Jump to content

Imperial units

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Imperial system)
This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see United States customary units. For an overview of UK and US units, see Imperial and US customary measurement systems. For the political ideology, see Imperialism.

The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London (590 Seven Sisters Road)

The imperial system of units, imperial system or imperial units (also known as British Imperial[1] or Exchequer Standards of 1826) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act 1824 and continued to be developed through a series of Weights and Measures Acts and amendments.

The imperial system developed from earlier English units as did the related but differing system of customary units of the United States. The imperial units replaced the Winchester Standards, which were in effect from 1588 to 1825.[2] The system came into official use across the British Empire in 1826.

By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, but imperial units are still used alongside metric units in the United Kingdom and in some other parts of the former empire, notably Canada.

The modern UK legislation defining the imperial system of units is given in the Weights and Measures Act 1985 (as amended).[3]

Implementation

[edit]

The Weights and Measures Act 1824 was initially scheduled to go into effect on 1 May 1825.[4] The Weights and Measures Act 1825 pushed back the date to 1 January 1826.[5] The 1824 act allowed the continued use of pre-imperial units provided that they were customary, widely known, and clearly marked with imperial equivalents.[4]

Apothecaries' units

[edit]
Imperial standards of length 1876 in Trafalgar Square, London

Apothecaries' units are not mentioned in the acts of 1824 and 1825. At the time, apothecaries' weights and measures were regulated "in England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed" by the London College of Physicians, and in Ireland by the Dublin College of Physicians. In Scotland, apothecaries' units were unofficially regulated by the Edinburgh College of Physicians. The three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, pharmacopoeias, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law.[6][7]

Imperial apothecaries' measures, based on the imperial pint of 20 fluid ounces, were introduced by the publication of the London Pharmacopoeia of 1836,[8][9] the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1839,[10] and the Dublin Pharmacopoeia of 1850.[11] The Medical Act 1858 transferred to the Crown the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries' weights and measures.[12]

Units

[edit]

Length

[edit]

Metric equivalents in this article usually assume the latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the imperial Standard Yard was 0.914398415 metres.[13]

Table of length equivalent units
Unit Abbr. or symbols Relative to previous Feet Metres Notes
twip 1⁄17280 0.0000176389 typographic measure
thou th 1.44 twip 1⁄12000 0.0000254

Abbreviation of "thousandth of an inch". Also known as mil.[14]

barleycorn 333+1⁄3 th 1⁄36 0.0084667 1⁄3 in
inch in (″) 3 Bc 1⁄12 0.0254 1 metre ≈ 39.3701 in
hand hh 4 in 1⁄3 0.1016 Used to measure the height of horses
foot ft (′) 3 h 1 0.3048 12 in
yard yd 3 ft 3 0.9144 Defined as exactly 0.9144 m by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959
chain ch 22 yd 66 20.1168 100 links, 4 rods, or 1⁄10 of a furlong. The distance between the two wickets on a cricket pitch.
furlong fur 10 chains 660 201.168 220 yd
mile mi 8 furlongs 5280 1609.344 1760 yd or 80 chains
league lea 3 miles 15840 4828.032 No longer an official unit in any nation.[citation needed]
Maritime units
fathom ftm 2.02667 yd 6.0761 1.852 The British Admiralty in practice used a fathom of 6 ft. This was despite its being 1⁄1000 of a nautical mile (i.e. 6.08 ft) until the adoption of the international nautical mile.[15]
cable 100 fathoms 607.61 185.2 One tenth of a nautical mile. Equal to 100 fathoms under the strict definition.
nautical mile nmi 10 cables 6076.1 1852 Used for measuring distances at sea (and also in aviation) and approximately equal to one arc minute of a great circle. Until the adoption of the international definition of 1852 m in 1970, the British nautical (Admiralty) mile was defined as 6080 ft.[16]
Gunter's survey units (17th century onwards)
link 7.92 in 66⁄100 0.201168 1⁄100 of a chain and 1⁄1000 of a furlong
rod 25 links 66⁄4 5.0292 The rod is also called pole or perch and equal to 5+1⁄2 yards

Area

[edit]
Table of area units and equivalents
Unit Abbr. or symbol Relative to previous Relation to units of length Square feet Square yards Acres Square metres Hectares
perch* 1 rd × 1 rd 272+1⁄4 30+1⁄4 1⁄160 25.29285264 0.002529285264
rood 40 perches 1 furlong × 1 rd[17] 10890 1210 1⁄4 1011.7141056 0.10117141056
acre 4 roods 1 furlong × 1 chain 43560 4840 1 4046.8564224 0.40468564224
square mile sq mi 640 acres 1 mile × 1 mile 27878400 3097600 640 2589988.110336 258.9988110336
Note: *The square rod has been called a pole or perch or, more properly, square pole or square perch for centuries.

Volume

[edit]
Imperial volume units, illustrated as jugs of various sizes

The Weights and Measures Act 1824 invalidated the various different gallons in use in the British Empire, declaring them to be replaced by the statute gallon (which became known as the imperial gallon), a unit close in volume to the ale gallon. The 1824 act defined as the volume of a gallon to be that of 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury (102 kPa) at a temperature of 62 °F (17 °C).[18] The 1824 act went on to give this volume as 277.274 cubic inches (4.54371 litres).[18] The Weights and Measures Act 1963 refined this definition to be the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water of density 0.998859 g/mL weighed in air of density 0.001217 g/mL against weights of density 8.136 g/mL, which works out to 4.546092 L.[nb 1] The Weights and Measures Act 1985 defined a gallon to be exactly 4.54609 L (approximately 277.4194 cu in).[19]

Table of equivalences
Unit Imperial
ounces 		Imperial
pints 		Millilitres Cubic inches US ounces US pints
fluid ounce (fl oz) 1     1⁄20     28.4130625 1.7339 0.96076 0.060047
gill (gi) 5     1⁄4     142.0653125 8.6694 4.8038 0.30024
pint (pt) 20     1     568.26125 34.677 19.215 1.2009
quart (qt) 40     2     1136.5225 69.355 38.430 2.4019
gallon (gal) 160     8     4546.09 277.42 153.72 9.6076
Note: The millilitre equivalences are exact, but cubic-inch and US measures are correct to 5 significant figures.
Unit measures defined by the Weights and Measures Act 1824,
all measures determined by reference to the statute gallon of 277.274 cubic inches.[18]
Liquid Dry Capacity
1⁄2 gill 4.32 cu in (70.8 mL)
gill 1⁄4 pint 8.64 cu in (141.6 mL)
1⁄2 pint 1⁄2 pint 17.38 cu in (284.8 mL)
pint pint 34.76 cu in (569.6 mL; 0.5696 L)
quart quart 69.32 cu in (1.1360 L)
1⁄2 gallon 1⁄4 peck or 1⁄2 gallon 138.64 cu in (2.2719 L)
gallon 1⁄2 peck or gallon 277.274 cu in (4.54371 L)
2 gallons (peck) peck 554.548 cu in (9.08741 L)
4 gallons (1⁄2 bushel) 1⁄2 bushel 1,109.096 cu in (18.17483 L)
8 gallons bushel 2,218.192 cu in (36.34965 L)
64 gallons quarter 17,745.536 cu in (290.79723 L)
Note: The 1824 Act removed the distinction between liquid and dry measure, specifying instead that
the dry quantities shall be unheaped. The metric equivalences shown are approximate.

British apothecaries' volume measures

[edit]

These measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined. For pharmaceutical purposes, they were replaced by the metric system in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971.[20][21] In the US, though no longer recommended, the apothecaries' system is still used occasionally in medicine, especially in prescriptions for older medications.[22][23]

Table of British apothecaries' volume units[nb 2]
Unit Symbols and
abbreviations 		Relative to
previous 		Exact
metric value[note 1]
minim ♏︎, , m, m., min   (1⁄9600 pint) 59.1938802083 μL
fluid scruple fl ℈, fl s 20 minims (1⁄480 pint) 1.18387760416 mL
fluid drachm
(fluid dram, fluidram) 		ʒ, fl ʒ, fʒ, ƒ 3, fl dr 3 fluid scruples (1⁄160 pint) 3.5516328125 mL
fluid ounce ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥, fl oz 8 fluid drachms 28.4130625 mL
pint O, pt 20 fluid ounces 568.26125 mL
gallon C, gal 8 pints 4.54609 L
Note:
  1. ^ The vinculum over numbers (e.g. 3) represents a repeating decimal.

Mass and weight

[edit]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the UK used three different systems for mass and weight.

The distinction between mass and weight is not always clearly drawn. Strictly a pound is a unit of mass, but it is commonly referred to as a weight. When a distinction is necessary, the term pound-force may refer to a unit of force rather than mass. The troy pound (373.2417216 g) was made the primary unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act 1824 and its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879,[30] with only the troy ounce (31.1034768 g) and its decimal subdivisions retained.[31] The Weights and Measures Act 1855 made the avoirdupois pound the primary unit of mass.[32] In all the systems, the fundamental unit is the pound, and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.

Table of mass units
Unit Pounds In SI units Notes
grain (gr) 1⁄7000 64.79891 mg Exactly 64.79891 milligrams.
drachm (dr) 1⁄256 1.7718451953125 g A dram is 1⁄16 of an ounce
ounce (oz) 1⁄16 28.349523125 g An ounce is 1⁄16 of a pound
pound (lb) 1 0.45359237 kg Defined by the Units of Measurement Regulations 1994 (SI 1994/2867)[33]
stone (st) 14 6.35029318 kg The plural stone is often used when providing a weight (e.g. "this sack weighs 8 stone").[34] A person's weight is usually quoted in stone and pounds in English-speaking countries that use the avoirdupois system, with the exception of the United States and Canada, where it is usually quoted in pounds.
quarter (qr or qtr) 28 12.70058636 kg One quarter (literally a quarter of a hundredweight) is equal to two stone or 28 pounds. The term quarter is also used in retail contexts, where it refers to four ounces, i.e. a quarter of a pound. (The 1824 act defined a quarter as a unit of volume, as above: thus a 'quarter of wheat', 64 gallons, would weigh about 494 lb.[35]).
hundredweight (cwt) 112 50.80234544 kg One imperial hundredweight is equal to eight stone. This is the long hundredweight, 112 pounds, as opposed to the short hundredweight of 100 pounds used in the United States and Canada.[36]
ton (t[citation needed]) 2240 1016.0469088 kg Twenty hundredweight equals a ton (as in the US and Canadian[36] systems). The imperial hundredweight is 12% greater than the US and Canadian one. The imperial ton (or long ton) is 2240 pounds, which is much closer to a tonne (about 2204.6 pounds), compared to the 10.7% smaller North American short ton of 2000 pounds (907.185 kg).
Gravitational units
slug (slug) 32.17404856 14.59390294 kg The slug, a unit associated with imperial and US customary systems, is a mass that accelerates by 1 ft/s2 when a force of one pound (lbf) is exerted on it.[37]
F  = ma (Newton's second law)
1 lbf  = 1 slug × 1 ft/s2 (as defined above)
1 lbf  = 1 lb × g/gc (by definition of the pound force[citation needed])
g  ≈ 32.17404856 ft/s2 gc  ≈ 32.17404856 lbm⋅ft/lbf⋅s2
∴ 1 slug  ≈ 32.17404856 pounds

Natural equivalents

[edit]

The 1824 Act of Parliament defined the yard and pound by reference to the prototype standards, and it also defined the values of certain physical constants, to make provision for re-creation of the standards if they were to be damaged. For the yard, the length of a pendulum beating seconds at the latitude of Greenwich at Mean Sea Level in vacuo was defined as 39.01393 inches. For the pound, the mass of a cubic inch of distilled water at an atmospheric pressure of 30 inches of mercury and a temperature of 62° Fahrenheit was defined as 252.458 grains, with there being 7,000 grains per pound.[4]

Following the destruction of the original prototypes in the 1834 Houses of Parliament fire, it proved impossible to recreate the standards from these definitions, and a new Weights and Measures Act 1855 was passed which permitted the recreation of the prototypes from recognized secondary standards.[32]

Current use

[edit]

United Kingdom

See also: Metrication in the United Kingdom
Countries using the metric (SI), imperial and US customary systems as of 2019

Since the Weights and Measures Act 1985, British law defines base imperial units in terms of their metric equivalent. The metric system is routinely used in business and technology within the United Kingdom, with imperial units remaining in widespread use amongst the public.[38] All UK roads use the imperial system except for weight limits, and newer height or width restriction signs give metric alongside imperial.[39]

A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systems—metric, imperial (UK), and US customary

Traders in the UK may accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are commonplace in the retail trade. Metric price signs may be accompanied by imperial price signs provided that the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the metric ones.

The United Kingdom completed its official partial transition to the metric system in 1995, with imperial units still legally mandated for certain applications such as draught beer and cider,[40] and road-signs.[41] Therefore, the speedometers on vehicles sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Even though the troy pound was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act 1878, the troy ounce may still be used for the weights of precious stones and metals. The original railways (many built in the Victorian era) are a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour.

Some British people still use one or more imperial units in everyday life for distance (miles, yards, feet, and inches) and some types of volume measurement (especially milk and beer in pints; rarely for canned or bottled soft drinks, or petrol).[38][42] As of February 2021, many British people also still use imperial units in everyday life for body weight (stones and pounds for adults, pounds and ounces for babies).[43] Government documents aimed at the public may give body weight and height in imperial units as well as in metric.[44] A survey in 2015 found that many people did not know their body weight or height in both systems.[45] As of 2017, people under the age of 40 preferred the metric system but people aged 40 and over preferred the imperial system.[46] As in other English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada and the United States, the height of horses is usually measured in hands, standardised to 4 inches (102 mm). Fuel consumption for vehicles is commonly stated in miles per gallon (mpg), though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents and fuel is sold in litres. When sold draught in licensed premises, beer and cider must be sold in pints, half-pints or third-pints.[47] Cow's milk is available in both litre- and pint-based containers in supermarkets and shops. Areas of land associated with farming, forestry and real estate are commonly advertised in acres and square feet but, for contracts and land registration purposes, the units are always hectares and square metres.[48]

Office space and industrial units are usually advertised in square feet. Steel pipe sizes are sold in increments of inches, while copper pipe is sold in increments of millimetres. Road bicycles have their frames measured in centimetres, while off-road bicycles have their frames measured in inches. Display sizes for screens on television sets and computer monitors are always diagonally measured in inches. Food sold by length or width, e.g. pizzas or sandwiches, is generally sold in inches. Clothing is usually sized in inches, with the metric equivalent often shown as a small supplementary indicator. Gas is usually measured by the cubic foot or cubic metre, but is billed like electricity by the kilowatt hour.[49]

Pre-packaged products can show both metric and imperial measures, and it is also common to see imperial pack sizes with metric only labels, e.g. a 1 lb (454 g) tin of Lyle's Golden Syrup is always labelled 454 g with no imperial indicator. Similarly most jars of jam and packs of sausages are labelled 454 g with no imperial indicator.

India

[edit]
Main article: Metrication in India

India began converting to the metric system from the imperial system between 1955 and 1962. The metric system in weights and measures was adopted by the Indian Parliament in December 1956 with the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, which took effect beginning 1 October 1958. By 1962, metric units became "mandatory and exclusive."[50]

Today all official measurements are made in the metric system. In common usage some older Indians may still refer to imperial units. Some measurements, such as the heights of mountains, are still recorded in feet. Tyre rim diameters are still measured in inches, as used worldwide. Industries like the construction and the real estate industry still use both the metric and the imperial system though it is more common for sizes of homes to be given in square feet and land in acres.[51]

In Standard Indian English, as in Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, Singaporean, and British English, metric units such as the litre, metre, and tonne utilise the traditional spellings brought over from French, which differ from those used in the United States and the Philippines. The imperial long ton is invariably spelt with one 'n'.[51]

Hong Kong

[edit]

Hong Kong has three main systems of units of measurement in current use:

In 1976 the Hong Kong Government started the conversion to the metric system, and as of 2012 measurements for government purposes, such as road signs, are almost always in metric units. All three systems are officially permitted for trade,[52] and in the wider society a mixture of all three systems prevails.

The Chinese system's most commonly used units for length are 里 (lei5), 丈 (zoeng6), 尺 (cek3), 寸 (cyun3), 分 (fan1) in descending scale order. These units are now rarely used in daily life, the imperial and metric systems being preferred. The imperial equivalents are written with the same basic Chinese characters as the Chinese system. In order to distinguish between the units of the two systems, the units can be prefixed with "Ying" (英, jing1) for the imperial system and "Wa" (華, waa4) for the Chinese system. In writing, derived characters are often used, with an additional 口 (mouth) radical to the left of the original Chinese character, for writing imperial units. The most commonly used units are the mile or "li" (哩, li1), the yard or "ma" (碼, maa5), the foot or "chek" (呎, cek3), and the inch or "tsun" (吋, cyun3).

The traditional measure of flat area is the square foot (方呎, 平方呎, fong1 cek3, ping4 fong1 cek3) of the imperial system, which is still in common use for real estate purposes. The measurement of agricultural plots and fields is traditionally conducted in 畝 (mau5) of the Chinese system.

For the measurement of volume, Hong Kong officially uses the metric system, though the gallon (加侖, gaa1 leon4-2) is also occasionally used.

Canada

[edit]
See also: Metrication in Canada
A one US gallon gas can purchased near the US-Canada border showing equivalences in imperial gallons and litres
Imperial and metric measurements on Canadian canned goods labels. The imperial measurements often take precedence over the metric ones on labels.

During the 1970s, the metric system and SI units were introduced in Canada to replace the imperial system. Within the government, efforts to implement the metric system were extensive; almost any agency, institution, or function provided by the government uses SI units exclusively. Imperial units were eliminated from all public road signs and both systems of measurement will still be found on privately owned signs, such as the height warnings at the entrance of a parkade. In the 1980s, momentum to fully convert to the metric system stalled when the government of Brian Mulroney was elected. There was heavy opposition to metrication and as a compromise the government maintains legal definitions for and allows use of imperial units as long as metric units are shown as well.[53][54][55][56]

The law requires that measured products (such as fuel and meat) be priced in metric units and an imperial price can be shown if a metric price is present.[57][58] There tends to be leniency in regards to fruits and vegetables being priced in imperial units only. Environment Canada still offers an imperial unit option beside metric units, even though weather is typically measured and reported in metric units in the Canadian media. Some radio stations near the United States border (such as CIMX and CIDR) primarily use imperial units to report the weather. Railways in Canada also continue to use imperial units.

Imperial units are still used in ordinary conversation. Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. The use of the metric and imperial systems varies by age. The older generation mostly uses the imperial system, while the younger generation more often uses the metric system. Quebec has implemented metrication more fully. [citation needed] Newborns are measured in SI at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Drivers' licences use SI units, though many English-speaking Canadians give their height and weight in imperial. In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per hundredweight (short), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Imperial units still dominate in recipes, construction, house renovation and gardening.[59][60][61][62][63] Land is now surveyed and registered in metric units whilst initial surveys used imperial units. For example, partitioning of farmland on the prairies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was done in imperial units; this accounts for imperial units of distance and area retaining wide use in the Prairie Provinces.

In English-speaking Canada commercial and residential spaces are mostly (but not exclusively) constructed using square feet, while in French-speaking Quebec commercial and residential spaces are constructed in metres and advertised using both square metres and square feet as equivalents. Carpet or flooring tile is purchased by the square foot, but less frequently also in square metres.[64][65] Motor-vehicle fuel consumption is reported in both litres per 100 km and statute miles per imperial gallon,[66] leading to the erroneous impression that Canadian vehicles are 20% more fuel-efficient than their apparently identical American counterparts for which fuel economy is reported in statute miles per US gallon (neither country specifies which gallon is used). Canadian railways maintain exclusive use of imperial measurements to describe train length (feet), train height (feet), capacity (tons), speed (mph), and trackage (miles).[67]

Imperial units also retain common use in firearms and ammunition. Imperial measures are still used in the description of cartridge types, even when the cartridge is of relatively recent invention (e.g., .204 Ruger, .17 HMR, where the calibre is expressed in decimal fractions of an inch). Ammunition that is already classified in metric is still kept metric (e.g., 9×19mm). In the manufacture of ammunition, bullet and powder weights are expressed in terms of grains for both metric and imperial cartridges.

In keeping with the international standard, air navigation is based on nautical units, e.g., the nautical mile, which is neither imperial nor metric, and altitude is measured in imperial feet.[68]

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Metrication in Australia

While metrication in Australia has largely ended the official use of imperial units, for particular measurements, international use of imperial units is still followed.

  • In licensed venues, draught beer and cider is sold in glasses and jugs with sizes based on the imperial fluid ounce, though rounded to the nearest 5 mL.
  • Newborns are measured in metric at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is sometimes also announced to family and friends in imperial units.
  • Screen sizes, are frequently described in inches instead of or as well as centimetres.
  • Property size is infrequently described in acres, but is mostly as square metres or hectares.
  • Marine navigation is done in nautical miles, and water-based speed limits are in nautical miles per hour.
  • Historical writing and presentations may include pre-metric units to reflect the context of the era represented.
  • The illicit drug trade in Australia still often uses imperial measurements, particularly when dealing with smaller amounts closer to end user levels e.g. "8-ball" an 8th of an ounce or 3.5 g; cannabis is often traded in ounces ("oz") and pounds ("p")[citation needed]
  • Firearm barrel length are almost always referred by in inches, ammunition is also still measured in grains and ounces as well as grams.
  • A persons height is frequently and informally described in feet and inches, but on official records is described in metres.

The influence of British and American culture in Australia has been noted to be a cause for residual use of imperial units of measure.

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: Metrication in New Zealand

New Zealand introduced the metric system on 15 December 1976.[69] Aviation was exempt, with altitude and airport elevation continuing to be measured in feet whilst navigation is done in nautical miles; all other aspects (fuel quantity, aircraft weight, runway length, etc.) use metric units.

Screen sizes for devices such as televisions, monitors and phones, and wheel rim sizes for vehicles, are stated in inches, as is the convention in the rest of the world - and a 1992 study found a continued use of imperial units for birth weight and human height alongside metric units.[70]

Ireland

[edit]
Main article: Metrication in Ireland

Ireland has officially changed over to the metric system since entering the European Union, with distances on new road signs being metric since 1997 and speed limits being metric since 2005. The imperial system remains in limited use – for sales of beer in pubs (traditionally sold by the pint). All other goods are required by law to be sold in metric units with traditional quantities being retained for goods like butter and sausages, which are sold in 454 grams (1 lb) packaging. The majority of cars sold pre-2005 feature speedometers with miles per hour as the primary unit, but with a kilometres per hour display. Often signs such as those for bridge height can display both metric and imperial units. Imperial measurements continue to be used colloquially by the general population especially with height and distance measurements such as feet, inches, and acres as well as for weight with pounds and stones still in common use among people of all ages. Measurements such as yards have fallen out of favour with younger generations. Ireland's railways still use imperial measurements for distances and speed signage.[71][72] Property is usually listed in square feet as well as metres also.

Horse racing in Ireland still continues to use stones, pounds, miles and furlongs as measurements.[73]

Bahamas

[edit]

Imperial measurements remain in general use in the Bahamas.

Legally, both the imperial and metric systems are recognised by the Weights and Measures Act 2006.[74]

Belize

[edit]

Both imperial units and metric units are used in Belize. Both systems are legally recognized by the National Metrology Act.[75]

Myanmar

[edit]
Main article: Myanmar units of measurement

According to the CIA, in June 2009, Myanmar was one of three countries that had not adopted the SI metric system as their official system of weights and measures.[76][unreliable source?] Metrication efforts began in 2011.[77] The Burmese government set a goal to metricate by 2019, which was not met, with the help of the German National Metrology Institute.[78]

Other countries

[edit]

Some imperial measurements remain in limited use in Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and South Africa. Measurements in feet and inches, especially for a person's height, are frequently encountered in conversation and non-governmental publications.

Prior to metrication, it was a common practice in Malaysia for people to refer to unnamed locations and small settlements along major roads by referring to how many miles the said locations were from the nearest major town. In some cases, these eventually became the official names of the locations; in other cases, such names have been largely or completely superseded by new names. An example of the former is Batu 32 (literally "Mile 32" in Malay), which refers to the area surrounding the intersection between Federal Route 22 (the Tamparuli-Sandakan highway) and Federal Route 13 (the Sandakan-Tawau highway). The area is so named because it is 32 miles west of Sandakan, the nearest major town.

Petrol is still sold by the imperial gallon in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Myanmar, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.[citation needed] The United Arab Emirates Cabinet in 2009 issued the Decree No. (270 / 3) specifying that, from 1 January 2010, the new unit sale price for petrol will be the litre and not the gallon, which was in line with the UAE Cabinet Decision No. 31 of 2006 on the national system of measurement, which mandates the use of International System of units as a basis for the legal units of measurement in the country.[79][80][81][82] Sierra Leone switched to selling fuel by the litre in May 2011.[83]

In October 2011, the Antigua and Barbuda government announced the re-launch of the Metrication Programme in accordance with the Metrology Act 2007, which established the International System of Units as the legal system of units. The Antigua and Barbuda government has committed to a full conversion from the imperial system by the first quarter of 2015.[84]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 10 pounds = 4535.9237 grams. @ 0.998859 g/mL => 4546.092 mL
  2. ^ References for the Table of British apothecaries' volume units: Unit column;[24][25]: C-7 [26] Symbols & abbreviations column;[22][23][24][25]: C-5, C-17–C-18 [26][27][28] Relative to previous column;[24][25]: C-7  Exact metric value column – fluid ounce, pint and gallon,[29] all other values calculated using value for fluid ounce and the Relative to previous column's values.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-61530-218-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  2. ^ Chaney, Henry James (1897). A Practical Treatise on the Standard Weights and Measures in Use in the British Empire with some account of the metric system. Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 3. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Weights and Measures Act 1985". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b c Great Britain (1824). The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807-1865). His Majesty's statute and law printers. pp. 339–354. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  5. ^ Great Britain; William David Evans; Anthony Hammond; Thomas Colpitts Granger (1836). A collection of statutes connected with the general administration of the law: arranged according to the order of subjects. W. H. Bond. pp. 306–27. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  6. ^ Edinburgh medical and surgical journal. A. and C. Black. 1824. p. 398.
  7. ^ Ireland; Butler, James Goddard; Ball, William (barrister.) (1765). The Statutes at Large, Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland: From the twenty-third year of George the Second, A.D. 1749, to the first year of George the Third, A.D. 1761 inclusive. Boulter Grierson. p. 852.
  8. ^ Gray, Samuel Frederick (1836). A supplement to the Pharmacopœia and treatise on pharmacology in general: including not only the drugs and preparations used by practitioners of medicine, but also most of those employed in the chemical arts : together with a collection of the most useful medical formulæ ... Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman. p. 516. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  9. ^ "A Translation of the Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1836.: With ..." S. Highley, 32, Fleet Street. 1837.
  10. ^ The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Adam and Charles Black and Bell and Bradfute. 1839. pp. xiii–xiv.
  11. ^ Royal College of Physicians of Dublin; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (1850). The pharmacopœia of the King and queen's college of physicians in Ireland. Hodges and Smith. p. xxii. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  12. ^ Great Britain (1858). A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of ... Printed by G. W. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen. p. 306.
  13. ^ Sears et al. 1928. Phil Trans A, 227:281.
  14. ^ Jerrard and McNeill, Dictionary of Scientific Units, second edition, Chapman and Hall; cites first appearance in print in Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (G.B.) vol. 1, page 246 (1872).
  15. ^ The exact figure was 6.08 ft, but 6 ft was in use in practice. The commonly accepted definition of a fathom was always 6 feet. The conflict was inconsequential, as Admiralty nautical charts designated depths shallower than 5 fathoms in feet on older imperial charts. Today, all charts worldwide are metric, except for USA Hydrographic Office charts, which use feet for all depth ranges.
  16. ^ The nautical mile was not readily expressible in terms of any of the intermediate units, because it was derived from the circumference of the Earth (like the original metre).
  17. ^ "Appendix C: General Tables of Units of Measurements" (PDF). NIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
  18. ^ a b c "An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures (17 June 1824)" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 17 June 1824. p. 639,640. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Two such Gallons shall be a Peck, and Eight such Gallons shall be a Bushel, and Eight such Bushels a Quarter of Corn or other dry Goods, not measured by Heaped Measure.. (The date of coming into effect was 1 May 1825).
  19. ^ imperial gallon. Sizes.com. 25 October 2013. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  20. ^ "The Weights and Measures (Equivalents for dealings with drugs) Regulations 1970". Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  21. ^ "Information Sheet: 11: Balances, Weights and Measures" (PDF). Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  22. ^ a b Zentz, Lorraine C. (2010). "Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Math – Apothecary System". Math for Pharmacy Technicians. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7637-5961-2. OCLC 421360709. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  23. ^ a b Boyer, Mary Jo (2009). "UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System". Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 108–9. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  24. ^ a b c Royal College of Physicians of Dublin (1850). "Weights and Measures". The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xlvi. hdl:2027/mdp.39015069402942. OCLC 599509441.
  25. ^ a b c National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 Archived 25 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. OCLC OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  26. ^ a b Rowlett, Russ (13 September 2001). "F". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. fluid dram or fluidram (fl dr). Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  27. ^ Buchholz, Susan; Henke, Grace (2009). "Chapter 3: Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems of Measurement – Table 3-1: Apothecary Abbreviations". Henke's Med-Math: Dosage Calculation, Preparation and Administration (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7817-7628-8. OCLC 181600929. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  28. ^ Pickar, Gloria D.; Swart, Beth; Graham, Hope; Swedish, Margaret (2012). "Appendix B: Apothecary System of Measurement – Apothecary Units of Measurement and Equivalents". Dosage Calculations (2nd Canadian ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-17-650259-1. OCLC 693657704. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  29. ^ United Kingdom; Department of Trade and Industry (1995). The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995. London: HMSO. Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents. ISBN 978-0-11-053334-6. OCLC 33237616. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  30. ^ Great Britain (1878). Statutes at large ... p. 308.
  31. ^ Chaney, Henry James (1911). "Weights and Measures" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 477–494, see page 480.
  32. ^ a b Great Britain (1855). A collection of public general statutes passed in the 18th and 19th years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. pp. 273–75.
  33. ^ "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  34. ^ "Definition of stone in English from the Oxford dictionary". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  35. ^ "Bulk densities of some common food products". engineeringtoolbox.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020. The density of wheat is 0.770, and 291*0.770=224 kilograms (494 lb).
  36. ^ a b Weights and Measures Act Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "Wolfram-Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine". Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  38. ^ a b Kelly, Jon (21 December 2011). "Will British people ever think in metric?". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy...
  39. ^ "Height and width road signs to display metric and imperial". BBC. 8 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017. New road signs showing height and width restrictions will use both metric and imperial measurements from March 2015....Road signs for bridges, tunnels and narrow roads can currently show measurements in just feet and inches or only metres. Some already display both.
  40. ^ "BusinessLink: Weights and measures: Rules for pubs, restaurants and cafes". Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Archived from the original (online) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  41. ^ "Department for Transport statement on metric road signs" (online). BWMA. 12 July 2002. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
  42. ^ "In praise of ... metric measurements". The Guardian. London. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  43. ^ King, Max (15 February 2021). "Decimalisation: Britain's "new pence" turn 50 years old". MoneyWeek. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  44. ^ "BMI healthy weight calculator". National Health Service. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  45. ^ Dahlgreen, Will (20 June 2015). "Britain's metric muddle not changing any time soon". Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. even today [2015] some 18-24-year-olds still do not know how much they weigh in kilograms (60%) or how tall they are in metres and centimetres (54%).
  46. ^ "YouGov Survey Results" (PDF). 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  47. ^ "Weights and measures: the law". gov.uk. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  48. ^ "Explanatory memorandum to The weights and measures (metrication amendments) regulations 2009" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2019. See paragraph 7.4.
  49. ^ "Gas meter readings and bill calculation". gov.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  50. ^ Velkar, Ashish (May 2018). "Rethinking Metrology, Nationalism and Development in India, 1833–1956" (PDF). Past & Present (239): 143–79. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtx064. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  51. ^ a b Acharya, Anil Kumar. History of Decimalisation Movement in India, Auto-Print & Publicity House, 1958.
  52. ^ "CAP 68 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ORDINANCE Sched 2 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND PERMITTED SYMBOLS OR ABBREVIATIONS OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT LAWFUL FOR USE FOR TRADE". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  53. ^ "Weights and Measures Act: Canadian units of measure". Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  54. ^ "11". Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  55. ^ "Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations (C.R.C., c. 417)". Justice Canada, Legislative Services Branch. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  56. ^ "Field Inspection Manual — Automatic Weighing Devices: Part 3, Section A: Abbreviations and Symbols Accepted in Canada". 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  57. ^ "A Canadian compromise". CBC. 30 January 1985. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  58. ^ "Les livres et les pieds, toujours présents (eng:The pounds and feet, always present)" (in French). 5 sur 5, Société Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  59. ^ "Imperial Measures - The Origins". BWMAOnline.com. British Weights and Measures Association. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
  60. ^ Rosen, Amy (23 February 2011). "Crepes worth savouring". National Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019 – via PressReader.com.
  61. ^ Rosen, Amy (2 February 2011). "Scoring brownie points". National Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019 – via PressReader.com.
  62. ^ McDowell, Adam (28 February 2011). "Drinking school". National Post.
  63. ^ "Home Hardware - Building Supplies - Building Materials - Fence Products". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
  64. ^ "Canada: Metric System". Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  65. ^ Allard, Marie (25 August 2015). "Système métrique: à quand le virage final?". LaPresse.ca (in French). Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  66. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Natural Resources. "Fuel Consumption Ratings Search Tool - Conventional Vehicles". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of (9 April 1999). "Railway Investigation Report R96W0171". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ "Canadian Aviation Regulations". Langley Flying School. sec. "Altimeter Rules". Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  69. ^ ""30 Years of the Metric System"". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  70. ^ "Human use of metric measures of length" Archived 9 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Dignan, J. R. E., & O'Shea, R. P. (1995). New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 24, 21–25.
  71. ^ "Republic of Ireland". www.railsigns.uk. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  72. ^ "Network Statement 2022" (PDF). Irish Rail. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  73. ^ "Full HRI Directives". Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
  74. ^ Parliament of the Bahamas. "Weights and Measures Act 2006". Bahamas Bureau of Standards and Quality. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  75. ^ "National Metrology Act, Chapter 294, Revised Edition 2011" (PDF). Government of Belize. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  76. ^ "The World Factbook, Appendix G: Weights and Measures". Web Pages. Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  77. ^ Gyi, Ko Ko (18–24 July 2011). "Ditch the viss, govt urges traders". Business and Property. The Myanmar Times. Translated by Thit Lwin. Myanmar. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  78. ^ Kohler, Nicholas (3 March 2014). "Metrication in Myanmar". Mizzima News. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  79. ^ "Address by Agriculture Minister Gregory Bowen". The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Grenada. 1 November 2004. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008. The price of gasoline at the pumps was fixed at EC$7.50 per imperial gallon...
  80. ^ "FAQ". MoF.gov.bz. Belize Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008. • Kerosene per US Gallon (per Imperial gallon) • Gasoline (Regular)(per imperial Gallon) • Gasoline (Premium) (per Imperial Gallon) • Diesel (per Imperial Gallon)
  81. ^ "The High Commission Antigua and Barbuda". Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  82. ^ Metschies, Gerhard P. (6 September 2005). "International Fuel Prices 2005" (PDF). International-Fuel-Prices.com. German Technical Cooperation. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  83. ^ "Introduction of the Metric System and the Price of Petroleum Products". Sierra Leone Embassy in the United States. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  84. ^ "Minister Lovell Addresses Metric Conversions". CARIBARENA Antigua. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

General sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Imperial units.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&oldid=1258581055"