronesia20,000[11][better source needed] (2018)
Languages
Japanese
Religion
Primarily, in a traditional/cultural context, a mix of Shinto and Buddhism; minorities ascribe to Christianity and other religions[12][13][14]
Related ethnic groups
Ainu · Ryukyuan
^ Note: For this country, only the number of residents with Japanese nationality is shown, since the number of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown.

Japanese people (Japanese: 日本人, Hepburn: Nihonjin) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Japanese archipelago.[15][16] Japanese people constitute 97.4% of the population of the country of Japan.[1] Worldwide, approximately 125 million people are of Japanese descent, making them one of the largest ethnic groups. Approximately 120.8 million Japanese people are residents of Japan,[1] and there are approximately 4 million members of the Japanese diaspora, known as Nikkeijin (日系人).[17]

In some contexts, the term "Japanese people" may be used to refer specifically to the Yamato people from mainland Japan; in other contexts the term may include other groups native to the Japanese archipelago, including Ryukyuan people, who share connections with the Yamato but are often regarded as distinct, and Ainu people.[18] In recent decades, there has also been an increase in the number of people with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, including half Japanese people.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Japan

Theories of origins

[edit]
Main article: Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people
Shakōki-dogū (遮光器土偶) (1000–400 BC), "goggle-eyed type" figurine. Tokyo National Museum

Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago.[19][20] Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge, and nomadic hunter-gatherers crossed to Japan. Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan.[21][22]

In the 18th century, Arai Hakuseki suggested that the ancient stone tools in Japan were left behind by the Shukushin. Later, Philipp Franz von Siebold argued that the Ainu people were indigenous to northern Japan.[23] Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research on the Ryukyuan languages.[24] In the Taishō period, Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery.[23]

After World War II, Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that the origin of Japanese people was not newcomers in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) but the people in the Jōmon period.[25] However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984[25] and a "dual structure model" in 1991.[26] According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people, who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times, followed by a second wave of immigration, from East Asia to Japan during the Yayoi period (300 BC). Following a population expansion in Neolithic times, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, replacement of the hunter-gatherers was common in the island regions of Kyūshū, Shikoku, and southern Honshū, but did not prevail in the outlying Ryukyu Islands and Hokkaidō, and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people show mixed characteristics. Mark J. Hudson claims that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE.[25] Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese people formed from both the Yayoi rice-agriculturalists and the various Jōmon period ethnicities.[27] However, some recent studies have argued that the Jōmon people had more ethnic diversity than originally suggested[28] or that the people of Japan bear significant genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two.[29][30]

Jōmon and Yayoi periods

[edit]
Main articles: Jōmon period and Yayoi period

Some of the world's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period, dating back as far as 16,000 years. The name "Jōmon" (縄文 Jōmon) means "cord-impressed pattern", and comes from the characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were mostly hunter-gatherers, but also practicized early agriculture, such as Azuki bean cultivation. At least one middle-to-late Jōmon site (Minami Mizote (南溝手), c. 1200–1000 BC) featured a primitive rice-growing agriculture, relying primarily on fish and nuts for protein. The ethnic roots of the Jōmon period population were heterogeneous, and can be traced back to ancient Southeast Asia, the Tibetan plateau, ancient Taiwan, and Siberia.[27][31][32]

Beginning around 300 BC, the Yayoi people originating from Northeast Asia entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the Jōmon. The Yayoi brought wet-rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan. The more productive paddy field systems allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming the basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period.

The estimated population of Japan in the late Jōmon period was about eight hundred thousand, compared to about three million by the Nara period. Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one-and-a-half million immigrants moved to Japan in the period. According to several studies, the Yayoi created the "Japanese-hierarchical society".[33][34]

Consolidation and feudal periods

[edit]
Main articles: History of Japan § Classical Japan, and History of Japan § Feudal Japan

Colonial period

[edit]
See also: Japanese colonial empire and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Location of Imperial Japan

During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship, such as Taiwanese people and Korean people. The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was "inland people" (内地人, naichijin). Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity.[35]

After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union classified many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin, who had been Japanese imperial subjects in Karafuto Prefecture, as Japanese people and repatriated them to Hokkaidō. On the other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation.[36]

Language

[edit]
Main article: Japanese language

The Japanese language is a Japonic language that is related to the Ryukyuan languages and was treated as a language isolate in the past. The earliest attested form of the language, Old Japanese, dates to the 8th century. Japanese phonology is characterized by a relatively small number of vowel phonemes, frequent gemination and a distinctive pitch accent system. The modern Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using hiragana, katakana and kanji. The language includes native Japanese words and a large number of words derived from the Chinese language. In Japan the adult literacy rate in the Japanese language exceeds 99%.[37] Dozens of Japanese dialects are spoken in regions of Japan. For now, Japanese is classified as a member of the Japonic languages or as a language isolate with no known living relatives if Ryukyuan is counted as dialects.[38]

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Japan
A Shinto festival in Miki, Hyogo

Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto (Shinbutsu-shūgō).[39] Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japan's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family and was codified as the state religion in 1868 (State Shinto), but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran.[40]

A large majority of Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism.[41][42][43] Japanese people's religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions and neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one's life.[citation needed]

A significant proportion of members of the Japanese diaspora practice Christianity; about 60% of Japanese Brazilians and 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholics,[44][45] while about 37% of Japanese Americans are Christians (33% Protestant and 4% Catholic).[46]

Literature

[edit]
Main article: Japanese literature
Bisque doll of Momotarō,
a character from Japanese literature and folklore

Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji (1021), about Heian court culture; Miyamoto Musashi's The Book of Five Rings (1645), concerning military strategy; Matsuo Bashō's Oku no Hosomichi (1691), a travelogue; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki's essay "In Praise of Shadows" (1933), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures.

Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they include Bushido: The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō (1900), concerning samurai ethics, and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzō (1906), which deals with the philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony. Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946).

Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Fumiko Enchi, Akiko Yosano, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. Popular contemporary authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, and Banana Yoshimoto have been translated into many languages and enjoy international followings, and Yasunari Kawabata and Kenzaburō Ōe were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Arts

[edit]
Main articles: Japanese art and Japanese architecture
The print Red Fuji from Katsushika Hokusai's series, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji

Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay figures known as haniwa, as well as wall paintings.

Beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji, two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture. After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing were commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After the Tōdai-ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War, a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai-ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei.[citation needed]

Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink wash painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō. Zen Buddhist tenets were also incorporated into the tea ceremony during the Sengoku period. During the Edo period, the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were influential thanks to their powerful patrons (including the Tokugawa clan). Popular artists created ukiyo-e, woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe.

In theater, Noh is a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh, kabuki, an "explosion of color", uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed both in kabuki and in bunraku puppet theater.[citation needed]

Since the Meiji Restoration, Japanese art has been influenced by many elements of Western culture. Contemporary decorative, practical, and performing arts works range from traditional forms to purely modern modes. Products of popular culture, including J-pop, J-rock, manga, and anime have found audiences around the world.

Citizenship

[edit]

Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term "Japanese" based upon Japanese nationality (citizenship) alone, without regard for ethnicity.[47] The Government of Japan considers all naturalized and native-born Japanese nationals with a multi-ethnic background "Japanese", and in the national census the Japanese Statistics Bureau asks only about nationality, so there is no official census data on the variety of ethnic groups in Japan. While this has contributed to or reinforced the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, as shown in the claim of former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō that Japan is a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture",[48] some scholars have argued that it is more accurate to describe the country of Japan as a multiethnic society.[49][50]

Children born to international couples receive Japanese nationality when one parent is a Japanese national. However, Japanese law states that children who are dual citizens must choose one nationality before the age of 20.[51][52] Studies estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to interracial couples, and these children are sometimes referred to as hāfu (half Japanese).[53]

Diaspora

[edit]
Main article: Japanese diaspora
The Japantown Peace Plaza during the Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival

The term Nikkeijin (日系人) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants.

Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 15th century to the Philippines and Borneo,[54][55][56][57] and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.[58]: pp. 52–3  However, migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji era, when Japanese people began to go to the United States, Brazil, Canada, the Philippines, China, and Peru. There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period, but most of these emigrants and settlers repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[59]

According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 4.0 million Nikkeijin living in their adopted countries.[17] The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná.[60] There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines,[61] East Malaysia, Peru, the U.S. states of Hawaii, California, and Washington, and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto. Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Population Estimates by Age (Five-Year Groups) and Sex". stat.go.jp. Statistics Bureau of Japan. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  2. ^ "Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  3. ^ "American Community Survey: Asian Alone or in Any Combination by Selected Groups". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  4. ^ "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  5. ^ Agnote, Dario (October 11, 2006). "A glimmer of hope for castoffs". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  6. ^ Ohno, Shun (2006). "The Intermarried issei and mestizo nisei in the Philippines". In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.). Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-135-98723-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  7. ^ "Japan-Peru Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 海外在留邦人数調査統計 [Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas] (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (in Japanese). October 1, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  9. ^ "Japan-Mexico Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  10. ^ "Japan-Argentina Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  11. ^ Horie, Ryoichi (July 20, 2018). "The Voice of the Ambassador to Micronesia". Association for Promotion of International Cooperation. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  12. ^ "2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Japan". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  13. ^ "Shinto, Buddhism and the Japanese belief system". Inside Japan Tours. Archived from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  14. ^ "The six countries in the world with the most 'convinced atheists'". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  15. ^ "Japan - People". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  16. ^ "Japan. B. Ethnic Groups". Encarta. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008.
  17. ^ a b "Who are "Nikkei & Japanese Abroad"?". The Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  18. ^ Minahan, James B. (2014), Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 231–233, ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8, archived from the original on January 23, 2023, retrieved January 30, 2019
  19. ^ Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill Archived June 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine in PNAS online; Page 3 (page No.6233), Table 1. The known global sample of proboscidean kill/scavenge sites :Lake Nojiri Japan 33-39 ka (ka: thousand years).
  20. ^ "Prehistoric Times". Web Site Shinshu. Nagano Prefecture. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  21. ^ 野尻湖人の世界. May 19, 2000. Archived from the original on May 19, 2000. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  22. ^ "野尻湖発掘調査団ホームページ". July 27, 2004. Archived from the original on July 27, 2004.
  23. ^ a b Imamura, Keiji (2000). "Archaeological Research of the Jomon Period in the 21st Century". The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  24. ^ 伊波普猷の卒論発見 思想骨格 鮮明に (in Japanese). Ryūkyū Shimpō. July 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  25. ^ a b c Nanta, Arnaud (2008). "Physical Anthropology and the Reconstruction of Japanese Identity in Postcolonial Japan". Social Science Japan Journal. 11 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyn019.
  26. ^ Hanihara, K (1991). "Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese". Japan Review. 2: 1–33.
  27. ^ a b Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (2020). "Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e13. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.7. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427481. PMID 37588377.
  28. ^ Lee, Hasegawa, Sean, Toshikazu (April 2013). "Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e62243. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862243L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243. PMC 3637396. PMID 23638014. S2CID 8370300.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Dunham, W. (September 18, 2021). "Study rewrites understanding of modern Japan's genetic ancestry". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
  30. ^ Cooke, N. P.; Mattiangeli, V.; Cassidy, L. M.; Okazaki, K.; Stokes, C. A.; Onbe, S.; Hatakeyama, S.; Machida, K.; Kasai, K.; Tomioka, N.; Matsumoto, A.; Ito, M.; Kojima, Y.; Bradley, D. G.; Gakuhari, T.; Nakagome, S. (September 17, 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38): eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
  31. ^ Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (March 8, 2021). "Comprehensive analysis of Japanese archipelago population history by detecting ancestry-marker polymorphisms without using ancient DNA data". bioRxiv: 2020.12.07.414037. doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414037. S2CID 229293389. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  32. ^ Yang, Melinda A.; Fan, Xuechun; Sun, Bo; Chen, Chungyu; Lang, Jianfeng; Ko, Ying-Chin; Tsang, Cheng-hwa; Chiu, Hunglin; Wang, Tianyi; Bao, Qingchuan; Wu, Xiaohong (July 17, 2020). "Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China". Science. 369 (6501): 282–288. Bibcode:2020Sci...369..282Y. doi:10.1126/science.aba0909. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32409524. S2CID 218649510. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  33. ^ Kumar, Ann (2009). Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes, and Civilization. Oxford: Routledge.
  34. ^ Farris, William Wayne (1996). "Ancient Japan's Korean Connection". Korean Studies. 20: 1–22. ISSN 0145-840X. JSTOR 23719600. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  35. ^ Eika Tai (September 2004). "Korean Japanese". Critical Asian Studies. 36 (3): 355–382. doi:10.1080/1467271042000241586. S2CID 147377282.
  36. ^ Lankov, Andrei (January 5, 2006). "Stateless in Sakhalin". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  37. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  38. ^ Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2011-12-20). Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462902668
  39. ^ Satō Makoto. "Shinto and Buddhism". Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  40. ^ 宗教統計調査 / 平成２９年度 (Japanese government statistics on total religious followers for 2017). e-stat.go.jp. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  41. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  42. ^ "Japan". State.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  43. ^ "Buddhists in the world". July 4, 2004. Archived from the original on July 4, 2004. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  44. ^ "PANIB - Pastoral Nipo Brasileira". October 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007.
  45. ^ "Colonia japonesa en México visita Guadalupe en 54º peregrinación anual". Aciprensa. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  46. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  47. ^ "The Constitution of Japan". Prime Minister's Office of Japan. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  48. ^ ""Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race'"". The Japan Times. October 18, 2005. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023. Note: The term which Kyodo News translates as "race" here is 民族 (minzoku), which is often translated as "people", "nation", or "ethnic group".
  49. ^ John Lie Multiethnic Japan (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001)
  50. ^ Oguma Eiji, A Genealogy of 'Japanese' Self-images (Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2002)
  51. ^ "On nationality, Ministry of Justice Q&A". Japanese Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023. Note: Before the legal age of adulthood in Japan was lowered from 20 to 18 on April 1, 2022, the legal limit age for the choice of nationality was 22.
  52. ^ "The Choice of Nationality" (PDF). Embassy of Japan in the Philippines. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  53. ^ "Being 'hafu' in Japan: Mixed-race people face ridicule, rejection". America.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  54. ^ "Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town". May 30, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  55. ^ Manansala, Paul Kekai (September 5, 2006). "Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)". Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  56. ^ Cole, Fay-Cooper (1912). "Chinese Pottery in the Philippines" (PDF). Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series. 12 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  57. ^ "Hotels in Philippines - Booked.net". Booked.net. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  58. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (January 1, 2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826460745. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  59. ^ Lankov, Andrei (March 23, 2006). "The Dawn of Modern Korea (360): Settling Down". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  60. ^ IBGE. Resistência e Integração: 100 anos de Imigração Japonesa no Brasil apud Made in Japan. IBGE Traça o Perfil dos Imigrantes; 21 de junho de 2008 Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 4, 2008. (in Portuguese)
  61. ^ Furia, Reiko (1993). "The Japanese Community Abroad: The Case of Prewar Davao in the Philippines". In Saya Shiraishi; Takashi Shiraishi (eds.). The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Publications. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-87727-402-5. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Japan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_people&oldid=1252455401"