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Vulnerability

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For vulnerabilities in the computing field and cyber space (such as security holes), see Vulnerability (computing). For other uses, see Vulnerability (disambiguation).

Vulnerability refers to "the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally."[1] The understanding of social and environmental vulnerability, as a methodological approach, involves the analysis of the risks and assets of disadvantaged groups, such as the elderly. The approach of vulnerability in itself brings great expectations of social policy and gerontological planning.[2][3] Types of vulnerability include social, cognitive, environmental, emotional or military.

In relation to hazards and disasters, vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. "The concept of vulnerability expresses the multi-dimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster".[4] It is also the extent to which changes could harm a system, or to which the community can be affected by the impact of a hazard or exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.

Within the body of literature related to vulnerability, one major research stream includes the methodology behind said research, namely measuring and assessing indicators of vulnerability. These include external—sudden shocks and continued stresses—and internal indicators, such as defenselessness or inability to cope with incapacities.[5] Vulnerability research covers a complex, multidisciplinary field including development and poverty studies, public health, climate studies, security studies, engineering, geography, political ecology, and disaster risk management (as well as risk management).[6] This research is of importance and interest for organizations trying to reduce vulnerability[7] – especially as related to poverty and other Millennium Development Goals. Many institutions are conducting interdisciplinary research on vulnerability. A forum that brings many of the current researchers on vulnerability together is the Expert Working Group (EWG). Researchers are currently working to refine definitions of "vulnerability", measurement and assessment methods, and effective communication of research to decision makers.[8][9]

Types

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Social

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Main article: Social vulnerability

Social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability that responds to multiple stressors (agent responsible for stress) and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.[10][11] It was also found that marital status, employment, and income have an impact on the level of vulnerability presented in individuals.[12] In this respect, there is a need to place an increased emphasis on assets and entitlements for understanding 'catastrophe' as opposed to solely the strength or severity of shocks.[13] The capacity of individuals, communities and systems to survive, adapt, transform, and grow in the face of stress and shocks increase when conditions require it.[14] Building resilience is about making people, communities, and systems better prepared to withstand catastrophic events—both natural and man-made—and able to bounce back more quickly and emerge stronger from these shocks and stresses.[15]

A window of vulnerability (WOV) is a time frame within which defensive measures are diminished, compromised, or lacking.[16]

Cognitive

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Main article: Cognitive vulnerability

A cognitive vulnerability, in cognitive psychology, is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that is believed to predispose the individual to psychological problems.[17] Cognitive vulnerability is in place before the symptoms of psychological disorders start to appear, such as high neuroticism.[18] After the individual encounters a stressful experience, the cognitive vulnerability shapes a maladaptive response that may lead to a psychological disorder.[17] In psychopathology, cognitive vulnerability is constructed from schema models, hopelessness models, and attachment theory.[19] The attachment theory states that humans need to develop a close bond with their caregivers. When there is a disruption in the child-parent bonding relationship it may be associated with cognitive vulnerability and depression.[20] Attentional bias is a form of cognitive bias that can lead to cognitive vulnerability. Allocating a danger level to a threat depends on the urgency or intensity of the threshold.[21] Anxiety is not associated with selective orientation.[22]

Environmental or climate change

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This section is an excerpt from Climate change vulnerability.[edit]
Climate change vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change. Its formal definition is the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems (or ecosystems).[23]: 12  Issues around the capacity to cope and adapt are also part of this concept.[23]: 5  Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. It differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time.[23]: 12  Vulnerability is generally a bigger problem for people in low-income countries than for those in high-income countries.[24]

Emotional

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Brené Brown defines vulnerability as "uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure." Brown goes on to suggest that vulnerability is our most accurate measure of courage; we allow ourselves to be seen when we are vulnerable.[25] Brené Brown teaches her followers that vulnerability is typically thought of as the center of emotions, such as grief, shame, fear, and disappointment, but it is also the center and birthplace of love, belonging, authenticity, creativity, courage, and accountability.[26] Selective reinforcement and modeling has been used to help children learn from a young age how to regulate and take accountability for their emotions. Unpleasant emotional states are managed by their subjective discomfort.[27] Emotional vulnerability is also impacted by respondents that express feelings of sadness about the uncertainty of climate change.[28] Increasing awareness and impact leads to heightened emotional responses. Along with this, emotional vulnerability can affect the physical well-being of older adults when they suppress their emotions in highly distressing situations.[29] When these vulnerabilities are supported through conversation with an emotionally safe "other," this vulnerability can lead to resilience and the capacity to support others.[30]

Military

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See also: Paul Nitze

In military terminology, vulnerability is a subset of survivability, the others being susceptibility and recoverability. Vulnerability is defined in various ways depending on the nation and service arm concerned, but in general it refers to the near-instantaneous effects of a weapon attack. In aviation it is defined as the inability of an aircraft to withstand the damage caused by the man-made hostile environment.[31] In some definitions, recoverability (damage control, firefighting, restoration of capability) is included in vulnerability. Some military services develop their own concept of vulnerability.[32]

Political

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Political vulnerability can be understood as "the weakness of the democratic system, with its negative effects on the efficiency of public policies, the legitimacy of the government action, limited participation of citizens and the private sector in national efforts, linkage with local governments and civil organizations, the handling and management of emergencies, processing of citizen's demands and needs, and the capacity to meet them."[33] Democratic backsliding is a direct result of political vulnerability, and has been documented across the globe throughout history.[34][35] Political vulnerability can also refer to elected officials' or political candidates' chances of election, with municipal and local elections often signifying a shift one way or the other on a national scale.[36]

Invulnerability

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Invulnerability is a common feature found in science fiction and fantasy, particularly in superhero fiction, as depicted in novels, comic books and video games. In such stories, it is a quality that makes a character impervious to pain, damage or loss of health. There are many levels of invulnerability, just like there are many level of immortality (the highest level is absolute immortality). Many superheroes in comic books have invulnerability but it is often superhuman invulnerability (aka Strength-Based Invulnerability). It means that these superheroes develop a form of relative invulnerability, the user becoming impossible to harm by beings or forces less powerful than themselves. They are immune to most kinds of attacks but they can still be hurt or even killed by stronger characters.

In video games, it can be found in the form of "power-ups" or cheats; when activated via cheats, it is often referred to as "god mode". Generally, it does not protect the player from certain instant-death hazards, most notably "bottomless" pits from which, even if the player were to survive the fall, they would be unable to escape. As a rule, invulnerability granted by power-ups is temporary, and wears off after a set amount of time, while invulnerability cheats, once activated, remain in effect until deactivated, or the end of the level is reached. "Depending on the game in question, invulnerability to damage may or may not protect the player from non-damage effects, such as being immobilized or sent flying."[37]

In mythology, talismans, charms, and amulets were created by magic users for the purpose of making the wearer immune to injury from both mystic and mundane weapons.[38]

Adolescents

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Hill, Duggan, and Lapsley state in their article that it is commonly accepted that teenagers have no regard for physical danger, which might indicate that they have a sense of danger invulnerability. Additionally, they predicted that the teenagers might have a sense of psychological invulnerability, or a sense of being able to remain unaffected by negative thoughts and emotions. In order to test the effects of both types of invulnerability, the researchers used the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale created by Lapsley and Hill in 2010, which includes twenty statements assessing to what extent the adolescents felt invulnerable psychologically and in danger situations.[39]

Hill et. al found that having a sense of psychological invulnerability benefitted adolescents in combatting negative emotions such as depression. Adolescents who rated themselves as more psychologically invulnerable demonstrated more effective coping mechanisms during times of stress or depression. This lead the researchers to believe that psychological invulnerability during adolescence is beneficial for identity formation.

Danger invulnerability highly correlated with illegal or criminal activity but had no correlation with mental health. However, danger invulnerability was able to effectively predict "delinquency, lifetime drug use, and drug use frequency." Gender differences in the data showed that adolescent males were more likely to feel invulnerable to danger and psychological effects. The researchers did not observe any difference between the ages of participants.[40]

Emerging adults

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In this study, Lapsley and Hill (2010) created the AIS for the purpose of studying the invulnerability of college students in Barnett's emerging adulthood (hyperlink) stage of life. Researchers predicted a positive correlation between the adolescents' and emerging adults' scores and subsequently found said correlation. They observed no significant differences in negative and positive optimism biases, which were other elements of the same study. But, as predicted, male participants scored higher on both areas of invulnerability.

High danger invulnerability strongly correlated with social issues, such as risk behavior and substance use. Both types of invulnerability, psychological and danger invulnerability, proved to be high predictors of self-esteem problems in emerging adulthood.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "VULNERABILITY - English Definition and Meaning". Lexico Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  2. ^ Sanchez-Gonzalez, D.; Egea-Jimenez, C. (2011). "Social Vulnerability approach to investigate the social and environmental disadvantages. Its application in the study of elderly people". Pap. Poblac. 17 (69): 151–185.
  3. ^ Sanchez-Gonzalez, D (2015). "Physical-social environments and aging population from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications in Latin America". Revista de Geografía Norte Grande. 60 (60): 97–114. doi:10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006.
  4. ^ Bankoff, Greg; et al. (2004). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. London: Earth scan.
  5. ^ Villa-gran, Juan Carlos. "Vulnerability: A conceptual and methodological review." SOURCE. No. 2/2006. Bonn, Germany.
  6. ^ Rumpf, Clemens M.; Lewis, Hugh G.; Atkinson, Peter M. (2017-03-27). "Population vulnerability models for asteroid impact risk assessment". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 52 (6): 1082–1102. arXiv:1702.05798. Bibcode:2017M&PS...52.1082R. doi:10.1111/maps.12861. ISSN 1086-9379. S2CID 49320450.
  7. ^ "Promotion of Roma's access to Education [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)". SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository.
  8. ^ Birkmann, Joern (editor). 2006. Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Towards Disaster Resilient Societies. UNU Press.
  9. ^ Wolters, Michel L.; Kuenzer, Claudia (2015). "Vulnerability Assessments of Coastal River Deltas – Categorization and Review". Journal of Coastal Conservation. 19 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 345–368. Bibcode:2015JCC....19..345W. doi:10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6. ISSN 1400-0350. S2CID 127950375.
  10. ^ Luis Flores Ballesteros. "What determines a disaster?" 54 Pesos May. 2008:54 Pesos 11 Sep 2008. http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/ Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ See also Daniel R. Curtis, "Pre-industrial societies and strategies for the exploitation of resources. A theoretical framework for understanding why some settlements are resilient and some settlements are vulnerable to crisis"
  12. ^ Turner, Heather A.; Turner, R. Jay (December 1999). "Gender, Social Status, and Emotional Reliance". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 40 (4): 360–373. doi:10.2307/2676331. JSTOR 2676331. PMID 10643161.
  13. ^ Prowse, Martin (2003), Towards a clearer understanding of 'vulnerability' in relation to chronic poverty (PDF), Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre, ISBN 1-904049-23-0, OCLC 53854016
  14. ^ Pelling, Mark (2003). The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. Earthscan Publications LTD. ISBN 1-85383-830-6.
  15. ^ Wells, Linton (2017). "Cognitive-Emotional Conflict: Adversary Will and Social Resilience". PRISM. 7 (2): 4–17. ISSN 2157-0663. JSTOR 26470514.
  16. ^ "KBpedia: Vulnerability Reference Concept". KBpedia. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  17. ^ a b Riskind, John H.; Black, David (2005). "Cognitive Vulnerability". In Freeman, Arthur; Felgoise, Stephanie H.; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York: Springer. pp. 122–26. ISBN 9781429411738.
  18. ^ Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J. (2016). "Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants". Psychological Medicine. 46 (14): 2883–2906. doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. PMID 27523506. S2CID 23548727.
  19. ^ Ingram, Rick (February 2003). "Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression" (PDF). Cognitive Therapy and Research. 27 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1023/a:1022590730752. ISSN 0147-5916. S2CID 16148365.
  20. ^ Lawton, M. Powell (1980). "Psychological Vulnerability". IRB: Ethics & Human Research. 2 (8): 5–7. ISSN 0193-7758. JSTOR 3563995.
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  22. ^ Mathews, Andrew; MacLeod, Colin (1 April 2005). "Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 1 (1): 167–195. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916. PMID 17716086.
  23. ^ a b c H.-O. Pörtner; D.C. Roberts; E.S. Poloczanska; K. Mintenbeck; M. Tignor; A. Alegría; M. Craig; S. Langsdorf; S. Löschke; V. Möller; A. Okem, eds. (2022). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC. Archived 2023-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2022-03-18 at the Wayback Machine [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001
  24. ^ Sherbinin, Alex de; Bukvic, Anamaria; Rohat, Guillaume; Gall, Melanie; McCusker, Brent; Preston, Benjamin; Apotsos, Alex; Fish, Carolyn; Kienberger, Stefan; Muhonda, Park; Wilhelmi, Olga (2019). "Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects". WIREs Climate Change. 10 (5): e600. Bibcode:2019WIRCC..10E.600D. doi:10.1002/wcc.600. ISSN 1757-7799.
  25. ^ Brown, Brene (2019). Braving the Wilderness: the Quest for True Belonging and the Courage to Stand Alone. Sounds True. p. 154.
  26. ^ Brown, Brene (2012). The power of vulnerability. Sounds True.
  27. ^ Thompson, Ross A. (1991). "Emotional Regulation and Emotional Development". Educational Psychology Review. 3 (4): 269–307. doi:10.1007/bf01319934. ISSN 1040-726X. JSTOR 23359228. S2CID 3560960.
  28. ^ Bray, Margaret V. du; Wutich, Amber; Brewis, Alexandra (2017-04-01). "Hope and Worry: Gendered Emotional Geographies of Climate Change in Three Vulnerable U.S. Communities". Weather, Climate, and Society. 9 (2): 285–297. Bibcode:2017WCS.....9..285D. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0077.1. ISSN 1948-8327.
  29. ^ Charles, Susan T.; Luong, Gloria (2013). "Emotional Experience Across Adulthood: The Theoretical Model of Strength and Vulnerability Integration". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 22 (6): 443–448. doi:10.1177/0963721413497013. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-EC9F-7. ISSN 0963-7214. JSTOR 44318703. S2CID 145454712.
  30. ^ Kieft, Jasmine and Bendell, Jem (2021) The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research. Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers Volume 7. University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK..(Unpublished)
  31. ^ Ball, Robert (2003). The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition. AIAA Education Series. p. 603. ISBN 978-1-56347-582-5.
  32. ^ Carlo, Kopp (5 July 2005). "Warship Vulnerability". ausairpower.net: 1.
  33. ^ "A Matter of Development: How to Reduce Vulnerability in the Face of Natural Disasters | Publications" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ McCoy, Jennifer. "The Vulnerabilities of Democracy". The Carter Center.
  35. ^ "6 in 10 Americans say US democracy is in crisis as the 'Big Lie' takes root". NPR.
  36. ^ Gabriel, Trip (21 February 2022). "The Senate's Most Vulnerable Democrats". The New York Times.
  37. ^ Madigan, Michael L (2017). Handbook of Emergency Management Concepts: A Step-by-Step Approach. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1351337472.
  38. ^ William Godwin (1876). "Lives of the Necromancers". p. 17.
  39. ^ Lapsley, Daniel K.; Hill, Patrick L. (April 16, 2009). "Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 39 (8): 847–857. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9. PMID 20596815. S2CID 18161557. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  40. ^ Hill, Patrick L.; Duggan, Peter M.; Lapsley, Daniel K. (February 24, 2011). "Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behavior, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence". The Journal of Early Adolescence. 32 (4): 489–501. doi:10.1177/0272431611400304. S2CID 145688280. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
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