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Inuktitut syllabics

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Inuktitut syllabics
Inuktitut syllabary. Extra characters with dots represent long vowels; When romanised, the vowel is duplicated.
Script type
Time period
1870s–present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesInuktitut
Related scripts
Parent systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cans (440), ​Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Unicode
Unicode alias
Canadian Aboriginal
Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, U+1400–167F (chart)
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article contains Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of syllabics.
A bilingual stop sign in Nunavut displaying text in both Inuktitut syllabics and the English Latin alphabet. The Inuktitut ᓄᖅᑲᕆᑦ transliterates as nuqqarit.[1]

Inuktitut syllabics (Inuktitut: ᖃᓂᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ, romanized: qaniujaaqpait,[2] or ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓯᖅ ᓄᑖᖅ, titirausiq nutaaq) is an abugida-type writing system used in Canada by the Inuktitut-speaking Inuit of the territory of Nunavut and the Nunavik and Nunatsiavut regions of Quebec and Labrador, respectively. In 1976, the Language Commission of the Inuit Cultural Institute made it the co-official script for the Inuit languages, along with the Latin script.

The name qaniujaaqpait [qaniujaːqpaˈit] derives from the root qaniq, meaning "mouth". The alternative, Latin-based writing system is named qaliujaaqpait (ᖃᓕᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ), and it derives from qaliit, a word describing the markings or the grain in rocks. Titirausiq nutaaq [titiʁauˈsiq nuˈtaːq] meaning "new writing system" is to be seen in contrast to titirausiit nutaunngittut (ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓰᑦ ᓄᑕᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ), the "old syllabics" used before the reforms of 1976.[3]

Inuktitut is one variation on Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, and can be digitally encoded using the Unicode standard. The Unicode block for Inuktitut characters is called Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics.[citation needed]

History

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The first efforts to write Inuktitut came from Moravian missionaries in Greenland and Labrador in the mid-19th century using Latin script. The first book printed in Inuktitut using Cree script was an 8-page pamphlet known as Selections from the Gospels in the dialect of the Inuit of Little Whale River (ᒋᓴᓯᑊ ᐅᑲᐤᓯᐣᑭᐟ, "Jesus' words"),[4] printed by John Horden in 1855–56 at Moose Factory for Edwin Arthur Watkins to use among the Inuit at Fort George. In November 1865, Horden and Watkins met in London under Henry Venn's direction to adapt Cree syllabics to the Inuktitut language.[5] In the 1870s, Edmund Peck, another Anglican missionary, started printing according to that standard. Other missionaries, and later linguists in the employ of the Canadian and American governments, adapted the Latin alphabet to the dialects of the Mackenzie River delta, the western Arctic islands and Alaska.

Table

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The Inuktitut script (titirausiq nutaaq) is commonly presented as a syllabary. The dots on the letters in the table mark long vowels; in the Latin transcription, the vowel is doubled.[A] For geminate consonants, the final consonant symbol is placed before the CV syllabic, for instance -kku-, -nnu- are rendered ᒃᑯ and ᓐᓄ respectively.

Note: An image of the chart is also available.
Inuktitut syllabary[1][6][7][additional citation(s) needed]
Vowel (IPA) Final (no vowel)
/ai/ [a] /i/ /u/ /a/
Short Trans. Short Long Trans. Short Long Trans. Short Long Trans.   Trans. IPA
ᐁ ai ᐃ ᐄ i ᐅ ᐆ u ᐊ ᐋ a — — —
ᐯ pai ᐱ ᐲ pi ᐳ ᐴ pu ᐸ ᐹ pa ᑉ p /p/
ᑌ tai ᑎ ᑏ ti ᑐ ᑑ tu ᑕ ᑖ ta ᑦ t /t/
ᑫ kai ᑭ ᑮ ki ᑯ ᑰ ku ᑲ ᑳ ka ᒃ k /k/
ᕴ hai ᕵ ᕶ hi ᕷ ᕸ hu ᕹ ᕺ ha ᕻ h [b] /h/
ᒉ gai ᒋ ᒌ gi ᒍ ᒎ gu ᒐ ᒑ ga ᒡ g /ɡ/ - /ɣ/
ᒣ mai ᒥ ᒦ mi ᒧ ᒨ mu ᒪ ᒫ ma ᒻ m /m/
ᓀ nai ᓂ ᓃ ni ᓄ ᓅ nu ᓇ ᓈ na ᓐ n /n/
ᓭ sai ᓯ ᓰ si/hi ᓱ ᓲ su/hu ᓴ ᓵ sa/ha ᔅ s/h [c] /s/ - /h/
    𑪶 𑪷 ši 𑪸 𑪹 šu 𑪺 𑪻 ša   š [d] /ʂ/
    𑪰 𑪱 hi 𑪲 𑪳 hu 𑪴 𑪵 ha   h [e] /h/
ᓓ lai ᓕ ᓖ li ᓗ ᓘ lu ᓚ ᓛ la ᓪ l /l/
ᔦ jai ᔨ ᔩ ji ᔪ ᔫ ju ᔭ ᔮ ja ᔾ j /j/
ᑦᔦ jjai ᑦᔨ ᑦᔩ jji ᑦᔪ ᑦᔫ jju ᑦᔭ ᑦᔮ jja ᑦᔾ jj /jː/
    ᖨ ᖩ ři ᖪ ᖫ řu ᖬ ᖭ řa ᖮ ř [f] /ɟ/
ᕓ vai ᕕ ᕖ vi ᕗ ᕘ vu ᕙ ᕚ va ᕝ v /v/
ᕂ rai ᕆ ᕇ ri ᕈ ᕉ ru ᕋ ᕌ ra ᕐ r /ʁ/
ᙯ qai ᕿ ᖀ qi ᖁ ᖂ qu ᖃ ᖄ qa ᖅ q /q/
ᖅᑫ qqai ᖅᑭ ᖅᑮ qqi ᖅᑯ ᖅᑰ qqu ᖅᑲ ᖅᑳ qqa ᖅᒃ qq [g] /qː/
ᙰ ngai ᖏ ᖐ ngi ᖑ ᖒ ngu ᖓ ᖔ nga ᖕ [h] ng [i] /ŋ/
    ᙱ ᙲ nngi ᙳ ᙴ nngu ᙵ ᙶ nnga ᖖ [j] nng [k][C] /ŋː/
    ᖠ ᖡ łi ᖢ ᖣ łu ᖤ ᖥ ła ᖦ ł [l] /ɬ/
                      ᖯ b [m] /b/
                      ᕼ [D] h [n] /h/
                      ᑊ ʼ /ʔ/
  1. ^ Found in Nunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ)
  2. ^ Found in Nunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ)
  3. ^ s in eastern Nunavut but h in western Nunavut
  4. ^ Found in Natsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  5. ^ Found in Natsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  6. ^ Found in Natsilingmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᖕᒥᐅᑐᑦ)
  7. ^ Found in Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ)[B]
  8. ^ ᖕ is a ᓐᒡ ligature in most areas but a ᓐᒃ ligature in Nunavik[8][9] (which may resemble 8)[citation needed]
  9. ^ These are generally romanized as ng, but in Natsilingmiutut as ŋ
  10. ^ ᖖ is a ᓐᓐᒡ ligature in most areas but either a ᓐᓐᒃ ligature or a doubled ᓐᒃ (ᓐᒃᓐᒃ) ligature in Nunavik[9] (which may resemble ᓐ8 or 88, respectively)[citation needed]
  11. ^ These are generally romanized as nng, but in Natsilingmiutut as ŋŋ
  12. ^ Found in North Qikiqtaaluk, Natsilingmiutut, Aivilingmiutut and Paallirmiutut; occasionally transcribed as &
  13. ^ Found in Aivilingmiutut
  14. ^ Found in Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ)

Modifications

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The Makivik Corporation expanded the official version of the script to restore the ai-pai-tai column. The common diphthong ai has generally been represented by combining the a form with a stand-alone letter ᐃ i.[example needed] This fourth-vowel variant had been removed so that Inuktitut could be typed and printed using IBM Selectric balls in the 1970s. The reinstatement was justified on the grounds that modern printing and typesetting equipment no longer suffers the restrictions of earlier typewriting machinery. The ai-pai-tai column is used only in Nunavik.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "Vowel sounds are often lengthened (drawn out) in Inuktitut. These sounds are represented by a dot that is placed above the syllabic character. In qaliujaaqpait (roman orthography), these sounds are represented by double vowels."
  2. ^ Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "Another tricky character is a double q sound. In Nunavut, this sound is written: ᖅᑭ qqi, ᖅᑯ qqu, ᖅᑲ qqa"
  3. ^ Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "When ng is doubled, it is written nng in roman orthography and like this in syllabics: ᙱ nngi, ᙳ nngu, ᙵ nnga"
  4. ^ Tusâlanga - Syllabics: "the roman letter H is inserted for certain words borrowed from English. Hᐋᑭ haaki hockey"

References

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  1. ^ a b "Syllabics (qaniujaaqpait)". Inuktut Tusâlanga. Pirurvik. Archived from the original on 2024-11-04. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Writing the Inuit Language | Inuktut Tusaalanga". tusaalanga.ca. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
  3. ^ Lorraine E. Brandson (1994). Carved from the land: the Eskimo Museum collection. Diocese of Churchill–Hudson Bay. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-9693266-1-8.
  4. ^ "Aboriginal syllabic scripts". Library and Archives Canada Blog. June 11, 2015.
  5. ^ Harper, Kenn (2012-08-10). "The First Inuktitut Language Conference". Nunatsiaq News. Archived from the original on 2018-11-29.
  6. ^ "Inuktitut Resources § Qaniujaaqpait Syllabics". Education, Culture and Employment. Government of the Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on 2024-11-04. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  7. ^ "Inuktitut Syllabics". Nunavik-IcE. Kativik School Board. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  8. ^ King, Kevin. "Inuktut Syllabics – Fonts Knowledge". Google Fonts. Google. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Canadian Native Languages (Version 1.2)" (PDF). Tiro Typeworks. 30 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 Dec 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.

Further reading

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  • Balt, Peter. Inuktitut Affixes. Rankin Inlet? N.W.T.: s.n, 1978.
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