Jump to content

Jai Shri Ram

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Jai Sri Ram)
Not to be confused with Jai Siya Ram.

A statue of Rama in Ayodhya

Jai Shri Ram[a] (IAST: Jaya Śrī Rāma) is an expression in Indic languages, translating to "Glory to Lord Rama" or "Victory to Lord Rama".[6] The proclamation has been used by Hindus as a symbol of adhering to the Hindu faith,[7] or for projection of varied faith-centered emotions.[8][9][10]

The expression was used by the Indian Hindu nationalist organisations Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and their allies, which embraced the slogan in the late 20th century as a tool for increasing the visibility of Hinduism in public spaces, before going on to use it as a battle cry. The slogan has since been employed in connection with the perpetration of communal violence against people of other faiths, especially Muslims. [11][24]

Meaning

Jai Shri Ram means "hail Lord Ram" or "victory to Lord Ram".[6] Ram (or Rama) is a major deity in Hinduism.[25]

Antecedents

Religious and social

"Jaya Sri Ram", along with "Jaya Sita Ram", "Jaya Ram" and "Sita Ram", were used as mutual salutations by Ramanandi ascetics (called Bairagis).[26][27] "Ram Ram", "Jai Ram ji ki" and "Jai Siya Ram" have been noted as common salutations in the Hindi heartland (Sita or Siya is the name of Rama's consort).[28][6][29]

Photojournalist Prashant Panjiar wrote about how in the city Ayodhya female pilgrims always chant "Sita-Ram-Sita-Ram", while the older male pilgrims prefer not to use Rama's name at all. The traditional usage of "Jai" in a slogan was with "Siyavar Ramchandraji ki jai" ("Victory to Sita's husband Rama").[29]

Rama symbolism

The worship of Rama increased significantly in the 12th century, following the invasions of Muslim Turks.[22] The Ramayana became widely popular in the 16th century. It is argued that the story of Rama offers a "very powerful imaginative formulation of the divine king as the only being capable of combating evil".[30] The concept of Ramrajya, "the rule of Ram", was used by Gandhi to describe the ideal country free from the British.[22][31]

The most widely known political use of Ram began with Baba Ram Chandra's peasant movement in Awadh in the 1920s. He encouraged the use of "Sita-Ram" as opposed to the then widely used "Salaam" as a greeting, since the latter implied social inferiority. "Sita-Ram" soon became a rallying cry.[32]

Journalist Mrinal Pande states:[22]

The slogans raised... were never about Ram as an individual, let alone a warrior. They were about the duo: Bol Siyavar or Siyapat Ramchandra ki jai [victory to Ram, Sita's husband].

1980s and forward

In the late 1980s, the slogan "Jai Shri Ram" was popularised by Ramanand Sagar's television series Ramayan, where it was used by Hanuman and the Vaanar Sena (monkey army) as a war cry when they fought the demon army of Ravan in order to free Sita.[33] Sagar himself acknowledged his contribution, claiming, "College boys don't say 'Hi' any more, they say 'Jai Shri Ram ki' 'Long live Shri Ram'."[34]

The Hindu nationalist organisation Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and its militant wing Bajrang Dal, carried out a campaign saying "Ram-Ram Chhodo, Jai Shri Ram Bolo" ("Stop saying Ram-Ram, Say Jai Shri Ram").[35] During L. K. Advani's rath yatra to Ayodhya in 1989, the customary slogan Jai Siya Ram was replaced by "Jai Shri Ram".[36] The VHP, Bharatiya Janata Party and their Sangh Parivar allies used it extensively in their Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi movement.[33][37] Volunteers at Ayodhya at the time would write the slogan on their skin, using their own blood as ink to signify their devotion. The organizations also distributed a cassette named as Jai Shri Ram, containing songs like "Ram ji ki sena chali" (transl. the army of Rama is on the move) and "Aya samay jawano jago" (transl. the time has come for the martial youth to arise). All the songs in the cassette were set to the tunes of popular Bollywood songs.[38] Kar sevaks, led by the Sangh Parivar allies, chanted the slogan of "Jai Shri Ram" when laying a foundation east of the Babri Masjid in August 1992.[39]

Simultaneously the Rama pictography was changed to projecting a heroic, muscular, and angry Rama.[35][40][41] A muscular Rama, clad in saffron, was shown towering over an imaginary Ram temple in Ayodhya.[42] These images were labelled with the "Jai Shri Ram" slogan (written in the Devnagari script of Hindi).[43]

A 1995 essay published in Manushi, a journal edited by academic Madhu Kishwar, described how the Sangh Parivar's usage of "Jai Shri Ram", as opposed to "Sita-Ram", lies in the fact that their violent ideas had "no use for a non-macho Ram."[22] This also mobilised more people politically, since it was patriarchal. Further, the movement was exclusively associated with Ram's birth, which had occurred many years before his marriage to Sita.[44]

Sociologist Jan Breman writes:[45]

It is a "Blut und Boden" (blood and soil) movement which aims to purify Bharat (the Motherland) from foreign elements.... The damage that the nation sustained is, to a significant extent, the consequence of the gentleness and indulgence that the people showed in the face of the repressive foreigners. The softness and femininity that came to be dominant in Hinduism, a change that was wrought by the cunning machinations of the enemy, now must make place for the original, masculine, powerful Hindu ethos. This explains the warlike, extremely aggressive character of the appeal for a national revival launched by the advocates of Hindutva. An interesting aside here is that the greeting "Jai Siya Ram" has been transformed into the battle cry "Jai Shri Ram" ("Long live Lord Ram"). The Hindu supreme god has assumed the form of a macho general. In the original meaning, "Siya Ram" had been a popular greeting of welcome in the countryside since time immemorial... The Hindu fanatics have now also banished her from the popular greeting by changing Siya to "Shri" (Lord), thereby suppressing the feminine element in favour of masculine virility and assertiveness.

— Jan Breman, "Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape", Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of Andre Beteille

An Indian political analyst decried the political use of the slogan in 2019, and said that "it now seems to have official sanction."[46] In December 2022, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi while giving a speech in Madhya Pradesh attacked BJP and RSS by raising the question "Why they always chants "Jai Shri Ram" and not "Jai Siya Ram".[47][48] Reacting to his question, a minister in Madhya Pradesh and a senior BJP leader Narottam Mishra replied "I think Rahul Gandhi's knowledge is only limited to children's rhyme 'Baa Baa Black Sheep', the name of Ram is prefixed with 'Shri' which is also used for Lord Vishnu's wife Lakshmi and Sita Ji".[48] The BJP's Amit Malviya also reacted to Rahul Gandhi's attack by posting a video in which Prime Minister Narendra Modi started his Ram Mandir ceremony speech with "Jai Siya Ram".[47][49]

The Wire said in 2023 that "We are yet to see any condemnation of the 'misuse' of the sacred name Ram by any religious leader or body."[50]

Usage

The BJP advocates using Jai Shri Ram and Jai Siya Ram as a greeting.[51]

Numismatics

Gharib Niwaz, ruler of the Manipur Kingdom, issued bell metal coins with the phrase "Jai Shri Ram", "Shri Ram" and "Jai Shri" in 18th century.[52][53]

Violent incidents

  • In 1992, during riots and the demolition of the Babri Masjid, the same slogan was raised.[54][55] Former BBC Bureau Chief Mark Tully, who was present at the site of the Masjid on 6 December, recalls the usage of the slogan "Jai Shri Rama!" by the Hindu crowds rushing towards the mosque.[5]
  • In January 1999, the slogan was heard again when Australian missionary doctor Graham Staines was burned alive with his two children in Manoharpur, Orissa.[15]
  • In the events leading up to the Godhra train burning of February 2002, supporters of the Gujarat VHP and its affiliated organisations like the Bajrang Dal forced Muslims to chant "Jai Shri Ram" on their journey to Ayodhya,[56] and on their return journey, they did the same at "every other station", including at Godhra. Both journeys were taken in the Sabarmati Express for the ceremony at the Ram Janmabhoomi.[57][58] During the 2002 Gujarat riots that followed, the slogan was used in a leaflet distributed by the VHP to encourage Hindus to boycott Muslim businesses.[59]
  • "Jai Shri Ram" was also chanted by the mob responsible for the Gulbarg Society Massacre. Ehsan Jafri, a former Member of Parliament from Ahmedabad, was forced to chant the slogan before he was brutally murdered during said massacre.[60]
  • The slogan was also heard from the mob during the Naroda Patiya massacre.[61] People living in mixed-religion neighborhoods were forced to put up Jai Shri Ram posters and wear armbands to ward off the rioters.[62]
  • Tabrez Ansari was forced by a mob to chant "Jai Shree Ram" and "Jai Hanuman" during his lynching.[4]
  • All India Democratic Women's Association, the women's wing of CPI(M), alleged that the perpetrators of the 2020 Gargi College molestations were chanting the slogan.[63]
  • During the 2020 Delhi riots, rioters were reported to have kept chanting "Jai Shri Ram" while beating their victims and whenever a building went up in flames.[64][65][66] The police were also found to join in the chant while siding with the Hindu mobs. The Muslims were told Hindustan me rehna hoga, Jai Shri Ram kehna hoga (transl. "If you want to stay in India, you will have to chant Jai Shri Ram").[67] Indian journalist Rana Ayyub, writing in Time, commented that the slogan had become a "racist dog whistle" against Muslims during the riots.[68]
  • After the BJP's victory in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, a 25 year old Muslim man, Babar Ali from UP's Kushinagar district was lynched and killed by the members of his own community for supporting BJP. His family members said that Babar was returning from his shop when he chanted 'Jai Shri Ram' and was attacked by some local Muslims.[69][70]
  • On 15 April 2023, while Atiq Ahmed was being escorted for a court-mandated medical checkup in Prayagraj, a pistol was fired at Ahmed and his brother's head. Both Atiq and his brother Ashraf Ahmed were killed in the shootout, which was filmed and broadcast live. After shooting attackers started chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' as they were being apprehended.[71][72]

There have been some reports of violent incidents being associated with the slogan, in which the allegations were later found to be false.[78] In June 2019, a group of 49 artists, academics and intellectuals wrote a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, requesting him to put a stop "to the name of Ram being defiled" as a war cry. They demanded that strict action be taken against using the slogan for violent purposes.[79]

Politics

In June 2019, the slogan was used to heckle Muslim MPs as they proceeded to take their oath in the 17th Lok Sabha.[80] In July that year, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen stated in a speech that the slogan was "not associated with the Bengali culture",[81] leading to some unknown groups publishing his statement on billboards in Kolkata.[82] The slogan has also been used to heckle West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on multiple occasions, triggering angry reactions from her.[82][83][46]

The slogan was used by lawyers to celebrate the 2019 Supreme Court decision to allow a Ram temple to be built on the disputed Ayodhya site where a mob had demolished the Babri Masjid mosque in 1992.[84] In August 2020, following the ground-breaking ceremony of the Ram Temple, Ayodhya, the slogan was used as a chant in celebrations in New York.[85]

Kabir Khan used the phrase in his 2015 film Bajrangi Bhaijaan as a greeting

The slogan is painted on the walls of a mandir[b] in a house in the 1994 film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!.[86]

It is used as a salutation in the 2015 film Bajrangi Bhaijaan. The director states that he grew up hearing "Jai Shri Ram" as a benevolent expression, "rooted in our culture", but that the words have become aggressive.[28] A 2017 Bhojpuri film, Pakistan Me Jai Shri Ram depicts the hero as a devotee of Ram who enters Pakistan and kills terrorists while chanting the slogan.[44] Stickers stating Hello nahīṃ, bolo Jaya Śrī Rāma (transl. "Don't say hello but say Victory to Rama") became popular on the vehicles and telephones of people running small businesses.[38] A 2018 song, "Hindu Blood Hit", features psychedelic repetitions of the slogan and goes on to warn Indian Muslims that their time is up.[87] Another song from 2017, "Jai Shree Ram DJ Vicky Mix", hopes for a time in the future in which "there will continue to be a Kashmir but no Pakistan".[7] The song "Jai Shree Ram" is part of the film music in the 2022 action-adventure Ram Setu.[88][89] The 2023 film Adipurush had a song with the same name.[90]

In 2022, Jujaru Nagaraju, a handloom weaver in Andhra Pradesh weaved a 60 metre long silk sari with "Jai Sri Ram" written over 30 000 times in 13 Indian languages.[91]

See also

  • Deus vult (God wills it), Christian motto and battle cry
  • Jai Shri Krishna, Sanskrit expression, translating as "Victory to Krishna"
  • Radhe Radhe, Hindi expression used as a greeting and salutation
  • Takbir, the name for the Arabic phrase "Allahu Akbar", used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Jai Sri Ram,[1][2][3] Jai Shree Ram,[4] or Jai Shri Rama.[5]
  2. ^ Prayer room in this case.

References

  1. ^ a b Engineer, Asghar Ali (14 November 1992). "Sitamarhi on Fire". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (46): 2462–2464. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399118. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Kalam Husain, an eyewitness told us that a mob consisting of brahmins, bhumihars, rajputs, kurmis and chamars (SC) looted and burnt all the houses of 150 Muslims belonging to 36 families living in Ashogi. They were shouting slogan 'Jai Sri Ram'.
  2. ^ a b Nussbaum, Martha C. (18 August 2008). "The Clash Within: Democracy and the Hindu Right". Journal of Human Development. 9 (3). Routledge: 357–375. doi:10.1080/14649880802236565. ISSN 1464-9888. S2CID 144724807. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. In the days that followed, wave upon wave of violence swept through the state. The attackers were Hindus, many of them highly politicized, shouting Hindu-right slogans, such as 'Jai Sri Ram' (a religious invocation wrenched from its original devotional and peaceful meaning) and 'Jai Sri Hanuman' (a monkey god portrayed by the right as aggressive), along with 'Kill, Destroy!', 'Slaughter!'
  3. ^ a b Staples, James (7 November 2019). "Blurring Bovine Boundaries: Cow Politics and the Everyday in South India". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 42 (6). Routledge: 1125–1140. doi:10.1080/00856401.2019.1669951. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 210542995. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. The vigilantes had seized more than Rs30,000 worth of beef and contaminated it with phenyl. They also beat up the driver, threw him face down into the Musi river, and forced him to chant 'Jai Sri Ram! (Victory to [the Hindu deity] Ram!)' before finally letting him go.
  4. ^ a b "The Hindu chant that became a murder cry". BBC News. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b Tully, Mark (22 November 2017). "The Reinvention of Rama". India In Slow Motion. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5118-097-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "The Hindu chant that became a murder cry". BBC News. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b Poonam, Snigdha (13 February 2020). "The 3 Most Polarizing Words in India". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  8. ^ Ramachandran, Tanisha (1 March 2014). "A call to multiple arms! protesting the commoditization of hindu imagery in western society". Material Religion. 10 (1): 54–75. doi:10.2752/175183414X13909887177547. ISSN 1743-2200. S2CID 198533567.
  9. ^ "Modi's party will grow stronger in West Bengal". Emerald Expert Briefings. 20 August 2019. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB245910. ISSN 2633-304X. S2CID 241847468.
  10. ^ Dasgupta, Amlan (2006). Bakhle, Janaki (ed.). "Rhythm and Rivalry". Economic and Political Weekly. 41 (36): 3861–3863. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4418675.
  11. ^ "In India, hate-filled songs are a weapon to target Muslims". AP News. 22 April 2022. Similar songs that called for Hindus to kill those who do not chant "Jai Shri Ram!" or "Hail Lord Ram," a slogan that has become a battle cry for Hindu nationalists...
  12. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (4 January 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics (17). Heidelberg University: 3. doi:10.11588/heidok.00004127. ISSN 1617-5069. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2021. They chanted Hindu nationalist songs and slogans throughout the entire voyage, all the while harassing Muslim passengers. One family was even made to get off the train for refusing to utter the kar sevaks' war cry: "Jai Shri Ram!" (Glory to Lord Ram!). More abuse occurred at the stop in Godhra: a Muslim shopkeeper was also ordered to shout "Jai Shri Ram!" He refused, and was assaulted until the kar sevaks turned on a Muslim woman with her two daughters.
  13. ^ Breman, Jan (17 April 1993). "Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Surat". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (16): 737–741. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399608. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Through a hole in the wall he had seen how adults and children were beaten and kicked to death. The hunters forced their catch to shout 'Jai Shri Ram'. "I can't hear you. Louder, say it louder...". "Oh, merciful Allah, Jai Shri Ram". And then came the last kick, final cut or was the body, soaked with petrol, set alight.
  14. ^ Menon, Nivedita (6–12 July 2002). "Surviving Gujarat 2002". Economic and Political Weekly. 37 (27): 2676–2678. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4412315. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. The taunts about circumcision, the desecration of Qurans and mosques, the demolition of dargahs, the forced shouting of 'Jai Shri Ram' before being cut into pieces.
  15. ^ a b Sarkar, Sumit (26 June – 2 July 1999). "Conversions and Politics of Hindu Right". Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (26): 1691–1700. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4408131. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. And then in the last week of January 1999 came the burning alive at Monoharpur, Orissa, once again amidst slogans of 'Jai Shri Ram', of the Australian missionary doctor Staines and two of his children.
  16. ^ Sarkar, Sumit (30 January 1993). "The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (5): 163–167. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399339. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Academia.edu. The Bajrang Dal thugs often openly declare that anyone who criticises the destruction of the Babri Masjid will have to go to Pakistan, while in the selectively curfew-bound Muslim pockets of Seelampur in east Delhi, the police had rounded up all Muslim men in some areas, beaten them up unless they agreed to say Jai Shri Ram, and even pulled out the beard of a Muslim gentleman.
  17. ^ Ludden, David (April 1996). Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8122-1585-4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Google Books. In the anti-Muslim riots in Surat and Bombay after December 6, 1992, the victims were forced to utter Jai Shri Ram ("Hail to Lord Rama") before they were killed or raped (Engineer 1993, 263; S. Chandra 1993a, 1883).
  18. ^ Rambachan, Anantanand (20 April 2017). "The Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence in Hinduism". Journal of Ecumenical Studies. 52 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 96–104. doi:10.1353/ecu.2017.0001. ISSN 2162-3937. S2CID 151615231. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. In light of Gandhi's significance, many were surprised and bewildered when, on December 6, 1992, thousands of Hindu volunteers broke through police cordons and demolished the Babri mosque in the holy city of Ayodhya in North India. Many were armed with tridents, the traditional iconographic weapon of Shiva and were led by Hindu holy men chanting "Jai Shri Ram" (Victory to Ram).
  19. ^ Gudipaty, Nagamallika (2017), "Television, Political Imagery, and Elections in India", in Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. (ed.), Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities, Springer International, pp. 117–145, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56215-5_6, ISBN 978-3-319-56215-5, archived from the original on 4 October 2022, retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Google Books, Women were raped and then burned alive; men were made to shout "Jai Shri Ram" and then cut to pieces; children were not spared. According to records later submitted in court, Jafri was stripped and paraded naked before the attackers cut off his fingers and legs and dragged his body into a burning pyre.
  20. ^ Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis (1 August 2009). "Bandh in Ahmedabad". Violence: Ethnographic Encounters. Berg. ISBN 978-1-84788-418-3. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021. If mobs successfully entered Muslim compounds, they killed the men, raped the women before killing them and burned the residences to the ground. Surviving eyewitnesses have reported widely that Muslim victims were made to speak Jai Shri Ram ("Hail Lord Ram") and Vande Mataram ("Hail to the Mother") before being killed.
  21. ^ Salam, Ziya Us (16 August 2019). ""Jai Shri Ram": The new battle cry". Frontline. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021. Unlike his first innings, when the cow was used as a political animal to lynch unarmed Muslim and Dalit men, this time Muslim, Dalit and even Christian men have been assaulted and forced to chant "Jai Shri Ram". From Jharkhand to Assam, from Mumbai to Delhi, neither small-town India nor the big metropolises are safe from these lynch mobs.
  22. ^ a b c d e Daniyal, Shoaib (28 June 2019). "'Jai Shri Ram' might be a new slogan – but the use of Ram as a political symbol is 800 years old". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  23. ^ "Tensions That Roiled English City Have Roots in India". nytimes com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022. "[On 17 September 2022] more than 300 people gathered for an unplanned demonstration [in Leicester, England] ... Some chanted, 'Jai Shri Ram'"
  24. ^ [1][2][3][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
  25. ^ Tulasīdāsa (1999). Sri Ramacaritamanasa. Translated by Prasad, RC. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 871–872. ISBN 978-81-208-0762-4.
  26. ^ Wilson, H. H. (1958) [1861], Religious sects of the Hindus (Second ed.), Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Private Ltd. – via archive.org
  27. ^ MOLESWORTH, James T. (1857). A Dictionary English and Maráthí ... commenced by J. T. Molesworth ... completed by T. Candy.
  28. ^ a b Onial, Devyani (6 August 2020). "From assertive 'Jai Shri Ram', a reason to move to gentler 'Jai Siya Ram'". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  29. ^ a b Panjiar, Prashant (19 October 2019). "From Jai Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram: How Ayodhya erased Sita". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  30. ^ Pollock, Sheldon (1993). "Ramayana and Political Imagination in India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 52 (2): 261–297. doi:10.2307/2059648. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2059648. S2CID 154215656.
  31. ^ Menon, Dilip M. (16 January 2018). "Not just indentured labourers: Why India needs to revisit its pre-1947 history of migration". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  32. ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). "The Text in a Changing Society". The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas. University of California Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-520-06690-8. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  33. ^ a b Dutta, Prabash K. (13 July 2019). "Jai Shri Ram: A slogan that changed political contours of India". India Today. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  34. ^ Tully, Mark (1992), No Full Stops in India, Penguin Books Limited, p. 131, ISBN 978-0-14-192775-6
  35. ^ a b Prashant Panjiar, From Jai Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram: How Ayodhya erased Sita, ThePrint, 19 October 2019.
  36. ^ Gabriel, Karen (2005), "Communities and theri Others", Imaging a Nation: The Sexual Economies of the Contemporary Mainstream Bombay Cinema (1970-2000)., Shaker Publishing, p. 327, note 58: "It is important to remember that it was during L.K. Advani's rath yatra of 1989 that the customary invocation Jai Siya Ram (which first invoked Siya or Sita) was substituted with the exclusive Jai Shri Ram. See Kapur in Pandey (ed) 1993.", ISBN 978-90-423-0266-2
  37. ^ Naqvi, Saba (30 June 2019). "From Siya Ram to Jai Shri Ram". The Tribune. India. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  38. ^ a b Mazumdar, Sucheta (1995). "Women on the March: Right-Wing Mobilization in Contemporary India". Feminist Review (49): 10, 14, 26. doi:10.2307/1395323. ISSN 0141-7789. JSTOR 1395323.
  39. ^ Ghimire, Yubaraj; Awasthi, Dilip (15 August 1992). "Ayodhya controversy becames [sic] BJP's most effective battering ram during two successive polls". India Today. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  40. ^ Jain 2007, pp. 320–321: "... a figure that began to appear in Indian bazaar prints in the late 1980s in confluence with the Hindu nationalist Ramjanmabhumi movement: that of the god Ram as a muscular, aggressive, dynamic warrior.".
  41. ^ Pinney 2004, p. 204: "The angry Rama image, for instance, was first produced by the Vishva Hindu Parishad in the late 1980s and, following the publication by S. S. Brijbasi of a commissioned copy by the Bombay artist Ved Prakash and then by Rajan Musle, several other companies produced similar images.".
  42. ^ Pinney 2004, p. 204.
  43. ^ Jain 2007, p. 321, figure 138..
  44. ^ a b Menon, Aditya (28 June 2019). "Jai Shri Ram: How a Chant Became A War Cry for Attacking Muslims". TheQuint. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  45. ^ Breman, Jan (1999), "Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape", in Guha, Ramachandra; Parry, Jonathan P.; Beteille, Andre (eds.), Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of Andre Beteille, Oxford University Press, p. 270, ISBN 978-0-19-565081-5, archived from the original on 4 August 2021, retrieved 3 August 2020
  46. ^ a b Dutta, Taniya (2019). "Misusing Hindu gods to lynch and spook Indian Muslims". TRT World. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  47. ^ a b "Rahul Gandhi says BJP's slogan is 'Jai Shri Ram' and not 'Jai Siya Ram' because..." Hindustan Times. 3 December 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  48. ^ a b "Rahul Gandhi attacks BJP over 'Jai Shri Ram', party takes dig at his 'limited knowledge'". The Times of India. 5 December 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  49. ^ "'Jai Siyaram' call resonating throughout the world: PM Narendra Modi". The Times of India. 5 August 2020. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  50. ^ Jafri, Apoorvanand; Jafri, Alishan (22 April 2023). "Why Aren't Hindutva Leaders Irked by the Use of 'Jai Shri Ram' by Atiq's Killers?". The Wire. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  51. ^ Raj, Dev (1 January 2024). "No hello for greetings, BJP adopts New Year resolution to say Jai Shri Ram in Bihar". The Telegraph (India). Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  52. ^ Singh, Alok (12 August 2021). Purvottar Bharat : Lok Aur Samaj (in Hindi). Sarv Bhasha Trust. ISBN 978-93-90502-18-9.
  53. ^ Dutta, Debajit (2015). Koch coinage: a study in historical perspective (Thesis). University of North Bengal. p. 200
  54. ^ Shankar, Ravi (31 December 1992). "Babri Masjid demolition: When men in saffron bandanas struck screaming the name of Ram". India Today. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  55. ^ D'Costa, Jasmine (2017). Matter of Geography. Mosaic Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-77161-247-0. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  56. ^ "Janmorcha Report". Crime Against Humanity (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. Concerned Citizens Tribunal - Gujarat 2002. p. 253. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  57. ^ Bose, Raja (6 March 2002). "Lord Ram has given me new lease of life". The Times of India. Ahmedabad. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  58. ^ Punwani, Jyoti (2002). "The Carnage at Godhra". In Varadarajan, Siddharth (ed.). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). pp. 46–50. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  59. ^ "The Hindu call to arms". The Telegraph. 17 June 2002. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  60. ^ Bunsha, Dionne (2006). Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat. Penguin Books India. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-14-400076-0. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  61. ^ Sharma, Radha; Pandey, Sanjay (1 March 2002). "Mob burns to death 65 at Naroda-Patia". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  62. ^ Mukherjee, Amit (17 March 2002). "Shops in Gujarat wear religion on their sleeve". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  63. ^ "'They shouted Jai Shri Slogans': CPI's women's association on thugs involved in Gargi College 'mass molestation' case". Free Press Journal. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  64. ^ "What's Next for India's Muslims After Delhi Riots?". Time. 3 March 2020. Whenever a building went up in flames, mobs responded with loud chants of "Jai Shri Ram" ("Victory to Lord Ram" — a deity who has become an icon to Hindu nationalists).
  65. ^ Saaliq, Sheikh; Sharma, Ashok (26 February 2020). "Communal Violence Over India's Citizenship Law Leaves 20 Dead Amid Trump's Visit". Time. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020.
  66. ^ "Death Toll Rises to 24 From Delhi Riots During Trump Trip". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
  67. ^ Shroff, Kaushal (25 February 2020). "Delhi violence: Cops shouted "Jai Shri Ram" with armed Hindu mob, charged at Muslims". The Caravan. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  68. ^ Ayyub, Rana (28 February 2020). "Narendra Modi Looks the Other Way as New Delhi Burns". Time. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  69. ^ Time, Pratidin (28 March 2022). "UP: Muslim Man Killed For Chanting 'Jai Shree Ram', Celebrating BJP's Victory". Pratidin Time. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  70. ^ "Muslim Man Lynched In Uttar Pradesh For Celebrating BJP's Victory, Chanting 'Jai Shri Ram'". IndiaTimes. 28 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  71. ^ "Atiq Ahmad, his brother Ashraf shot dead in Prayagraj, 3 attackers arrested". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  72. ^ "'Main baat Guddu Muslim...': Atiq Ahmad, brother shot dead as they were speaking". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  73. ^ "FAKE ALERT: News of Muslim boy set ablaze for not chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' is fake - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  74. ^ "Was a Nepali man humiliated and forced to chant Jai Shri Ram? Here's the story". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  75. ^ Chatterjee, Swasti (4 July 2019). "Was An Ice Cream Seller In UP Thrashed For Not Chanting 'Jai Shri Ram'?". www.boomlive.in. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  76. ^ Chatterjee, Swasti (28 May 2019). "Was Mamata Banerjee Greeted With Jai Shri Ram Chants Outside the West Bengal Assembly?". BOOM. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  77. ^ Kumar, Abhishek (18 July 2019). "Aligarh, Unnao, Kanpur violence was not communal, UP DGP busts lies about Jai Shri Ram attacks". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  78. ^ [73][74][75][76][77]
  79. ^ Joy, Shemin (24 July 2019). "'Jai Shri Ram' has become a war-cry: Celebs write to PM". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  80. ^ "'Jai Shri Ram' to 'Allahu Akbar': Frenzied slogans in LS as MPs take oath". The Week. Press Trust of India. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  81. ^ Kundu, Indrajit (6 July 2019). "Jai Shri Ram is not associated with Bengali culture: Nobel laureate Amartya Sen". India Today. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  82. ^ a b "Posters With Amartya Sen's Remarks On "Jai Shri Ram" Slogan In Kolkata". NDTV.com. Indo-Asian News Service. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  83. ^ "People chant 'Jai Shri Ram', Mamata calls them criminals". Deccan Chronicle. ANI. 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  84. ^ "Watch: Supreme Court lawyers chant 'Jai Shri Ram' after Ayodhya verdict". Scroll.in. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  85. ^ "Bhajans, Jai Shri Ram chants at Times Square to celebrate 'bhoomi poojan' at Ayodhya". Hindustan Times. Asian News International. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  86. ^ Ghosh, Shohini (2000). "Hum Aapke Hain Koun...!: Pluralizing Pleasures of Viewership". Social Scientist. 28 (3/4): 85. doi:10.2307/3518192. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3518192. The characters enter and exit the house by first paying respects to the mandir whose walls are inscribed with "Jai Shri Ram"... This is undoubtedly a 'feelgood' scenario for the Sangh Parivar.
  87. ^ Poonam, Snigdha (13 February 2020). "The 3 Most Polarizing Words in India". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  88. ^ "Akshay Kumar on 'Ram Setu' anthem: 'Jai Shree Ram' is our Diwali gift to the audience". The Hindu. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  89. ^ "Akshay Kumar releases Jai Shree Ram anthem's lyrical video. Says 'mera chhota sa Diwali gift'". India Today. 22 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  90. ^ "Adipurush song 'Jai Shri Ram' shows Prabhas leading vaanar sena to Raavan's Lanka, reveals unseen footage from film". The Indian Express. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  91. ^ "Andhra loomsman weaves 60-metre silk sari with Jai Shri Ram written in 13 dialects". India Today. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Shri_Ram&oldid=1255921205"