Jump to content

Iran and state-sponsored terrorism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on
Terrorism
By ideology
Religious
Special-interest / Single-issue
Related topics
Structure
  • Methods
  • Tactics
Terrorist groups
Adherents
State terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
Response to terrorism

Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accused by several countries of training, financing, and providing weapons and safe havens for non-state militant actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and other Palestinian groups such as the Islamic Jihad (IJ) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). These groups are designated terrorist groups by a number of countries and international bodies such as the EU, UN, and NATO, but Iran considers such groups to be "national liberation movements" with a right to self-defense against Israeli military occupation.[1] These proxies are used by Iran across the Middle East and Europe to foment instability, expand the scope of the Islamic Revolution, and carry out terrorist attacks against Western targets in the regions. Its special operations unit, the Quds Force, is known to provide arms, training, and financial support to militias and political movements across the Middle East, including Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Yemen.[2]

A number of countries (Argentina, Thailand, Albania,[3] Denmark,[4] France,[5] India,[6] Kenya,[7] United States)[8][9][10] have also accused Iran's government itself, particularly its military, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps of plotting assassinations or bombings in their countries and others against perceived enemies of the Iranian government. In response, economic sanctions against the Iranian regime have been imposed by many countries and the United Nations. The first sanctions were imposed by the United States in November 1979, after a group of radical students seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages.[11][12] The sanctions were expanded in 1995 to include business dealings with the Iranian government. However, these sanctions have not significantly impacted the country's relationships with its proxies. The United States Department of State estimated that Iran spent more than $16 billion in support of the Assad regime and its proxies between 2012 and 2020, a period in which Iran funneled more than $700 million to Hezbollah.

The Iranian government has been accused by the United States of harbouring several al-Qaeda leaders within their country despite mutual hostility between the two and their proxy groups and affiliates. In 2021, the U.S. claimed that al-Qaeda's new base of operations was in Iran.

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)

[edit]

After the fall of the Shah in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran established the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) to domestically promote the government's social policy. IRGC is accused of spreading its ideology in neighboring regions by training and funding "terrorist organizations". By 1986, IRGC had 350,000 members and had a small naval and air force. By 1996, its ground forces numbered 100,000 and the naval forces numbered 20,000. They are believed to use the Quds Force to train Islamist militants.[13]

In 1995, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard held a conference in Beirut with organizations accused of engaging in terrorism including the Japanese Red Army, the Armenian Secret Army, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Iraqi Da'wah Party, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain and Hezbollah for the sole purpose of providing training and weapons to these organizations, to aid in the destabilization of Gulf states, and give assistance to militants in these countries to replace the existing governments with Iran-aligned regimes.[14]

The United States State Department has stated that IRGC provides support for Hamas, Hezbollah and Palestinian Islamic Jihad to fight against Israel, while aiding the Iraqi insurgency in southern Iraq.[14]

Terrorist designation

[edit]

Currently, the IRGC is designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and the United States.[15][16][17][18][19] The Quds Force branch of the IRGC is designated as a terrorist organization by most of the aforementioned countries, in addition to Israel.[20]

Alleged activities in other countries

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

On 19 December 2018 Albania expelled Iran's ambassador to the country, Gholamhossein Mohammadnia, and another Iranian diplomat for "involvement in activities that harm the country's security", for "violating their diplomatic status and supporting terrorism."[3] The expelled Iranians were alleged to have plotted terrorist attacks in the country, including targeting MEK\PMOI event to silence dissidents.[21]

In July 2022, Iranian state cyber actors—who identified themselves as "HomeLand Justice"—launched a destructive cyber attack against the Albanian government,[22][23] rendering websites and services unavailable. An FBI investigation indicates Iranian state cyber actors acquired initial access to the Albanian network approximately 14 months before launching the attack. On July 18, HomeLand Justice claimed credit. In September 2022, the same actors launched another wave of cyber attacks against the Albanian infrastructure, using similar malware as the cyber attacks in July. As a result, Albania officially severed diplomatic ties with Iran[24][25] and ordered Iranian embassy staff to leave the country, citing the cyberattacks.[26][27]

Bahrain

[edit]

On 30 September 2015, Bahraini security forces discovered a large bomb-making factory in Nuwaidrat and arrested a number of suspects linked to the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. The next day, 1 October, Bahrain recalled its ambassador to Iran and asked the Iranian acting charge d’affaires to leave the kingdom within 72 hours after he was declared persona non-grata. Bahrain's decision to recall its ambassador came "in light of continued Iranian meddling in the affairs of the kingdom of Bahrain in order to create sectarian strife and to impose hegemony and control.[28][29]

On 6 January 2016, Bahrain said it had dismantled a terrorist cell allegedly linked to the Revolutionary Guards and Hezbollah. The Bahraini interior ministry said the cell was planning to carry out a “series of dangerous bombings” on the kingdom, and that many members were arrested including the group's leaders, 33-year-old twins Ali and Mohammed Fakhrawi.[30]

India

[edit]

In July 2012, The Times of India reported that New Delhi police had concluded that terrorists belonging to a branch of Iran's military, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, were responsible for an attack on 13 February 2012, during which a bomb explosion targeted an Israeli diplomat in New Delhi, India, wounding one embassy staff member, a local employee, and two passers-by. According to the report, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards may have planned other attacks on Israeli targets around the world as well.[6][31][32]

Israel and Palestinian Territories

[edit]

Iran does not recognize Israel as a state,[33] and provides support for Hamas, Hezbollah and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[34][35][36]

Hamas

[edit]
Main article: Iranian support for Hamas

Iran supplies political support and weapons to Hamas,[37] an organization classified by Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the European Union, Egypt, Australia and Japan as a terrorist organization. Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority, has said "Hamas is funded by Iran. It claims it is financed by donations, but the donations are nothing like what it receives from Iran".[38] From 2000 to 2004, Hamas was responsible for killing nearly 400 Israelis and wounding more than 2,000 in 425 attacks, according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2001 through May 2008, Hamas launched more than 3,000 Qassam rockets and 2,500 mortar attacks into Israel.[39]

Its most deadly attack was on 7 October 2023, when the group launched[40][41][42] a sophisticated, coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, beginning with a barrage of at least 3,000 rockets,[43] and assault by approximately 2,500 militants who breached the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring civilians in neighboring Israeli communities.[44] At least 1,400 Israelis were killed.[45]

Hezbollah

[edit]
President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy show respect to the victims of 1983 barracks bombing.
Main articles: Hezbollah, Funding of Hezbollah, and Hezbollah-Iran relations

During the 1980s and 1990s, a wave of kidnappings, bombings, and assassinations of Western targets, particularly American and Israeli, occurred in Lebanon and other countries. The attacks, attributed to Hezbollah, have included:

Islamic Jihad is widely believed to be a nom de guerre of the Lebanese Islamist political movement and social service agency Hezbollah, which was founded in 1982 with many millions of dollars of aid and considerable training and logistical support from the Islamic Republic. Many believe the group promotes the Iranian agenda and that its goal is to overthrow the moderate governments in the Middle East and create Islamic Republics based on that of Iran as well as the destruction of Israel.[60] Iran has supplied them with substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons (including long range rockets), explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbollah to take action against Israel.[61][62][63] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration"[64] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[62]

Its methods include assassinations, kidnappings, suicide bombings, and guerrilla warfare. It is believed to be one of the Islamic resistance groups that made suicide bombings common use. Other attacks credited to Hezbollah include:

  • Arrow Air Flight 1285 taking off from Gander, Newfoundland, crashes and burns about half a mile from the runway, killing all 256 passengers and crew on board. An anonymous caller to a French news agency in Beirut claimed that Islamic Jihad destroyed the plane to prove "our ability to strike at the Americans anywhere."[65] An investigation by the Canadian Aviation Safety Board (CASB) found that the crash was most likely an accident.[66][67] However, the minority report speculated that the in-flight fire "may have resulted from detonations of undetermined origin".[67]
  • According to a senior U.S. intelligence officer, the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri was carried out by Hezbollah at the direction of Iranian intelligence agents.[59]
  • Firing of hundreds of rockets into northern Israel on a daily basis and capture of Israeli soldiers in 2006.[68]
  • Committing war crimes in Syria.[69]

Shi'ite Militias in Iraq

[edit]

Insurgents supported by Iran reportedly committed acts of terrorism.[59][70][71][72] The United States State Department states that weapons are smuggled into Iraq and used to arm Iran's allies among the Shiite militias, including those of the anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and his Mahdi army.[73]

During his address to the United States Congress on September 11, 2007, Commanding Officer for the United States forces in Iraq, General David Petraeus noted that the multinational forces in Iraq found that Iran's Quds Force had provided training, equipment, funding, and direction to Shi'ite militia groups. “When we captured the leaders of these so-called special groups … and the deputy commander of a Lebanese Hezbollah department that was created to support their efforts in Iraq, we’ve learned a great deal about how Iran has, in fact, supported these elements and how those elements have carried out violent acts against our forces, Iraqi forces and innocent civilians.”[70]

In 2015, Michael Weiss and Michael Pregent accused the Popular Mobilization Units, an organization of 40 mainly-Shi'ite militias (some backed by Iran) of committing extensive atrocities against Sunni civilians in the course of their war against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, including "burning people alive in their houses, playing soccer with severed human heads, and ethnically cleansing and razing whole villages to the ground." Weiss and Pregent even suggested that "Iran's Shi'ite militias aren't a whole lot better than the Islamic State."[74]

Kenya

[edit]

Aggrey Adoli, police chief in Kenya's coastal region, said on 22 June 2012 that two Iranians, Ahmad Abolfathi Mohammad and Sayed Mansour Mousavi, believed to be members of Iran's Revolutionary Guards' Quds Force,[7] were arrested and suspected of being involved in terrorism. One of the Iranians led counter-terrorism officers to recover 15 kilograms of a powdery substance believed to be explosive.[75] The two Iranians allegedly admitted to plotting to attack United States, Israeli, Saudi, or British targets in Kenya.[7] In court, Police Sgt. Erick Opagal, an investigator with Kenya's Anti-Terrorism Police Unit, said that the two Iranians had shipped over 100 kilograms of powerful explosives into Kenya.[76]

It was later revealed that the targets included Gil Haskel, Israel's ambassador to Kenya. During a visit to Kenya in August, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon praised Kenya for its efforts in stopping Iranian terror threats against Israeli and Jewish targets. Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya all expressed concern with Ayalon regarding Iran's attempts to increase terror activity in Africa.[77]

Argentina

[edit]
Main article: AMIA bombing

On 18 July 1994, there was an attack on the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA) building in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which killed 85 people and injured hundreds. It was Argentina's deadliest bombing ever. Argentina accused Tehran in 2006 of being behind the attacks, and indicted several senior Iranian officials, including Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ahmad Vahidi, as well as Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah.

Thailand

[edit]
Main article: 2012 Bangkok bombings

On 14 February 2012, a series of explosions occurred in Bangkok, Thailand. Thai authorities said that the bombings were a botched attempt by Iranian nationals to assassinate Israeli diplomats. Several Iranians were arrested and charged for the attacks, one of whom was badly injured.

France

[edit]
Main article: Iranian diplomat terror plot trial

In October 2018 France froze Iranian financial assets in response to an alleged bomb plot to be carried out against an opposition group at a rally in Paris. The plot was said to be against the National Council of Resistance of Iran, which styles itself as Iran's government-in-exile.[5] Assadollah Assadi, an Iranian diplomat in the Vienna embassy, was arrested in Germany in connection with the alleged plot to blow up a meeting of Iranian dissidents in Paris in June.[78]

The rally was attended by an estimated 100,000 Iranians and hundreds of international dignitaries. A British Member of Parliament who attended said "Had the plot succeeded, it would have been the deadliest terror operation ever carried out in Europe. The US would undeniably have declared war on Iran – and it was only because the plot was foiled, world war three was averted." Belgian police had been informed of a possible attack on the rally, and found 550g (1lb 3oz) of explosive and a detonator in the car of Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami. Saadouni, Naami, Assadi (believed to be the mastermind), and another Iranian went on trial in Antwerp on 27 November 2020. Court documents allege that Assadi was ordered by Iranian authorities to smuggle the explosives into Europe on a commercial flight, and give them to Saadouni and Naami, who were arrested two days later.[79]

In February 2021 Belgian court in Antwerp sentenced Assadollah Assadi to 20-year jail term for this bomb plot. Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami and a fourth man, Belgian-Iranian poet Merhad Arefani, who was arrested in Paris and accused of being an accomplice, were convicted of taking part in the plot and given jail terms of 15 to 18 years.[80]

Denmark

[edit]

In October 2018, Denmark said the Iranian government intelligence service had tried to carry out a plot to assassinate an Iranian Arab opposition figure on its soil.[4] The planned assassination was of an exiled leader of the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz (ASMLA). Sweden extradited a Norwegian national of Iranian background to Denmark in connection with the foiled plot against the ASMLA leader.[78] In February 2020 Denmark arrested three leading members of an (ASMLA) group on suspicion of spying for Saudi Arabia and for supporting an attack in Iran in 2018.[81]

United States

[edit]
Main article: 2022 Iranian operative murder plot

In August 2022, the U.S. Department of Justice charged an Iranian operative (Shahram Poursafi) with "plotting to assassinate former President Donald Trump's national security advisor John Bolton."[9] Poursafi, a member of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was charged for "providing and attempting to provide material support to a transnational murder plot".[82][83][84][85] According to reports, Mike Pompeo was also a target,[10] where a bounty of $1 million was placed for his murder.[86]

Masih Alinejad, a journalist and human rights activist, has been a target of Iranian theocracy since fleeing Iran in 2009. In 2021, the FBI intercepted a kidnapping plot against her by Iranian agents who had planned to kidnap her from her New York home. U.S. prosecutors charged an Iranian intelligence officer for the kidnapping plot. In 2022, U.S. police arrested a man who had tried to break into Alinejad’s Brooklyn home while in possession of an AK47.[8][87][88]

The United States State Department has accused Iranian-backed Iraqi Shia militias of terrorism against U.S. troops, and Iran of cyberterrorism, primarily through its Quds Force.[89][90] Recent Iranian state-sponsored activity has included destructive malware and ransomware operations. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence's threat assessment concluded that "Iran’s growing expertise and willingness to conduct aggressive cyber operations make it a major threat to the security of U.S. and allied networks and data. Iran’s opportunistic approach to cyber attacks makes critical infrastructure owners in the United States susceptible to being targeted".[91]

Venezuela

[edit]

In January 2020 Juan Guaidó, President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, accused Nicolás Maduro of allowing Qasem Soleimani and his Quds Forces to incorporate their sanctioned banks and their companies in Venezuela. Guaidó also said that Soleimani "led a criminal and terrorist structure in Iran that for years caused pain to his people and destabilized the Middle East, just as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis did with Hezbollah."[92]

Alleged al-Qaeda ties

[edit]

According to several sources, al-Qaeda and Iran allegedly formed an alliance during the 1990s in which Hezbollah trained al-Qaeda operatives.[93] This partnership was initially formed in Sudan.[94] After several meetings facilitated by the Sudanese government in 1992, Iranian officials offered to provide al-Qaeda fighters with tactical training and intelligence co-operation in activities against the Israeli government.[95][96] Iranian government also entered into an agreement with al-Qaeda to supply the organization with financial support, weaponry, and explosives through the involvement of Lebanese Hezbollah group.[97]

During the Bosnian War, the IRGC worked alongside the Bosnian mujahideen, including several volunteers of al-Qaeda. Between 1992 and 1995, military co-operation between Iranian intelligence agencies and al-Qaeda strengthened, as Iran began sending large amounts of ammunitions, weapon shipments, and supplies to Bosnia through Sudan-based charity organizations affiliated with al-Qaeda.[98][99]

After the September 11 attacks, the Iranian government attempted to suppress information regarding its past relations with al-Qaeda.[100] Iran detained hundreds of al-Qaeda operatives that entered the country following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001; even though "the Iranian government has held most of them under house arrest, limited their freedom of movement, and closely monitored their activities," U.S. officials have expressed concerns that Iran has not fully accounted for their whereabouts, culminating in allegations of Iranian complicity in the 2003 Riyadh compound bombings.[101][102]

At various time periods between 2001 and 2010, several al-Qaeda leaders, including Saif Al-Adel, Saad bin Laden, Abu Muhammad al-Masri, and Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, were given asylum in Iran.[103] A UN report published in July 2018 stated that al-Qaeda leaders based in Iran had become "more prominent" within the group, exerting greater influence over the operations of al-Qaeda's networks.[104][105] In August 2020, al-Qaeda leader Abu Muhammad al-Masri and his daughter Miriam were killed by Israeli agents in Tehran.[106][107][108] In January 2021, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo accused Iran of allowing al-Qaeda to establish their base of operations within the country, though they denied the claim.[109]

With the killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri in July 2022, analysts believed that leadership of al-Qaeda would pass onto Saif al-Adel, who as of then was reportedly still in Iran.[110][111] In February 2023, a United Nations Security Council report named Adel as the de-facto leader of al-Qaeda, and that his presence in Iran and issues with open acknowledgement of al-Qaeda activity in Taliban-governed Afghanistan restricted him from being publicly named as leader.[112] Adel's presence in Iran was reconfirmed by the Security Council in a report from 2024, with the United States backing both assessments.[113][114]

1998 United States embassy bombings

[edit]
Main article: 1998 United States embassy bombings

On November 8, 2011, Judge John D. Bates stated in a U.S. federal court that Iran was liable for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. In his 45-page decision, Judge Bates wrote that "...the government of Iran aided, abetted and conspired with Hezbollah, Osama Bin Laden, and al Qaeda to launch large-scale bombing attacks against the United States by utilizing the sophisticated delivery mechanism of powerful suicide truck bombs. ... Prior to their meetings with Iranian officials and agents Bin Laden and al Qaeda did not possess the technical expertise required to carry out the embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam."[115]

USS Cole bombing

[edit]
Main article: USS Cole bombing § Responsibility

In March 2015, U.S. federal judge Rudolph Contreras found both Iran and Sudan complicit in the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole by al Qaeda, stating that "Iran was directly involved in establishing al-Qaeda's Yemen network and supported training and logistics for Al-Qaeda in the Gulf region" through Hezbollah. Two previous federal judges had ruled that Sudan was liable for its role in the attack, but Contreras's "ruling is the first to find Iran partly responsible for the incident."[116]

September 11 attacks

[edit]
Main article: Responsibility for the September 11 attacks

The U.S. indictment of bin Laden filed in 1998 stated that al-Qaeda "forged alliances ... with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group Hezbollah for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies."[93] On May 31, 2001, Steven Emerson and Daniel Pipes wrote in The Wall Street Journal that "Officials of the Iranian government helped arrange advanced weapons and explosives training for Al-Qaeda personnel in Lebanon where they learned, for example, how to destroy large buildings."[117]

The 9/11 Commission Report stated that 8 to 10 of the hijackers on 9/11 previously passed through Iran and their travel was facilitated by Iranian border guards.[93][118] The report also found "circumstantial evidence that senior Hezbollah operatives were closely tracking the travel of some of these future muscle hijackers into Iran in November 2000."[118]

Two defectors from Iran's intelligence service testified that Iranian officials had "foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks."[119] By contrast, the 9/11 Commission "found no evidence that Iran or Hezbollah was aware of the planning for what later became the 9/11 attack. At the time of their travel through Iran, the al Qaeda operatives themselves were probably not aware of the specific details of their future operation." In addition, both Ramzi bin al-Shibh and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed denied "any relationship between the hijackers and Hezbollah" and "any other reason for the hijackers' travel to Iran" besides "taking advantage of the Iranian practice of not stamping Saudi passports."[118]

Riyadh compound bombings

[edit]
Main article: Riyadh compound bombings § Reaction

According to Seth G. Jones and Peter Bergen, the 2003 Riyadh compound bombings were planned by al Qaeda operatives in Iran, with apparent support from the Iranian government.[102][120] In May 2003, then-State Department official Ryan Crocker provided information on the upcoming attack to Iranian officials, who apparently took no action.[59]

Opposing view

[edit]

British journalist Abdel Bari Atwan asserted in 2006 that Al-Qaeda's Iraq branch regarded Shia civilians as "legitimate targets for acts of violence". During the early Iraqi insurgency, Al-Qaeda in Iraq publicly declared war against the Iran-backed Badr Brigades, a group which was co-operating with the United States during that time.[121]

A West Point study based on documents uncovered in Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad found that the Iran-al Qaeda "relationship is not one of alliance, but of indirect and unpleasant negotiations over the release of detained jihadis and their families, including members of bin Laden's family." According to longtime Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) analyst Bruce Riedel: "Rather than being secretly in bed with each other as some have argued, al Qaeda had a fairly hostile relationship with the Iranian regime. To get members of his family out of Iran, for example, bin Laden had an Iranian diplomat kidnapped and then traded. The Iranians released some of his family members in the deal but then double-crossed al Qaeda by not letting one of his daughters, Fatima, free."[101] Similarly, American journalist Steve Coll asserted that bin Laden "was as paranoid about Iran as he was about the C.I.A. He worried that Iranian doctors might use medical treatment as a pretense to inject his sons with tracking chips."[122]

Taliban insurgency

[edit]

Iran does not designate the Taliban as a terrorist organization, and the IRGC actively opposes any U.S. presence in Afghanistan.[123] American and British officials have accused Iran in the past of giving weapons and support to the Taliban insurgency.[124][125][126][127] Due to the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, Iran had to close some of its consulates in that country,[128][129] but kept the embassy open.[130] Unlike the tense relationship between the two sides in the 1990s,[131] Iran competed with Pakistan in giving support to the reestablished Taliban government.[132][133]

Other allegations

[edit]

Along with the above allegations, Iran is also accused of other acts of terrorism. Including:


List of entities with alleged ties to Iran

[edit]
Group Type Active regions Recognized as a terrorist group by References
Al-Ashtar Brigades Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Bahrain
  •  Bahrain
  •  Canada
  •  Egypt
  •  Saudi Arabia
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States
 [136]
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Iraq
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United States
Badr Organization Islamist political party  Iraq
  •  United Arab Emirates
 Hamas Sunni Islamist political party and militant group  Gaza Strip Entire organization:
  •  Australia
  •  Canada
  •  European Union
  •  Israel
  •  Japan
  •  Paraguay
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States

Military wing only:

  •  Egypt
 [137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145]
Harakat al-Nujaba Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Iraq
  •  United States
 [146]
 Hezbollah Shia Islamist political party and militant group Lebanon Lebanon Entire organization:
  •  Arab League
  •  Argentina
  •  Australia
  •  Bahrain
  •  Canada
  •  Colombia
  •  Germany
  •  Gulf Cooperation Council
  •  Israel
  •  Japan
  •  Malaysia
  •  Paraguay
  •  Saudi Arabia
  •   Switzerland
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States

Military wing only:

  •  European Union
  •  France
  •  Kosovo
  •  New Zealand
 Houthis Zaydi Shia Islamist political party and militant group  Yemen
  •  Yemen (Alimi led government)
  •  Malaysia
  •  Saudi Arabia
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United States (2021, 2024-)
 [147][148][149][150][151]
Palestinian Islamic Jihad Islamist paramilitary force  Gaza Strip
  •  Australia
  •  Canada
  •  European Union
  •  Israel
  •  Japan
  •  New Zealand
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States
Kata'ib Hizballah Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Iraq
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United States
Liwa Fatemiyoun Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Syria
  •  Canada
 [152]
Saraya al-Mukhtar Shia Islamist paramilitary force  Bahrain
  •  Bahrain
  •  Egypt
  •  Saudi Arabia
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Malakoutikhah, Zeynab (10 September 2018). "Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism?". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 43 (10): 913–939. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560. Alt URL Archived 2023-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Hezbollah, Hamas, and More: Iran's Terror Network Around the Globe | AJC". www.ajc.org. 2023-12-04. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  3. ^ a b "Albania Expels Two Iranian Diplomats For Allegedly 'Harming' National Security". RFE/RL. 20 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Denmark calls for fresh EU sanctions on Iran after alleged assassination plot foiled - ABC News". ABC News. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  5. ^ a b Paris, Charles Bremner (2018-10-03). "France freezes Iranian assets after rally bomb plot". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  6. ^ a b Chauhan, Neeraj (July 29, 2012). "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat". The Times of India. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Kreider, Randy (July 2, 2012). "Iranians Planned to Attack US, Israeli Targets in Kenya: Officials". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Hunted in Brooklyn: Activist targeted by Iran in assassination plot says Rushdie attack has made her more determined than ever". The Independent. September 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  9. ^ a b "U.S. charges Iranian military operative in plot to assassinate former Trump advisor John Bolton". CNBC. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Iranian operative plotting assassination of John Bolton also targeted Mike Pompeo: Report". Fox News. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  11. ^ "Iran hostage crisis | Definition, Summary, Causes, Significance, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-10-28. Archived from the original on 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  12. ^ "The Hostages and the Casualties | Jimmy Carter Library". www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  13. ^ State Sponsors of Terrorism - Overview Archived 2023-11-13 at the Wayback Machine - United States Department of State - Official Website
  14. ^ a b "Qods (Jerusalem) Force Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC -Pasdaran-e Inqilab)". GlobalSecurity.org. 2005-04-26. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  15. ^ "U.S. officially designates Iran's Revolutionary Guards a terrorist group". Reuters. 2019-04-15. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  16. ^ "In unprecedented move, U.S. names Iran's Revolutionary Guards a terrorist group". Reuters. 2019-04-08. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12.
  17. ^ Nicole Gaouette (8 April 2019). "Trump designates elite Iranian military force as a terrorist organization". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  18. ^ "Saudi, Bahrain add Iran's IRGC to terror lists – SPA". euronews. 2018-10-23. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  19. ^ Yousif, Nadine (2024-06-19). "Canada lists Iran's Revolutionary Guards as a terrorist group". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  20. ^ "List of Terrorist Organizations and Individuals". DNFBP's Duties.
  21. ^ "Trump Thanks Albania for Expelling Iranian Diplomats | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  22. ^ ""Committed Partners in Cyberspace": Following cyberattack, US conducts first defensive Hunt Operation in Albania". U.S. Cyber Command. Retrieved 2023-11-07.[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^ WIRED (2022-08-05). "Cyberattack on Albanian government suggests new Iranian aggression". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  24. ^ "Albania severs diplomatic ties with Iran over cyber-attack". BBC News. 2022-09-07. Archived from the original on 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  25. ^ "Albania cuts Iran ties over cyberattack, U.S. vows further action". Reuters. 2022-09-07. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  26. ^ "Albania blames Iran for second cyberattack since July". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  27. ^ "Albania Cuts Ties with Iran Over Cyberattack | The Iran Primer". iranprimer.usip.org. 2022-09-09. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  28. ^ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Iran Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  29. ^ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Tehran Archived 2018-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Gulf News. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  30. ^ Bahrain smashes ‘Iran-linked’ terror cell Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. The National. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  31. ^ Davidovich, Joshua (July 29, 2012). "Indian police say Revolutionary Guards behind Delhi attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  32. ^ "'Israeli diplomat attackers be brought to book' | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  33. ^ Ramin Mostaghim (20 September 2008). "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei says Iran, Israel on 'collision course'". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  34. ^ Mathieu Guidère, Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism, Archived 2023-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Scarecrow Press, 2012 p.173.
  35. ^ "Who's in charge?". The Economist. 2014-03-29. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  36. ^ Filkins, Dexter (September 30, 2013). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2013. From 2000 to 2006, Iran contributed a hundred million dollars a year to Hezbollah. Its fighters are attractive proxies: unlike the Iranians, they speak Arabic, making them better equipped to operate in Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world.
  37. ^ "Cyprus: Ship violated UN resolutions". The Jerusalem Post. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  38. ^ "Hamas 2010 budget mainly 'foreign aid' from Iran". Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Israel At 'War to the Bitter End,' Strikes Key Hamas Sites". Wayback Machine. Fox News. 2008-12-29. Archived from the original on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  40. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (7 October 2023). "Why did Hamas invade Israel?". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  41. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 October 2023). "An Attack From Gaza and an Israeli Declaration of War. Now What?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  42. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (9 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations (UN). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.
  43. ^ "Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes". South China Morning Post. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  44. ^ "Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel". The New York Times. 10 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  45. ^ "Over 1,400 Killed In Hamas Attacks On Israel: PM Office". Barron's. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  46. ^ Terrorism – In the Spotlight: Hezbollah (Party of God) Archived 2006-02-22 at the Wayback Machine Michael Donovan, Center for Defense Information cdi.org, February 25, 2002
  47. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. p. 289.
  48. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. p. 23.
  49. ^ Levitt, Matthew (May 19, 2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626162013 – via Google Books.
  50. ^ "Hezbollah Bombings in Europe | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-24. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  51. ^ "Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1986". United States Department of State. January 1988: 14–15. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2023-04-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  52. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. pp. 99–102.
  53. ^ Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Georgetown University Press. pp. 75–77, 102.
  54. ^ Article AMIA: el nuevo fiscal acusó a Irán como responsable del atentado Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine in Argentine newspaper Clarin on 26 October 2006
  55. ^ Argentine trials may shed light on Panama mystery Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Eric Jackson, Panama News Online, 17 October 2001.
  56. ^ "Palestinian Jihadist group splits from Hezbollah". Jerusalem Post. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  57. ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (2006-12-23). "Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
  58. ^ "Hezbollah suspected in Bulgaria bus bombing". Al Jazeera. February 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  59. ^ a b c d e Filkins, Dexter (2013-09-30). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  60. ^ "State Sponsors: Iran". Council of Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  61. ^ "IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg". The New Yorker. October 14, 2002. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  62. ^ a b "Iran Massively Rearming Hezbollah in Violation of UN Security Council Resolution, American Chronicle, March 28, 2010". Wayback Machine. 2010-03-28. Archived from the original on 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  63. ^ "Technical Difficulties" (PDF). 2009-2017.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  64. ^ Norton, Augustus (1987). Amal and the Shi'a: the struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 167–87. ISBN 0-292-73040-3.
  65. ^ Watson, Laurie. "Errors By Crew Reportedly Cited in Gander Crash", Philadelphia Inquirer, United Press International, 6 November 1988, pp. A33.
  66. ^ "Arrow Air Flight 1285 accident record". ASN. Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  67. ^ a b "Gander : The Untold Story - Canadian Aviation Safety Board Majority Report". www.sandford.org. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  68. ^ "Hezbollah". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  69. ^ "Hezbollah 'attacked Syrian villages'". BBC News. 2013-02-18. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  70. ^ a b Bowers, Carol (2007-09-11). "Iran Playing 'Destabilizing Role' in Iraq". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  71. ^ McCarthy, Andrew C., Obama Frees Iranian Terror Masters Archived 2013-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, National Review Online, July 11, 2009.
  72. ^ Chulov, Martin (2011-07-28). "Qassem Suleimani: the Iranian general 'secretly running' Iraq". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
  73. ^ "Chapter 6 -- State Sponsors of Terror Overview". U.S. Department of State. 2006-04-28. Archived from the original on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  74. ^ Weiss, Michael; Pregent, Michael (2015-03-28). "The U.S. Is Providing Air Cover for Ethnic Cleansing in Iraq". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2018-03-06. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  75. ^ "2 Iranian terror suspects arrested in Kenya". Yahoo News. Associated Press. June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  76. ^ "Kenya police: Iranians shipped 100kg of explosives". Fox News. Associated Press. July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  77. ^ Eichner, Itamar (August 17, 2012). "Iranians planned to assassinate Israeli ambassador'". Ynetnews. Eichner, Itamar. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  78. ^ a b "Albania expels Iranian agents for plotting attacks against Israel". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 20 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  79. ^ "Five British MPs escaped terror plot at Paris rally in 2018". The Guardian. PA Media. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  80. ^ "France bomb plot: Iran diplomat Assadollah Assadi sentenced to 20 years". BBC News. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  81. ^ "Denmark arrests three members of Iranian opposition group on spy charges". Reuters. 2020-02-03. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  82. ^ Borger, Julian (10 August 2022). "US charges Iranian man over alleged plot to kill ex-Trump aide John Bolton". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  83. ^ "Member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Charged with Plot to Murder the Former National Security Advisor". Justice.gov. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  84. ^ "Iranian military operative charged in plot to murder former national security adviser John Bolton". CBS News. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  85. ^ "Iranian operative charged in plot to assassinate former National Security Adviser John Bolton". ABC Chicago. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  86. ^ "John Bolton says he's 'embarrassed' that an Iranian Revolutionary Guard member offered the 'low price' of just $300,000 to assassinate him". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  87. ^ "Iranian Dissident: Man With Rifle Arrested Outside Brooklyn Home Is Agent for Iran". NBC New York. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  88. ^ "Suspected Plot Against VOA Persian Host in NY Underscores Dangers of Transnational Reprisal". VOA. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  89. ^ U.S. State Department Country Reports on Terrorism 2016 - Chapter 3: State Sponsors of Terrorism Retrieved 10-05-18
  90. ^ "Pompeo says Iran sheltering al-Qaeda; confirms death of groups 2nd-in-line". Business Standard India. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  91. ^ "Iran Cyber Threat Overview and Advisories | CISA". www.cisa.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  92. ^ "Faced with events in the Middle East, the interim government reiterates Maduro's ties with international terrorism". Centro de Comunicación Nacional (in Spanish). 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  93. ^ a b c "TIME.com: 9/11 Commission Finds Ties Between al-Qaeda and Iran". 2004-07-20. Archived from the original on 2004-07-20. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  94. ^ Slavin, Barbara (2013-02-08). "Iran and al Qaeda: More Enemies Than Allies". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-05-02. Iran and al-Qaeda did establish a relationship in the 1990s in Sudan...
  95. ^ "The 9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). p. 61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2009.
  96. ^ Byman, Daniel (July 2012). "Unlikely alliance: Iran's secretive relationship with Al-Qaeda" (PDF). brookings.edu. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2023.
  97. ^ Rafizadeh, Dr.Majid (12 January 2021). "Iran's regime and Al-Qaeda: An axis of convenience". Arab News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.
  98. ^ Deliso, Christopher (2007). The Coming Balkan Caliphate. Bloomsbury. pp. 8, 9. ISBN 978-0-275-99525-6.
  99. ^ "Ex-IRGC General Details Iranian Influence in Bosnian War and Early Ties to al-Qaeda". Small Wars Journal. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019.
  100. ^ "The 9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). p. 241. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2017.
  101. ^ a b Slavin, Barbara (2013-02-08). "Iran and al Qaeda: More Enemies Than Allies". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  102. ^ a b Jones, Seth G., Al Qaeda in Iran Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign Affairs, January 29, 2012.
  103. ^ Rafizadeh, Dr. Majid (12 January 2021). "Iran's regime and Al-Qaeda: An axis of convenience". Arab News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.
  104. ^ "Twenty-second report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team". United Nations Security Council. 27 July 2018. pp. 3, 6, 8. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024 – via un.org.
  105. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (14 August 2018). "UN: Iran-based leaders 'have grown more prominent' in al Qaeda's global network". long war journal. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018.
  106. ^ Goldman, Schmitt, Fassihi, Bergmam, Adam, Eric, Farnaz, Ronen (13 November 2020). "Al Qaeda's No. 2, Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks, Was Killed in Iran". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ "Al Qaeda loses one of its most experienced leaders in mysterious murder in Tehran". CNN. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020.
  108. ^ "Israeli operatives killed Al-Qaeda's no. 2 leader in Iran in August". Arab News. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  109. ^ "Al-Qaeda: Pompeo says Iran is jihadist network's 'new home base'". BBC News. 2021-01-12. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  110. ^ Clarke, Colin P. (2022-08-02). "Opinion: What Ayman al-Zawahiri's death means for al-Qaida's future". NPR. Archived from the original on 2022-08-02. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  111. ^ Harrington, Jake; Thompson, Jared (2022-08-04). "Zawahiri's Death and What's Next for al Qaeda". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2024-09-29. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  112. ^ Burke, Jason (2023-02-14). "Extremist thought to be in Iran is de facto new leader of al-Qaida, UN says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-10-08. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  113. ^ "Iran-based Egyptian Saif al-Adel is new al Qaeda chief, says US". France 24. 2023-02-16. Archived from the original on 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  114. ^ "Iran Continues To Offer Safe Haven To Al-Qaeda, US Confirms". Iran International. 2024-02-27. Archived from the original on 2024-08-14. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  115. ^ Thiessen, Marc (2011-12-08). "Iran responsible for 1998 U.S. embassy bombings - Washington Post". Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  116. ^ Hsu, Spencer S. (2015-03-31). "Judge orders Sudan, Iran to pay $75 million to family of USS Cole victim". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  117. ^ Emerson, Steven, and Daniel Pipes, Terrorism on Trial Archived 2012-08-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2001.
  118. ^ a b c The 9/11 Commission Report. Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 240-41. ISBN 0-393-32671-3
  119. ^ Weisner, Benjamin, and Scott Shane, Court Filings Assert Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks Archived 2017-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, May 19, 2011.
  120. ^ Bergen, Peter, "Strange bedfellows -- Iran and al Qaeda" Archived 2014-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, CNN, March 10, 2013.
  121. ^ Abdel Bari Atwan. The Secret History of Al Qaeda, p. 233. University of California Press, 2006. ISBN 0-520-24974-7
  122. ^ Coll, Steve (2019). Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Group. p. 554. ISBN 9780143132509.
  123. ^ A. Farid, Tookhy (August 2022). "Iran's Response to the Taliban's Comeback in Afghanistan" (PDF). Afghan Peace Process Issues Paper. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  124. ^ "Iran arming Taliban, U.S. claims". CNN. 2007-06-13. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  125. ^ Townsend, Mark (2008-06-22). "Special forces find proof of Iran supplying Taliban with equipment to fight British". The Observer. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  126. ^ "Iran still supporting Afghan insurgency-U.S." Wayback Machine. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  127. ^ Gorman, Siobhan; Solomon, Jay (2010-07-27). "Reports Bolster Suspicion of Iranian Ties to Extremists". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  128. ^ Agence France Presse (15 August 2021). "Iran Reduces Number of Diplomats in Afghanistan". Barron's. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  129. ^ "Iran closes consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan". Tehran Times. 4 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  130. ^ "Iran says its embassy in Kabul remains open". Reuters. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  131. ^ Kittleson, Shelly (18 August 2021). "Why Iran Will Welcome the Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  132. ^ Fard, Erfan (2021-09-06). "Iran and the Taliban". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  133. ^ Umair, Jamal (28 September 2021). "Iran and Pakistan: Bilateral Bonding Over the Taliban". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  134. ^ "Israel fails to prevent Germany freeing Iranian". Wayback Machine. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  135. ^ Hakakian, Roya (2007-10-04). "The End of the Dispensable Iranian". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  136. ^ "Currently listed entities". 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  137. ^ "Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a terrorist organisation". ABC News. February 17, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  138. ^ "Currently listed entities". December 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  139. ^ "EU court upholds Hamas terror listing". The Guardian. July 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  140. ^ Fighting terrorism Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  141. ^ "National Police Agency" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  142. ^ "Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  143. ^ "Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list". August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  144. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  145. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  146. ^ "'الفتح' يستنكر ادراج العصائب والنجباء في لائحة الارهاب الاميركية". ارنا. Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  147. ^ "Yemen's National Defense Council labels Houthis as terror group". Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  148. ^ "Houthis added to Yemen's terrorist list". 25 October 2022. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  149. ^ "Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group". Reuters. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  150. ^ "مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. | Wam". Archived from the original on 2014-11-17.
  151. ^ Hansler, Jennifer (17 January 2024). "Biden administration re-designates Houthis as Specially Designated Global Terrorists". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  152. ^ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Government of Canada. 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism&oldid=1258119351"