Improvement commissioners

Boards of improvement commissioners were ad hoc urban local government boards created during the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and its predecessors the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. Around 300 boards were created, each by a private Act of Parliament, typically termed an Improvement Act.^[1] The powers of the boards varied according to the acts which created them. They often included street paving, cleansing, lighting, providing watchmen or dealing with various public nuisances.^[2] Those with restricted powers might be called lighting commissioners, paving commissioners, police commissioners, etc.

Older urban government forms included the corporations of ancient boroughs, vestries of parishes, and in some cases the lord of the manor. These were ill-equipped for the larger populations of the Industrial Revolution: the most powerful in theory, the corporations, were also the most corrupt; and many new industrial towns lacked borough status. While Binfield states that the first improvement commission in Great Britain was the Manchester Police Commission, established in 1765, followed by the Birmingham Street Commissioners in 1769,^[3] the Webbs list the Commissioners of Scotland Yard, formed in 1662 for sewerage and street-cleaning in the City of London and City of Westminster,^[4] and then New Sarum in 1736 and Liverpool in 1748,^[5] as well as various harbour commissioners from 1698.^[6] Jones and Falkus give the number of such bodies created:^[7]

Period	1725–49	1750–59	1760–69	1770–79	1780–89	1790–99
Number	4	17	31	36	39	33

Improvement Acts empowered the commissioners to fund their work by levying rates. Some acts specified named individuals to act as commissioners, who replenished their number by co-option. Other commissions held elections at which all ratepayers could vote, or took all those paying above a certain rate as automatic members.^[3] During the mid-19th century, some commissions came under Chartist control, for example, the Manchester Police and Gas Commissions, the Leeds Improvement Commission, the Bradford Highway Commission and the Sheffield Highway Commission.^[8]

Improvement commissioners were gradually superseded by reformed municipal boroughs (from 1835) and boards of health (from 1848), which absorbed commissioners' powers by promoting private acts.^[9] From 1872 England and Wales were divided into urban and rural sanitary districts, with improvement commissioners districts (also termed improvement act districts) becoming a type of urban sanitary district.^[10] Those improvement commissioners still acting as urban sanitary authorities by 1894 had their districts converted into urban districts, governed instead by an elected council.^[11] Harbour commissioners remained separate in many cases, and they or their successor body are the competent harbour authority in many UK ports.

In Ireland the first and best known improvement commission was the Dublin Wide Streets Commission in 1757, which covered the area of Dublin Corporation and the adjoining Liberties.^[12] Newtown Pery was governed by improvement commissioners from 1807 until 1853, when it was absorbed into Limerick city.^[13] The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 abolished most corporations, but the ad hoc improvement commissioners were superseded by standardised town commissioners appointed under the terms of Acts of Parliament of 1828 and later.

List

Note for table: 'ICD' stands for improvement commissioners district.

Pre-1848

Improvement commissioners district	County	Created	Act of Parliament
Commissioners of Scotland Yard	Middlesex	1662	(14 Cha. 2. c. 2)
New Sarum ICD	Wiltshire	1736	(10 Geo. 2. c. 6)
Gloucester ICD	Gloucestershire	1750	(23 Geo. 2. c. 15)
Wide Streets Commission	Dublin	1758	(31 Geo. 2. c. 19 (Ir))
Chester ICD	Cheshire	1762	(2 Geo. 3. c. 45)
Birmingham Street Commissioners	Warwickshire	1769	Birmingham Improvement Act 1769 (9 Geo. 3. c. 83)
Winchester ICD	Hampshire	1771	(11 Geo. 3. c. 9)
Bath ICD	Somerset	1789	(29 Geo. 3. c. 73)
Chichester ICD	Sussex	1791	Chichester Paving and Improvement Act 1791
Exeter ICD	Devon	late 18th century
Worthing ICD	Sussex	1803	Worthing Town Act 1803 (43 Geo. 3. c. 59)
Lichfield ICD	Staffordshire	1806
Norwich ICD	Norfolk	1806
Sheffield ICD	Yorkshire	1818	Sheffield Improvement Act 1818
York ICD	Yorkshire	1825	(6 Geo. 4. c. cxxvii)
Wantage ICD	Berkshire	1828	(9 Geo. 4. c. 90)
Ryde ICD	Hampshire	1829
St Leonards-on-Sea ICD	Sussex	1832	Act for "better watching, lighting etc. the town of St Leonards-on-Sea"
Herne Bay ICD	Kent	1833
Canterbury ICD	Kent	1833	(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 11)
Downham Market ICD	Norfolk	1835	(5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 52)
Crediton ICD	Devon	1836	(6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 25)
Milton next Sittingbourne ICD	Kent	1838	Milton-next-Sittingbourne Improvement Act 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. ii)
Walton on the Naze ICD	Essex	1841	Walton Improvement Act 1841
Severn Navigation Commissioners	Gloucestershire and Worcestershire	1842
Wells-next-the-Sea ICD	Norfolk	1844	(7 & 8 Vict. c. xciv)^[14]
Ventnor ICD	Hampshire	1844
Westminster Improvement Commissioners	Middlesex	1845	Westminster Improvement Act 1845

Post-1848

Improvement commissioners district	County	Created	Act of Parliament
Whittlesey ICD	Cambridgeshire	1849	Whittlesea Improvement Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c. 32)
Llandudno ICD	Caernarfonshire	1854^[15]^[16]
Milford ICD	Pembrokeshire	1857	Milford Improvement Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 74)
Chiswick ICD	Middlesex	1858	Chiswick Improvement Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 69)
West Worthing ICD	Sussex	1865

Converted into urban districts in 1894

By 1894 many earlier bodies of improvement commissioners had been replaced by local boards or borough corporations. There were thirty towns across England and Wales where the improvement commissioners were still the primary form of local government, acting as the urban sanitary authority. These districts were all converted into urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894:^[17]

Sources

Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1922). "Ch.4: The Improvement Commissioners". Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes. English Local Government. Vol. 4. 1922: Longman, Green. pp. 236–349.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

References

^ Ed. Juliet Gardiner, The Penguin Dictionary of English History
^ Hampton, W., Local Government and Urban Politics, (1991)
^ ^a ^b Clyde Binfield et al., The History of the City of Sheffield 1843 - 1993: Volume I: Politics
^ Webb & Webb 1922, p.239
^ Webb & Webb 1922, p.242
^ Webb & Webb 1922, p.241
^ Jones, E. L.; Falkus, M. E. (2014-01-14). "Urban Improvement and the English Economy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". In Borsay, Peter (ed.). The Eighteenth-Century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688–1820. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 9781317899747. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
^ Richard Price, British Society, 1680-1880: Dynamism, Containment and Change
^ Bryne, T., Local Government in Britain, (1994)
^ Guardians as Rural Sanitary Authorities: Powers and Duties under Public Health Act, 1872, and Sewage Utilization Acts. London: Knight & Co. 1872. p. 2. Retrieved 6 September 2021. The Public Health Bill having received the Royal Assent on the 10th of August 1872, the provisions with regard to the constitution of the several sanitary districts and authorities took effect from that day.
^ Local Government Act 1894
^ Potter, Matthew; Council, Limerick City (2006). The Government and the People of Limerick: The History of Limerick Corporation/City Council, 1197-2006. Limerick City Council. p. 34. ISBN 9780905700144.
^ "Commissioners for the Improvement of St. Michael's Parish, 1810-1851". Limerick Archives. Limerick.ie. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ "The National Archives". Discovery Catalogue. Retrieved 15 August 2022. Local and Personal Act, 7 & 8 Victoria I, c. xciv: An Act for lighting, paving, cleansing, widening, and improving the Streets of the Town or Parish of Wells in the County of Norfolk; for removing and preventing Nuisances therein; and for making new Streets or Roadways.
^ "No. 21494". The London Gazette. 15 November 1853. p. 3096.
^ "First meeting of the Llandudno Improvement Commissioners". North Wales Chronicle. Bangor. 26 August 1854. p. 8. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ Sessional Papers: Volume 77. House of Commons. 1894. pp. 6–14. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

v t e District status in the United Kingdom
Contemporary	Local Government Act 1972 - Districts of England Districts of Wales Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 - Districts of Scotland Districts of Northern Ireland Non-metropolitan district (shire district)
County districts	Local Government Act 1894 Urban district (1894–95) (1896–1974) Rural district (List)
Pre-1894 districts	Improvement Act District Public Health Act 1848 - Local board of health/Local government district (List) Public Health Act 1875 - Sanitary district (Rural)