Intermission

An intermission, also known as an interval in British and Indian English, is a recess between parts of a performance or production, such as for a theatrical play, opera, concert, or film screening. It should not be confused with an entr'acte (French: "between acts"), which, in the 18th century, was a sung, danced, spoken, or musical performance that occurs between any two acts, that is unrelated to the main performance, and that thus in the world of opera and musical theater became an orchestral performance that spans an intermission and leads, without a break, into the next act.^[1]

Jean-François Marmontel and Denis Diderot both viewed the intermission as a period in which the action did not in fact stop, but continued off-stage. "The interval is a rest for the spectators; not for the action," wrote Marmontel in 1763. "The characters are deemed to continue acting during the interval from one act to another." However, intermissions are more than just dramatic pauses that are parts of the shape of a dramatic structure. They also exist for more mundane reasons, such as that it is hard for audience members to concentrate for more than two hours at a stretch, and actors and performers (for live action performances at any rate) need to rest.^[2]^[3] They also afford opportunity for scene and costume changes.^[4] Performance venues take advantage of them to sell food and drink.^[4]

Psychologically, intermissions allow audiences to pause their suspension of disbelief and return to reality, and are a period during which they can engage critical faculties that they have suspended during the performance itself.^[2]^[4]

Plays

The term "Broadway Bladder" names "the alleged need of a Broadway audience to urinate every 75 minutes".^[5] Broadway Bladder, and other considerations (such as how much revenue a theater would lose at its bar if there were no intermissions), govern the placement of intermissions within performances, and their existence in performances, such as plays, that were not written/created with intermissions in mind.^[5]

William Shakespeare

The plays of William Shakespeare were originally intended for theater performance without intermissions. The placement of intermissions within those plays in modern performances is thus a matter for the play's director.^[6] Reviewer Peter Holland analyzed the placement of intermissions in 1997:

Of The Winter's Tale he noted that there was "as natural a break as anyone could wish for" before the speech of Time as Chorus, and that he had never seen a production that placed an intermission other than at that point.^[5]
Trevor Nunn's production of Measure for Measure in 1991 is given as an example of intermissions placed in the middle of a scene. It stopped halfway through act 3 scene 1, moving some of the lines from later in the scene to before the intermission.^[5]
Performances of King Lear, he observed, often place the intermission "disproportionately late", after the blinding of Gloucester.^[5]
The 1991 RSC production of Julius Caesar directed by Stephen Pimlott is pointed out as noteworthy for its extraordinary intermission length. Pimlott had placed the intermission after act 4 scene 1, after the action leaves Rome. This allowed the striking of the scenery. But it took sometimes as much as forty minutes for stage crew to remove the scenery, which comprised a "massive set of columns and a doorway" designed by Tobias Hoheisel, a period that was longer than the remaining length of the performance, some thirty-five minutes.^[7]

Many modern productions of Shakespeare plays have thus eschewed the introduction of an intermission, choosing instead to perform them straight through, as originally intended.^[6]

Kabuki

The intermissions in Kabuki theater can last up to an hour. Because this often results in people returning to their seats several minutes after the performance has resumed, playwrights generally take to writing "filler" scenes for the starts of acts, containing characters and dialogue that are not important to the overall story.^[8]

Noh

In the Noh theatrical tradition, interludes called nakairi are staged between the first and second halves of a performance, during which time kyōgen actors sum up the plot or otherwise further the action through performances known as aikyōgen. These interludes also give the main actors a chance to change costumes and rest.^[9]^[10]

Films

Intermissions in early films had a practical purpose: they were needed to facilitate the changing of reels.^[11] When Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth (The Loves of Queen Elizabeth), starring Sarah Bernhardt, opened on July 12, 1912, in the Lyceum Theatre in New York City, the four reel film was shown in four acts, with an intermission at each reel change.^[12]

The technology improved, but as movies became progressively longer, the intermission fulfilled other needs. It gave the audience a breather, and provided the theater management an opportunity to entice patrons to its profitable concession stand. A well-known 1957 animated musical snipe suggested, before the main feature in theaters and during intermission at drive-ins, "let's all go to the lobby to get ourselves a treat". During the 3D film trend of the early 1950s, intermissions were a necessity because even though many theaters used two projectors that could skip intermission by shifting from one reel to the other, 3D films required the use of both projectors – one for each stereoscopic image – and so needed an intermission to change the reels on both projectors.

The built-in intermission has been phased out of Hollywood films, the victim of the demand to pack in more screenings and advances in projector technology which make reel switches either unnoticeable or non-existent (such as digital projection, in which reels do not exist).^[13]

Indian cinema

Despite the phasing out of intermissions in the West, they have remained prevalent in India. There is a mass reluctance to abolish intermissions as they bring a large revenue to cinemas through customers buying snacks during these periods.^[14] The films Sangam and Mera Naam Joker had two intermissions each.^[15] Very few Indian films have been screened without intermissions, including Dhobi Ghat,^[14] Delhi Belly,^[16] That Girl In Yellow Boots^[17] and Trapped.^[18] Forced intermissions are common during screenings of western films in India.^[14]

Indian films shown in cinemas in the United Kingdom also commonly include intermissions,^[19] yet in the United States and Canada, these films play from start to finish without any pauses in between.^[20] Many Indian films released on DVD include the "intermission" card for cinematic screening.^[21]

References

^ Charlton 1986, p. 128.
^ ^a ^b Pavis & Shantz 1998, p. 187.
^ Andrews 2011, p. 59.
^ ^a ^b ^c Goodridge 1999, p. 85.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Holland 1997, p. 3.
^ ^a ^b Dessen 2002, p. 95.
^ Holland 1997, p. 4.
^ Brandon 1992, p. 29.
^ "Nakairi (中入り)". the-noh.com. April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ "Ai-kyōgen". noh.standford.edu. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ "History: Intermission". Cliftex. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "The Roadshow Era". Cinema Sightlines. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ Peter Hartlaub (December 19, 2003). "Longer movies, bigger drinks and no intermissions equal a new kind of epic struggle in the theater: one bowl to rule them all, and in the darkness bind them". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sharma, Garima (January 21, 2011). "Do we need the intermission?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
^ "'Did you know Raj Kapoor's 'Sangam' and 'Mera Naam Joker' had two intervals?". The Times of India. February 23, 2018. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ "Mayank Shekhar's review: Delhi Belly". Hindustan Times. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ "Intermission without permission?". The Times of India. September 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Dani, Arti (March 19, 2017). "No interval for Rajkumar Rao's Trapped". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021.
^ "Simply the Best Bollywood Films on The Big Screen". Odeon Cinemas. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Gokulsing, K. Moti; Dissanayake, Wimal, eds. (2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-67774-5. In theaters screening Bollywood and Tamil films in Massachusetts, USA, exhibitors sometimes decide to skip the intermission, which leads to consternation among the audience.
^ Blase, Cazz (April 5, 2012). "Music paste up: MIA and terrifying things to do with cars, Clean Bandit provide some local sauce, and the dance film season is upon us". The F Word. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2012.

Sources

Andrews, Richard (2011). Re-Framing Literacy: Teaching and Learning in English and the Language Arts. Language, Culture, and Teaching. Vol. 6. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-99552-8.
Brandon, James R., ed. (1992). Kabuki: Five Classic Plays. UNESCO collection of representative works. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1426-7.
Charlton, David (1986). Grétry and the Growth of Opéra-comique. Cambridge opera handbooks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25129-7.
Dessen, Alan C. (2002). Rescripting Shakespeare: The Text, the Director, and Modern Productions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00798-6.
Goodridge, Janet (1999). Rhythm and Timing of Movement in Performance: Drama, Dance and Ceremony. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85302-548-8.
Holland, Peter (1997). English Shakespeares: Shakespeare on the English Stage in the 1990s. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56476-2.
Pavis, Patrice; Shantz, Christine (1998). "INTERMISSION". Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8163-6.