Jump to content

Discrimination against intersex people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Intersexphobia)

Not to be confused with Discrimination towards non-binary gender persons.
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics
Intersex topics
Intersex flag
Human rights and legal issues
Medicine and biology
Society and culture
History and events
Rights by country
See also

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".[1] "Because their bodies are seen as different, intersex children and adults are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations".[1]

Discriminatory treatment includes infanticide, abandonment, mutilation and neglect, as well as broader concerns regarding the right to life.[2][3] Intersex people face discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, sport, with an impact on mental and physical health, and on poverty levels, including as a result of harmful medical practices.[4]

United Nations, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Council of Europe, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and other human rights institutions have called for countries to ban discrimination and combat stigma.[5] Few countries so far protect intersex people from discrimination.[2][6]

Protection from discrimination

[edit]
  Explicit protection on grounds of sex characteristics
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex

A 2013 first international pilot study, Human Rights between the Sexes, by Dan Christian Ghattas, found that intersex people are discriminated against worldwide: "Intersex individuals are considered individuals with a 'disorder' in all areas in which Western medicine prevails. They are more or less obviously treated as sick or 'abnormal', depending on the respective society."[7][8]

The United Nations states that intersex people suffer stigma on the basis of physical characteristics, "including violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non- discrimination."[1] The UN has called for governments to end discrimination against intersex people:

Ban discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics, intersex traits or status, including in education, health care, employment, sports and access to public services, and consult intersex people and organizations when developing legislation and policies that impact their rights.[9]

A handful of jurisdictions so far provide explicit protection from discrimination for intersex people:

  • South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'.[10]
  • Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'.[11]
  • Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of "sex characteristics", through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.[12]
  • Since then, several countries in Southeastern Europe have prohibited discrimination based on sex characteristics of intersex status: Albania (since 2020),[13] Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2016),[14][15] Greece (since 2015),[16][17] and Serbia[18] (since 2021) currently prohibit discrimination based on "sex characteristics", while Montenegro prohibits discrimination based on "intersex characteristics" since 2017.[19]
  • Iceland bans employment discrimination based on sex characteristics since 2018. The Netherlands (since 2019),[20][21] Belgium (since 2020)[21] and Denmark (since 2022)[22] also prohibit discrimination based on sex characteristics.
  • Pakistan prohibits discrimination against intersex people (khusra) since 2018.[23] India also prohibits discrimination against "person with intersex variations" since 2020.
  • Since 2022, Chile is the first Latin American country that provide legal protection from discrimination based on sex characteristics.[24]

United Nations Human Rights Council resolution

[edit]

In 2024, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted to adopt its first-ever resolution (put forward by the governments of Australia, Finland, Chile, and South Africa) to protect the rights of intersex people.[25][26] The resolution, titled, "Combating discrimination, violence and harmful practices against intersex persons", calls for member states to:

Enhance efforts to combat discrimination, violence and harmful practices against persons with innate variations in sex characteristics and address their root causes, such as stereotypes, the spread of misconceptions and inaccurate information, stigma and taboo, and to work to realize the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health for persons with innate variations in sex characteristics.[27]

In addition, the resolution also requests that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights publishes a report "examining in detail discriminatory laws and policies, acts of violence and harmful practices against persons with innate variations in sex characteristics, in all regions of the world."[28] The resolution, passed with twenty-four votes in favour and twenty-three abstentions, has been praised by various human rights and intersex advocacy organizations, including ILGA, Human Rights Watch, OII Europe and InterACT.[29][30][31][32]

Right to life

[edit]
Further information: Genetic diagnosis of intersex

Intersex people face genetic de-selection via pregnancy terminations and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, as well as abandonment, neglect, infanticide and murder due to their sex characteristics. In 2015, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people, remarking:

Intersex people's right to life can be violated in discriminatory "sex selection" and "preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics". Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics.[2]

In 2015, Chinese news reported a case of abandonment of an infant, thought likely due to its sex characteristics.[33] Hong Kong activist Small Luk reports that this is not uncommon, in part due to the historic imposition of a policy of one child per family.[34] Cases of infanticide, attempted infanticide, and neglect have been reported in China,[35] Uganda[3][36] and Pakistan.[37]

Kenyan reports suggest that the birth of an intersex infant may be viewed as a curse.[38] In 2015, it was reported that an intersex Kenyan adolescent, Muhadh Ishmael, was mutilated and later died. Ishmael had previously been described as a curse on his family.[39]

Medical

[edit]
Further information: Intersex medical interventions

In places with accessible healthcare systems, intersex people face harmful practices including involuntary or coercive treatment, and in places without such systems, infanticide, abandonment and mutilation may occur.[40]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

[edit]

Intersex people face involuntary or coerced medical treatment from infancy.[41][42] Where these occur without personal informed consent, these are "violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non-discrimination."[1][5]

A 2016 Australian study of 272 people born with atypical sex characteristics found that 60% had received medical treatment on the basis of their sex characteristics, half receiving such treatments aged under 18 years, "most commonly genital surgeries (many of which occurred in infancy) and hormone treatments", and the "majority experienced at least one negative impact".[43] Overall, while some parents and physicians had attempted to empower participants, the study found "strong evidence suggesting a pattern of institutionalised shaming and coercive treatment" and poor (or no) information provision.[4] 16% of study participants were not provided with information on options of having no treatment, and some were provided with misinformation about the nature of their treatment, and information about peer support was also lacking. OII Europe reports:

A German study conducted by a medical team between 2005 and 2007 covered the experiences of 439 intersex individuals of all ages, from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 81% had been subjected to one or multiple surgeries due to their DSD diagnosis. Almost 50% of the participating adults reported psychological problems and a variety of problems related to their physical well-being and their sex life. Two-thirds made a connection between those problems and the medical and surgical treatment they had been subjected to. Participating children reported significant disturbances, especially within their family life and in relation with their physical well-being.[44]

Rationales for medical intervention frequently focus on parental distress, or problematize future gender identity and sexuality, and subjective judgements are made about the acceptability of risk of future gender dysphoria.[45][46] Medical professionals have traditionally considered the worst outcomes after genital reconstruction in infancy to occur when the person develops a gender identity discordant with the sex assigned as an infant. Human rights institutions question such approaches as being "informed by redundant social constructs around gender and biology".[47]

Decision-making on any cancer and other physical risks may be intertwined with "normalizing" rationales. In a major Parliamentary report in Australia, published in October 2013, the Senate Community Affairs References committee was "disturbed" by the possible implications of current practices in the treatment of cancer risk. The committee stated: "clinical intervention pathways stated to be based on probabilities of cancer risk may be encapsulating treatment decisions based on other factors, such as the desire to conduct normalising surgery... Treating cancer may be regarded as unambiguously therapeutic treatment, while normalising surgery may not. Thus basing a decision on cancer risk might avoid the need for court oversight in a way that a decision based on other factors might not. The committee is disturbed by the possible implications of this..."[42]

Despite the naming of clinician statements as "consensus" statements, there remains no clinical consensus about the conduct of surgical interventions,[42] nor their evidence base, surgical timing, necessity, type of surgical intervention, and degree of difference warranting intervention.[46][48][49] Surgery may adversely impact physical sensation and capacity for intimacy;[50][49] however, research has suggested that parents are willing to consent to appearance-altering surgeries even at the cost of later adult sexual sensation.[51] Other research shows that parents may make different choices with non-medicalized information.[52] Child rights experts suggest that parents have no right to consent to such treatments.[53]

Clinical decision-making is frequently portrayed as a choice between early or later surgical interventions, while human rights advocates and some clinicians portray concerns as matters of consent and autonomy.[49][54]

Medical photography and display

[edit]

Photographs of intersex children's genitalia are circulated in medical communities for documentary purposes, and individuals with intersex traits may be subjected to repeated genital examinations and display to medical teams. Sharon Preves described this as a form of humiliation and stigmatization, leading to an "inability to deflect negative associations of self" where "genitalia must be revealed in order to allow for stigmatization".[55][56][57] According to Creighton et al, the "experience of being photographed has exemplified for many people with intersex conditions the powerlessness and humiliation felt during medical investigations and interventions".[57]

Access to medical services

[edit]

Adults with intersex variations report poor mental health due to experiences of medicalization,[58] with many individuals avoiding care as a result. Many Australian study participants stated a need to educate their physicians. Similar reports are made elsewhere: reports on the situation in Mexico suggests that adults may not receive adequate care, including lack of understanding about intersex bodies and examinations that cause physical harm.[59][60]

In countries without accessible healthcare systems, infanticide, abandonment and mutilation may occur.[40] Access to necessary medical services, for example due to cancer or urinary issues, is also limited.[36][60][61]

Inciting hate crimes by allegations of sex crimes

[edit]

One increasingly common cause of hate crimes against intersex people is the neurological claim that male and female brains have fundamentally different sexualities, in particular the claim that men are sexually impulsive and aggressive and bound to act on their sexual fantasies while most women are said to have a wider range of sexual fantasies than most men, including fantasies that it would be unacceptable to act on. The claim that a combination of one trait that most men have and one trait that most women have would produce a sex criminal adds up to allegations that intersex people are sex offenders. To decrease such severe discrimination against intersex people, some researchers advocate more public information about the error sources in the sexological studies that are said to show such sex differences. This includes the possibility that societal double standards may scare more men than women into not talking about or otherwise revealing their sex fantasies (corroborated by the existence of characteristics that differ between male volunteers and male nonvolunteers, but not between female volunteers and female nonvolunteers, in erotica research) giving a false appearance of men having narrower ranges of sexual fantasies than women, and the possibility that men who want to be castrated out of their spiritual beliefs may have to commit sex crimes and claim that it was due to uncontrollable urges to get castrated since such surgery is not off the shelf (corroborated by the overrepresentation of religious groups in child sexual abuse scandals that cannot be explained by biopsychiatric correlations) creating a false appearance of men being less able to control their sexual impulses than women. Certain intersex rights advocates argue that this may dispel the myth that intersex people are "hybrid degenerated" to be sex criminals, creating more understanding for intersex people.[62][63]

Suicide and self-harm

[edit]

The impact of discrimination and stigma can also be seen in high rates of suicidal tendencies and self harm. Multiple anecdotal reports, including from Hong Kong and Kenya point to high levels of suicidality amongst intersex people.[34][38] The Australian sociological study of 272 people born with atypical sex characteristics found that 60% had thought about suicide, and 42% thought about self-harm, "on the basis of issues related to having an intersex variation ... 19% had attempted suicide"; causes identified included stigma, discrimination, family rejection and school bullying.[64] Similarly, data from Mexico found higher rate of suicidal ideation and intention among intersex individuals. [65]

A 2013 German clinical study found high rates of distress, with "prevalence rates of self-harming behavior and suicidal tendencies ... comparable to traumatized women with a history of physical or sexual abuse."[66] Similar results have been reported in Australia[66] and Denmark.[58]

Education

[edit]

An Australian sociological survey of 272 persons born with atypical sex characteristics, published in 2016, found that 18% of respondents (compared to an Australian average of 2%) failed to complete secondary school, with early school leaving coincident with pubertal medical interventions, bullying on the basis of physical characteristics, and other factors.[64] A Kenyan news report suggests high rates of early school leaving, with the organisation Gama Africa reporting that 60% of 132 known intersex people had dropped out of school "because of the harassment and treatment they received from their peers and their teachers".[38]

The Australian study found that schools lacked inclusive services such as relevant puberty and sex education curricula and counselling, for example, not representing a full range of human bodily diversity. Only a quarter of respondents felt positive about their schooling experiences, schooling coincided with disclosure of an intersex condition, associated with well-being risks, and early school leaving peaked "during the years most associated with puberty and hormone therapy interventions".[64] Cognitive differences may also be associated with some traits such as sex chromosome variations.[67] Nevertheless, in addition to very high rates of early school leaving, the Australian study also found that a higher proportion of study participants completed undergraduate or postgraduate degrees compared to the general Australian population.[64]

Poverty and employment discrimination

[edit]

The impact of discrimination and stigma can be seen in high rates of poverty. A 2015 Australian survey of people born with atypical sex characteristics found high levels of poverty, in addition to very high levels of early school leaving, and higher than average rates of disability.[4] 6% of the 272 survey participants reported being homeless or couch surfing.[64]

OII Europe states that "stigma, structural and verbal discrimination, harassment" as well as harmful practices and lack of legal recognition can lead to "inadequate education, broken careers and poverty (including homelessness) due to pathologisation and related trauma, a disturbed family life due to taboo and medicalisation, lack of self-esteem and a high risk of becoming suicidal."[68]

An Employers guide to intersex inclusion published by Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia discloses cases of discrimination in employment.[69] Researchers have also documented frequent experiences of workplaces rejection among intersex individuals in Mexico, including social exclusion, offensive comments, harassment, unequal treatment, and violence. [70]

[edit]
Main article: Legal recognition of intersex people
Not to be confused with Discrimination towards non-binary gender persons.

Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex (male or female) but then identify with another later in life, while most do not.[71][72][73] Like non-intersex people, some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male. A 2012 clinical review suggests that between 8.5 and 20% of persons with intersex conditions may experience gender dysphoria,[45] while sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men and 6% unsure.[4][43]

Depending on the jurisdiction, access to any birth certificate may be an issue,[74] including a birth certificate with a sex marker.[75] The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that:

Recognition before the law means having legal personhood and the legal protections that flow from that. For intersex people, this is neither primarily nor solely about amending birth registrations or other official documents. Firstly, it is about intersex people who have been issued a male or a female birth certificate being able to enjoy the same legal rights as other men and women[6]

Access to a birth certificate with a correct sex marker may be an issue for people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth,[2] or it may only be available accompanied by surgical requirements.[6]

The passports and identification documents of Australia and some other nationalities have adopted "X" as a valid third category besides "M" (male) and "F" (female), at least since 2003.[76][77] In 2013, Germany became the first European nation to allow babies with characteristics of both sexes to be registered as indeterminate gender on birth certificates, amidst opposition and skepticism from intersex organisations who point out that the law appears to mandate exclusion from male or female categories.[78][79] The Council of Europe acknowledged this approach, and concerns about recognition of third and blank classifications in a 2015 Issue Paper, stating that these may lead to "forced outings" and "lead to an increase in pressure on parents of intersex children to decide in favour of one sex."[2] The Issue Paper argues that "further reflection on non-binary legal identification is necessary".

Sport

[edit]
Main article: Sex verification in sports

Women who have, or are perceived to have intersex traits are subject to stigmatization, humiliation and trial by media.[80][81][82] Currently suspended IAAF regulations on hyperandrogenism "mandated that national Olympic committees 'actively investigate any perceived deviation in sex characteristics'" in women athletes.[81]

In 2013, it was disclosed in a medical journal that four unnamed elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to gonadectomies (sterilization) and partial clitoridectomies (female genital mutilation) after testosterone testing revealed that they had an intersex condition.[81][83] Testosterone testing was introduced in the wake of the Caster Semenya case, of a South African runner subjected to testing due to her appearance and vigor.[81][83][84][85] There is no evidence that innate hyperandrogenism in elite women athletes confers an advantage in sport.[86][87] While Australia protects intersex persons from discrimination, the Act contains an exemption in sport.

LGBT

[edit]
Main article: Intersex and LGBT

Intersex people may face discrimination within LGBT settings and multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary "normalising" treatments on intersex children, using the portmanteau term "pinkwashing".

Emi Koyama has described how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.[88] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".[89] Mauro Cabral has written that transgender people and organizations "need to stop approaching intersex issues as if they were trans issues" including use of intersex as a means of explaining being transgender; "we can collaborate a lot with the intersex movement by making it clear how wrong that approach is".[90]

Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms"[91][92] but, in June 2016, the same organization pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBTI (LGBT and intersex) people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.[93]

In August 2016, Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of pinkwashing.[94] The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.[95]

Protections and rights by continent and jurisdiction

[edit]
This section is transcluded from Intersex human rights. (edit | history)


Africa

[edit]
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Kenya Kenya Since 2022Yes[96][97] No Yes[74] Since 2022Yes[98]
South Africa South Africa No[99][100] Yes[101] Yes Yes[102] Yes Subject to medical and social reports
Uganda Uganda No[103][104] No Yes[105]

Americas

[edit]
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Argentina Argentina No[106] No Yes Self-determination[107] Yes Since July 2021, gender X became available and implemented[108]
Canada Canada No[109] No Yes Yes Self-determination Yes
Chile Chile Yes[110][111] Yes[112][113][114] Yes Yes Self-determination[115] Yes[115]
Colombia Colombia No No, but restricted in children aged over 5. No Yes Self-determination
Mexico Mexico No[116][117][118] No[117] Yes Since May 2023, a gender X option formally became available on Passports within Mexico - alongside male and female options.[119][120]
United States United States No[121] Partial, in healthcare[122] No Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced[121] Yes/No Opt in only for Washington D.C., California, New York City, Ohio (with a court order only), New Mexico,[123] Nevada,[124] Oregon, Utah (with a court order only),[125] Washington State, New Jersey,[126] Colorado, and Michigan.[127][128][129][130] In October 2021, the very first US Passport with a gender X was issued by a court order for an individual. From April-11-2022, gender X becomes officially available and recognised for any validly issued US Passport holder.[131][132][133]
Uruguay Uruguay Yes[134][135] Yes Self-determination Yes[136]

Asia

[edit]
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Bangladesh Bangladesh No No [137][citation needed] Yes[137][citation needed]
China China No[138][139] No[140]
India India No No Yes[141] Yes[141]
Japan Japan No No Warning Requires surgery[6]
Nepal Nepal No No Yes[142][143] Yes[142]
Pakistan Pakistan No Yes[144] Yes Self-determination[144] Yes[144]
South Korea South Korea No No Yes[citation needed]
Thailand Thailand No No Warning Requires surgery[6]
Vietnam Vietnam No No Warning Requires surgery[6]

Europe

[edit]
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Albania Albania Yes[145] Yes[146]
Austria Austria Yes[147]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina No Yes[148]
Belgium Belgium Yes Self-determination[149][150]
Denmark Denmark No[151][152] No Yes Self-determination[153] No
Finland Finland No Yes[154] Yes Self-determination No
France France No[155][156] No No
Germany Germany Yes with exceptions[157][158][159] No Yes Self-determination Yes[160]
Greece Greece No Yes[16] Yes Self-determination
Iceland Iceland No Yes[161][162][163] Yes Self-determination[161][162][163] Yes[161][162][163]
Republic of Ireland Ireland No[164][165] No Yes Self-determination[153] No
Jersey Jersey No Yes[166]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes[167]
Malta Malta Yes Legislated[citation needed] Yes[168] Yes Yes Yes Self-determination[153] Yes[169]
Montenegro Montenegro No Yes[170] No No No No No No No
Netherlands Netherlands Yes
Norway Norway No[171] Yes Self-determination[172][173][174]
Portugal Portugal No Legislated[175][176] Yes Yes Yes Yes Self-determination[175][176] Yes
Serbia Serbia No Yes[177]
Sweden Sweden Yes Yes Self-determination effective from July 1, 2025 - under enacted April 2024 legislation passed in Sweden[178]
Switzerland Switzerland No[41][179][180][181] No Yes Self-determination[182] No
United Kingdom United Kingdom No[183][184] No No Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria[185] No

Oceania

[edit]
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Australia Australia No[186][42] Yes At federal level[187] No Exemptions regarding sport and female genital mutilation[187] Yes Policies vary depending on jurisdiction[188] Warning Requires sexual reassignment surgery since 1996 within NSW - until June 30, 2025. “Appropriate clinical treatment” required in NT, SA and WA. Self-determination in ACT, VIC, TAS, QLD (and NSW effective from July 1, 2025).[189] Yes (Passports) Yes Opt in at federal level, state/territory policies vary[188][190]
New Zealand New Zealand No[186][191] No (Under sex, however indirectly implied under the Human Rights Act 1993) No Exemptions regarding female genital mutilation[6] Yes Self-determination[192] Yes (Passports) Warning (Third birth certificate may be used if determined at birth[193])


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 2016-01-06
  3. ^ a b Richter, Ruthann (March 4, 2014). "In Uganda, offering support for those born with indeterminate sex". Stanford Medicine. Archived from the original on July 30, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d Jones, Tiffany; Hart, Bonnie; Carpenter, Morgan; Ansara, Gavi; Leonard, William; Lucke, Jayne (February 2016). Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78374-208-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  5. ^ a b Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (October 24, 2016), Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge, archived from the original on November 21, 2016
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15.
  7. ^ Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23.
  8. ^ "A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals". OII Europe. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
  9. ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. "United Nations for Intersex Awareness". Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  10. ^ "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006.
  11. ^ "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098". ComLaw. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
  12. ^ Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). "Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  13. ^ "Albania amends its Law for Protection from Discrimination: HIV status and sex characteristics are now protected grounds | LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey". www.lgbti-era.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  14. ^ "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08.
  15. ^ "LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Archived from the original on 2016-08-26.
  16. ^ a b ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις [LAW NO. 3456 Cohabitation, exercise of rights, criminal and other provisions] (PDF) (in Greek). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  17. ^ Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο (in Greek). 2015-12-23. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25.
  18. ^ "Napokon vidljivi". XY Spectrum.
  19. ^ "Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije | Crna Gora | Paragraf Lex". www.paragraf.me. Article 19 ("Any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and / or intersex characteristics is considered discrimination."). Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  20. ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Algemene wet gelijke behandeling". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  21. ^ a b "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  22. ^ "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  23. ^ "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018" (PDF). 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  24. ^ "LAW NO. 21,430 ON GUARANTEES AND INTEGRAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  25. ^ "U.N. rights body adopts first resolution to protect rights of intersex people". NBC News. 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  26. ^ Gleeson, Cailey. "UN Human Rights Council Passes Landmark Resolution Protecting Rights Of Intersex People". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  27. ^ "Combating discrimination, violence and harmful practices against intersex persons" (PDF). 21 March 2024.
  28. ^ "U.N. rights body adopts first resolution to protect rights of intersex people". NBC News. 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  29. ^ "United Nations addresses the human rights of intersex persons in ground-breaking resolution". ILGA World. 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  30. ^ "United Nations Passes Groundbreaking Intersex Rights Resolution | Human Rights Watch". 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  31. ^ Team, interACT (2024-04-04). "U.N. Human Rights Council Passes Landmark Resolution to Protect Intersex Rights". interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  32. ^ Editorial (2024-04-04). "United Nations addresses the human rights of intersex persons in ground-breaking resolution". OII Europe. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  33. ^ Lau, Mimi (August 24, 2015). "Baby born with male and female genitals found abandoned in Chinese park". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  34. ^ a b Luk, Small (October 20, 2015), Beyond boundaries: intersex in Hong Kong and China, Intersex Day, archived from the original on April 5, 2016
  35. ^ Free Press Journal Bureau (June 22, 2016). "Terming intersex baby a 'monster', father attempts to murder". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016.
  36. ^ a b Kaggwa, Julius (2016-10-09). "Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  37. ^ Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (3): 227–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.9016. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 18633712. S2CID 8897416.
  38. ^ a b c Odhiambo, Rhoda (October 20, 2016). "Kenya to mark international intersex day next week". The Star, Kenya. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  39. ^ Odero, Joseph (December 23, 2015). "Intersex in Kenya: Held captive, beaten, hacked. Dead". 76 CRIMES. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  40. ^ a b Carpenter, Morgan (May 2016). "The human rights of intersex people: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change". Reproductive Health Matters. 24 (47): 74–84. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.06.003. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 27578341.
  41. ^ a b Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (November 2012). On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012 (PDF). Berne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ a b c d Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  43. ^ a b Organisation Intersex International Australia (July 28, 2016). "Demographics". Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  44. ^ Ghattas, Dan Christian; ILGA-Europe (2016). "Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
  45. ^ a b Furtado P. S.; et al. (2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9 (11): 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182. PMID 23045263. S2CID 22294512.
  46. ^ a b Mouriquand, Pierre D. E.; Gorduza, Daniela Brindusa; Gay, Claire-Lise; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L.; Baker, Linda; Baskin, Laurence S.; Bouvattier, Claire; Braga, Luis H.; Caldamone, Anthony C.; Duranteau, Lise; El Ghoneimi, Alaa; Hensle, Terry W.; Hoebeke, Piet; Kaefer, Martin; Kalfa, Nicolas; Kolon, Thomas F.; Manzoni, Gianantonio; Mure, Pierre-Yves; Nordenskjöld, Agneta; Pippi Salle, J. L.; Poppas, Dix Phillip; Ransley, Philip G.; Rink, Richard C.; Rodrigo, Romao; Sann, Léon; Schober, Justine; Sibai, Hisham; Wisniewski, Amy; Wolffenbuttel, Katja P.; Lee, Peter (2016). "Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue: If (why), when, and how?". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 12 (3): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.04.001. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 27132944.
  47. ^ Resilient Individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Intersex Rights. Sydney: Australian Human Rights Commission. June 2015. ISBN 978-1-921449-71-0. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03.
  48. ^ Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H.J.; Mazur, Tom; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L.; Mouriquand, Pierre; Quigley, Charmian A.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric; Witchel, Selma; and the Global DSD Update Consortium (2016-01-28). "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975. ISSN 1663-2818. PMID 26820577.
  49. ^ a b c Creighton, Sarah M.; Michala, Lina; Mushtaq, Imran; Yaron, Michal (January 2, 2014). "Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?" (PDF). Psychology and Sexuality. 5 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.831214. ISSN 1941-9899.
  50. ^ Cabral, Mauro; Carpenter, Morgan, eds. (2014). Intersex Issues in the International Classification of Diseases: a revision (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-11.
  51. ^ Dayner, Jennifer E.; Lee, Peter A.; Houk, Christopher P. (October 2004). "Medical Treatment of Intersex: Parental Perspectives". The Journal of Urology. 172 (4): 1762–1765. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000138519.12573.3a. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 15371809.
  52. ^ Streuli, Jürg C.; Vayena, Effy; Cavicchia-Balmer, Yvonne; Huber, Johannes (August 2013). "Shaping Parents: Impact of Contrasting Professional Counseling on Parents' Decision Making for Children with Disorders of Sex Development". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10 (8): 1953–1960. doi:10.1111/jsm.12214. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 23742202.
  53. ^ Sandberg, Kirsten (October 2015). "The Rights of LGBTI Children under the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Nordic Journal of Human Rights. 33 (4): 337–352. doi:10.1080/18918131.2015.1128701. ISSN 1891-8131. S2CID 147310957.
  54. ^ Tamar-Mattis, A. (August 2014). "Patient advocate responds to DSD surgery debate". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 10 (4): 788–789. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.03.019. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 24909610.
  55. ^ Preves, Sharon Elaine (July 2000). "Negotiating the Constraints of Gender Binarism: Intersexuals' Challenge to Gender Categorization". Current Sociology. 48 (3): 27–50. doi:10.1177/0011392100048003004. S2CID 144785585.
  56. ^ Preves, Sharon (2003). Intersex and Identity, the Contested Self. Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-8135-3229-5. p. 72.
  57. ^ a b Creighton, Sarah; Alderson, J; Brown, S; Minto, Cathy (2002). "Medical photography: ethics, consent and the intersex patient". BJU International. No. 89. pp. 67–71.[dead link‍]p. 70.
  58. ^ a b Liao, Lih-Mei; Simmonds, Margaret (2013). "A values-driven and evidence-based health care psychology for diverse sex development". Psychology & Sexuality. 5 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.831217. ISSN 1941-9899.
  59. ^ Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133. S2CID 20101103.
  60. ^ a b Inter, Laura (October 3, 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  61. ^ Regmi, Esan (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal (PDF). Kathmandu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  62. ^ Trans and Intersex People: Discrimination on the Grounds of Sex, Gender Identity and Gender Expression, 2012, Christa Tobler and Silvan Agius
  63. ^ Human Rights Between the Sexes: A Preliminary Study on the Life Situations of Inter*individuals, 2013, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
  64. ^ a b c d e Jones, Tiffany (March 11, 2016). "The needs of students with intersex variations". Sex Education. 16 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1080/14681811.2016.1149808. ISSN 1468-1811. S2CID 74173324.
  65. ^ Muñoz, Ercio; Saavedra, Melanie; Sansone, Dario (2024). "The Lives of Intersex People: Socio-Economic and Health Disparities in Mexico". IDB Technical Note. doi:10.18235/0013001. hdl:10419/300963.
  66. ^ a b Schützmann, Karsten; Brinkmann, Lisa; Schacht, Melanie; Richter-Appelt, Hertha (February 2009). "Psychological Distress, Self-Harming Behavior, and Suicidal Tendencies in Adults with Disorders of Sex Development". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9241-9. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 17943433. S2CID 30380900.
  67. ^ Hong, D. S.; Hoeft, F.; Marzelli, M. J.; Lepage, J.-F.; Roeltgen, D.; Ross, J.; Reiss, A. L. (March 5, 2014). "Influence of the X-Chromosome on Neuroanatomy: Evidence from Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes". Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (10): 3509–3516. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2790-13.2014. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 3942570. PMID 24599451.
  68. ^ OII Europe. "European Intersex Visibility Works!". Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  69. ^ Carpenter, Morgan; Hough, Dawn (2014). Employers' Guide to Intersex Inclusion. Sydney, Australia: Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-92905-7. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
  70. ^ Muñoz, Ercio; Saavedra, Melanie; Sansone, Dario (2024). "The Lives of Intersex People: Socio-Economic and Health Disparities in Mexico". IDB Technical Note. doi:10.18235/0013001. hdl:10419/300963.
  71. ^ Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. US: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1405-1.
  72. ^ Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. US: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3.
  73. ^ Marañón, Gregorio (1929). Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. Madrid: Morata.
  74. ^ a b "Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling". Reuters. 2014-12-05. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  75. ^ Viloria, Hida (November 6, 2013). "Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality". The Advocate. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017.
  76. ^ Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. S2CID 143528047.
  77. ^ "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  78. ^ "Third sex option on birth certificates". Deutsche Welle. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.
  79. ^ "Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option". OII Europe. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014.
  80. ^ Karkazis, Katrina (August 23, 2016). "The ignorance aimed at Caster Semenya flies in the face of the Olympic spirit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  81. ^ a b c d Jordan-Young, R. M.; Sonksen, P. H.; Karkazis, K. (April 2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348 (apr28 9): –2926–g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 24776640. S2CID 2198650.
  82. ^ Macur, Juliet (6 October 2014). "Fighting for the Body She Was Born With". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  83. ^ a b Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; Hiéronimus, Sylvie; Gaspari, Laura; Kurzenne, Jean-Yves; Chevallier, Patrick; Bermon, Stéphane; Chevalier, Nicolas; Sultan, Charles (June 2013). "Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (6): –1055–E1059. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3893. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 23633205.
  84. ^ "Semenya told to take gender test". BBC Sport. 19 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  85. ^ "A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes". The New York Times. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  86. ^ Bermon, Stéphane; Garnier, Pierre Yves; Lindén Hirschberg, Angelica; Robinson, Neil; Giraud, Sylvain; Nicoli, Raul; Baume, Norbert; Saugy, Martial; Fénichel, Patrick; Bruce, Stephen J.; Henry, Hugues; Dollé, Gabriel; Ritzen, Martin (August 2014). "Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 99 (11): –2014–1391. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1391. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 25137421.
  87. ^ Branch, John (27 July 2016). "Dutee Chand, Female Sprinter With High Testosterone Level, Wins Right to Compete". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  88. ^ Koyama, Emi. "Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?". Intersex Initiative. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  89. ^ Kaggwa, Julius (September 19, 2016). "I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  90. ^ Cabral, Mauro (October 26, 2016). "IAD2016: A Message from Mauro Cabral". GATE – Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  91. ^ Organisation Intersex International Australia (November 21, 2012). "Intersex for allies". Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  92. ^ OII releases new resource on intersex issues Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Intersex for allies and Making services intersex inclusive by Organisation Intersex International Australia, via Gay News Network, 2 June 2014.
  93. ^ "Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review". Organisation Intersex International Australia. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016.
  94. ^ ""Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. August 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  95. ^ "TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child – Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  96. ^ Kisika, Sam (8 August 2022). "Landmark Kenya intersex rights law takes effect". Los Angeles Blade: LGBTQ News, Rights, Politics, Entertainment. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  97. ^ Chigiti, John (September 14, 2016). "The plight of the intersex child". The Star, Kenya. Archived from the original on 2017-01-29. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  98. ^ "The Children Act 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  99. ^ Collison, Carl (October 27, 2016). "SA joins the global fight to stop unnecessary genital surgery on intersex babies". Mail&Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  100. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of the Child (October 27, 2016). "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa". Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  101. ^ "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  102. ^ "Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000" (PDF). February 2, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  103. ^ Kaggwa, Julius (2016-09-16). "I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  104. ^ Kaggwa, Julius (October 9, 2016). "Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  105. ^ Parliament of Uganda (2015), Registration of Persons Act, archived from the original on 2017-05-01, retrieved 2017-05-15
  106. ^ Justicia Intersex; Zwischengeschlecht.org (2017). "NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention against Torture (CAT)" (PDF). Buenos Aires. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  107. ^ Global Action for Trans Equality (14 May 2012). "Gender identity Law in Argentina: an opportunity for all". Sexuality Policy Watch. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  108. ^ "Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities". 22 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  109. ^ Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46), 2019-05-23, retrieved 2019-06-01
  110. ^ "Circular 15" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  111. ^ "Complementa circular 18 que instruye sobre ciertos aspectos de la atencion de salud a niños y niñas intersex" (PDF). Ministerio de Salud. 23 August 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  112. ^ "Law No. 21,430 on Guarantees and Comprehensive protection of the Rights of Childrent and Adolescents" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  113. ^ "Proyectos de Ley Sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez". www.camara.cl (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados de Chile. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  114. ^ "Comisión de la Cámara aprueba que niñas y niños trans tengan derecho a desarrollar su identidad de género". www.movilh.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  115. ^ a b "Datos Registrales con Enfoque de Género" (PDF) (in Spanish). July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  116. ^ Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133. S2CID 20101103.
  117. ^ a b Inter, Laura (October 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  118. ^ Baruch, Ricardo (October 13, 2016), Sí, hay personas intersexuales en México, Animal Politico, archived from the original on June 12, 2017, retrieved May 15, 2017
  119. ^ Sprayregen, Molly (May 27, 2023). "Mexico adds nonbinary option to passports in "great leap" for the "dignity of people"". LGBTQ Nation.
  120. ^ Balevic, Katie. "Mexico introduced a non-binary passport, allowing people to write their gender as 'x' instead of male or female". Business Insider.
  121. ^ a b interACT (June 2016). Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  122. ^ interACT (2016). "Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care". Archived from the original on 2016-05-28. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  123. ^ "New Laws Take Effect in New Mexico". KOB4. June 14, 2019. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  124. ^ "ID Documents Center - Nevada". National Center for Transgender Equality. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  125. ^ Stevens, Taylor (October 8, 2018). "Utahn Becomes One of the First in the State to Receive Nonbinary 'X' Markers on Birth Certificate and Driver License". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  126. ^ Gunz, Rafaella (January 6, 2019). "New Jersey to Introduce Gender-neutral Birth Certificates in February". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  127. ^ "Birth Certificates". Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  128. ^ "California Senate Bill "SB-179 Gender identity: female, male, or nonbinary" to enact the Gender Recognition Act, to authorize the change of gender on the new birth certificate to be female, male, or nonbinary". California Legislative Information. January 24, 2017. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  129. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (September 26, 2016). "Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  130. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (December 29, 2016). "Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  131. ^ "Selecting your Gender Marker". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  132. ^ Migdon, Brooke (2022-04-04). "Nearly 17K Americans may request gender 'X' passport this year". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  133. ^ "US issues its first passport with X gender designation to reflect 'lived reality'". the Guardian. 2021-10-27. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  134. ^ "Ley N° 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en género" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  135. ^ "Prohíben las operaciones de definición de sexo en la niñez". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). 14 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  136. ^ "Ley Integral Para Personas Trans" (PDF). Uruguay Ministry for Social Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  137. ^ a b UK Home Office (December 2016). "Bangladesh: Sexual orientation and gender identity" (PDF). UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  138. ^ United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China". Geneva: United Nations. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  139. ^ United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Geneva: United Nations. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  140. ^ Equal Opportunities Commission (March 9, 2017). "EOC & GRC of CUHK Issue Statement Calling for the Introduction of Legislation against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status". Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  141. ^ a b Supreme Court of India 2014. "Supreme Court recognises the right to determine and express one's gender; grants legal status to 'third gender'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2017-05-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  142. ^ a b "Sunil Babu Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal" (PDF). National Judicial Academy Law Journal. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  143. ^ Regmi, Esan (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-05-15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  144. ^ a b c "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  145. ^ "Albania approves protocol to stop medical intervention on intersex babies". www.exit.al. 27 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  146. ^ "Albania Amends Its Law for Protection From Discrimination: HIV Status and Sex Characteristics Are Now Protected Grounds". Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  147. ^ "Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Intersex persons have the right to adequate designation in the civil register". www.vfgh.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  148. ^ "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  149. ^ "– Belgium – New Gender Recognition Law with obstacles". tgeu.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  150. ^ "New Belgian Gender Recognition Act: shouldn't self-determination also include non-binary people?". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  151. ^ Amnesty International (2017). First, Do No Harm. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  152. ^ Amnesty International (2017). "First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex". Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  153. ^ a b c McDonald, Henry; Others (July 16, 2015). "Ireland passes law allowing trans people to choose their legal gender". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  154. ^ Ghattas, Dan Christian; ILGA-Europe (2016). "Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
  155. ^ Guillot, Vincent; Zwischengeschlecht (April 3, 2016). "NGO Report to the 7th Periodic Report of France on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)". Archived from the original on 2017-03-25. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  156. ^ Sénat; Blondin, Maryvonne; Bouchoux, Corinne (2017-02-23). Variations du développement sexuel : lever un tabou, lutter contre la stigmatisation et les exclusions. 2016-2017 (in French). Paris, France: Sénat. Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  157. ^ Intergeschlechtliche Menschen (March 26, 2021). "Bundestag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschle". Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  158. ^ "Stellungnahme IVIM - OII Germany zum Gesetzentwurf der Bundesregierung "Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Schutz von Kindern mit Varianten der Geschlechtsentwicklung"" (PDF). OII Germany (in German). September 23, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  159. ^ "Presseerklärung Internationale Vereinigung Intergeschlechtlicher Menschen" (PDF). OII Germany. March 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  160. ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  161. ^ a b c Fisher, Owl (June 21, 2019). "On Trans Issues, Iceland has just put Britain to Shame". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  162. ^ a b c "Gender Autonomy Act Applauded". Iceland Monitor. June 21, 2019. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  163. ^ a b c "Iceland Passes Major Gender Identity Law: "The Fight Is Far From Over"". Grapevine. June 19, 2019. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  164. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org (December 2015). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Ireland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  165. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 4, 2016). "Concluding observations on the combined third to fourth periodic reports of Ireland (advance unedited version)". Geneva: United Nations. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  166. ^ "Discrimination (Sex and Related Characteristics) (Jersey) Regulations 2015". 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  167. ^ "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier". 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  168. ^ Malta (April 2015), Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final version, archived from the original on 2015-07-05, retrieved 2015-07-19
  169. ^ Dalli, Miriam (3 February 2015). "Male, Female or X: the new gender options on identification documents". Malta Today. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  170. ^ "Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije | Crna Gora | Paragraf Lex". www.paragraf.me. Article 19 ("Any discrimination, unequal treatment or unequal position of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation and / or intersex characteristics is considered discrimination."). Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  171. ^ "Norway". Rainbow Europe. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  172. ^ "Norway becomes fourth country in Europe to introduce model of self-determination - ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  173. ^ "Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender". 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  174. ^ "Norway: Historic breakthrough for transgender rights". www.amnesty.org. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  175. ^ a b "Portugal parliament approves new gender change law". Agence France-Presse. July 13, 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  176. ^ a b "Portugal's parliament approves new gender identity bill". DW. July 13, 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  177. ^ "Napokon vidljivi" [Finally visible]. XY Spectrum (in Serbian). 2021-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  178. ^ [1]
  179. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org (March 2014). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  180. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 26, 2015). "Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland". Geneva. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  181. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (September 7, 2015). "Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Switzerland" (PDF). Geneva. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  182. ^ "Switzerland to allow simple gender identity change next year". www.jurist.org. 27 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  183. ^ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (June 2016). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Geneva: United Nations. Archived from the original on 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  184. ^ Zwischengeschlecht.org; IntersexUK; OII-UK; The UK Intersex Association (April 2016). Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 5th Periodic Report of the United Kingdom on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (PDF). Zurich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2017-05-15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  185. ^ Payton, Naith (July 23, 2015). "Comment: Why the UK's gender recognition laws desperately need updating". The Pink Paper. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  186. ^ a b Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 2017-03-22, retrieved March 21, 2017
  187. ^ a b "We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  188. ^ a b "On intersex birth registrations". OII Australia. 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  189. ^ "Now That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal, States Must Abolish Transgender "Forced Divorce" Laws". BuzzFeed. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  190. ^ "Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  191. ^ Human Rights Commission (2016), Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-29, retrieved 2017-05-15
  192. ^ "New Zealand passes law allowing citizens to self-identify sex on birth certificates". www.jurist.org. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  193. ^ Department of Internal Affairs. "General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discrimination_against_intersex_people&oldid=1252306271"