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Enzo Ferrari

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(Redirected from Il Commendatore)
This article is about the founder of Ferrari. For the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. For the Italian footballer and manager, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).
"Il Commendatore" redirects here. For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari
OMRI
Ferrari in 1967
Born
Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari

(1898-02-18)18 February 1898
Modena, Italy
Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)
Maranello, Italy
Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing team entrepreneur
  • automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse
Laura Dominica Garello
​
​
(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI[1] (Italian: [ˈɛntso anˈsɛlmo ferˈraːri]; 18 February 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari automobile marque. Under his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships and eight constructors' world championships in Formula 1 during his lifetime.

He was widely known as il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by British opponents in reference to the English privateer Francis Drake, due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability and determination in achieving significant sports results with his small company. In his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

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Enzo Ferrari was born on 18 February 1898 in Modena, Italy, while his birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he had an older brother Alfredo Junior (Dino). The family lived in via Paolo Ferrari n°85, next to the mechanical workshop founded by Alfredo, who worked for the nearby railways. This site is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was the son of a grocer from Carpi, and began a workshop fabricating metal parts at the family home.[6]

Enzo grew up with little formal education. Unlike his brother, he preferred working in his father's workshop and participated in the construction of the canopy at the Giulianova station in 1914. He had ambitions of becoming an operetta tenor, sports journalist, or racing driver. When he was 10 he witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win at the 1908 Circuito di Bologna, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.[7] During World War I, he served in the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment of the Italian Army. His father Alfredo, and his older brother, Alfredo Jr., died in 1916 as a result of a widespread Italian flu outbreak. Ferrari became seriously sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was consequently discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

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Ferrari in 1920

"Second place is the first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After the collapse of his family's carpentry business, Ferrari searched for a job in the car industry. He unsuccessfully volunteered his services to Fiat in Turin, eventually settling for a job as test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer in Milan which rebuilt used truck bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted to race car driver and made his competitive debut in the 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished fourth in the three-litre category at the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N. 15/20. On 23 November of the same year, he took part in the Targa Florio but had to retire after his car's fuel tank developed a leak.[9] Due to the large number of retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

Drivers Enzo Ferrari (1st from left), Tazio Nuvolari (4th) and Achille Varzi (6th) of Alfa Romeo with Alfa Romeo Managing Director Prospero Gianferrari (3rd) at Colle della Maddalena, c. 1933

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing department of Alfa Romeo as a driver. Ferrari won his first Grand Prix in 1923 in Ravenna on the Savio Circuit. 1924 was his best season, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked by the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by his admission, continued to race half-heartedly. At the same time, he developed a taste for the organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth of his son Alfredo (Dino) in 1932, Ferrari decided to retire and form a team of superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This team was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) and acted as a racing division for Alfa Romeo. The team was very successful, thanks to excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to the talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving having participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on his team's cars. The emblem had been created and sported by Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War I, Baracca's mother gave her son a necklace with the prancing horse on it before takeoff. Baracca was shot down and killed by an Austrian aeroplane in 1918.[13] In memory of his death, Ferrari used the prancing horse to create the emblem that would become the world-famous Ferrari shield. Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo racing car, the shield was first seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

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Alfa Romeo agreed to partner with Ferrari's racing team until 1933, when financial constraints forced them to withdraw their support – a decision subsequently retracted thanks to the intervention of Pirelli. Despite the quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to compete with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers dominated the era, Ferrari's team achieved a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer on their home turf at the German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing team, named "Alfa Corse". Alfa Romeo decided to regain full control of its racing division, retaining Ferrari as Sporting Director. After a disagreement with Alfa's managing director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari left in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying parts to other racing teams. Although a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars for the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni. With the outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced to undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied bombing of the factory, Ferrari relocated from Modena to Maranello. At the end of the war, Ferrari decided to start making cars bearing his name, and founded Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947.[16]

Alberto Ascari (left), Enzo Ferrari (centre) and Mike Hawthorn (right) in the box of the Monza Circuit in 1953

Enzo decided to battle the dominating Alfa Romeos and race with his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place in Turin in 1948 and the first win came later in the year in Lago di Garda. The first major victory came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, with a Ferrari 166 MM driven by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson. In 1950 Ferrari enrolled in the newly born Drivers World Championship and is the only team to remain continuously present since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Grand Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a baby when his team finally defeated the mighty Alfetta 159. The first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a task that was repeated one year later. In 1953 Ferrari made his only attempt at the Indianapolis 500, but the car driven by Ascari crashed on lap 41 of the race.[17]

In order to finance his racing endeavors in Formula One as well as in other events such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the company started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing in the Mille Miglia brought the company new victories and greatly increased public recognition. However, increasing speeds, poor roads, and nonexistent crowd protection eventually spelled disaster for both the race and Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town of Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso de Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were children. In response, Enzo Ferrari and Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in a lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply unsatisfied with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian press, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision to start a new publication, Autosprint. Ferrari himself regularly contributed to the magazine for a few years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's greatest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six in a row in 1960–1965) and in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s, with the successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), and Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Great Walkout

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Enzo Ferrari's strong personality and controversial management style became notorious in 1962. Following a rather weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, sales manager Girolamo Gardini, together with manager Romolo Tavoni, chief engineer Carlo Chiti, sports car development chief Giotto Bizzarrini and other key figures in the company left Ferrari to found the rival car manufacturer and racing team Automobili Turismo e Sport (ATS). Based in Bologna, and financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to lure away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers like Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti and Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to drive his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at an especially difficult time for Ferrari. At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing a new 250-based model. Even if the car would be finished, it was unclear if it could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be successful. The mid-engined Dino racers laid the foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle with Jim Clark and Graham Hill. The Dino road cars sold well, and other models like the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula One 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in five races, folded at the end of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview that he and the remainder of Ferrari's senior figures did not leave on their initiative, but were ousted following a disagreement with Ferrari over the role of his wife in the company. He said: "Our mistake was to go to a lawyer and write him a letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. We knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have been able to deal with it in a different way. When he called the meeting to fire us, he had already nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

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Ferrari at Monza in 1966

By the end of the 1960s, increasing financial difficulties and the problem of racing in many categories and having to meet new safety and clean air emissions requirement for road car production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for a business partner. In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his company to Fiat S.p.A., with the caveat that he would remain 100% in control of the racing activities and that Fiat would pay a sizable subsidy until his death for use of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had previously offered Ford the opportunity to buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 in 2023 dollars [23]) but, late in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew once he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the company racing department. Ferrari became a joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of the company. In 1988 Fiat's holding rose to 90%.[24]

Following the agreement with Fiat, Ferrari stepped down as managing director of the road car division in 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Sporting Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency of Ferrari in 1992, a post he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up in 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 and 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press for replacing World Champion Lauda with newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari claimed that Villeneuve's aggressive driving style reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were reinforced after the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second after an intense battle with René Arnoux. According to technical director Mauro Forghieri, "When we returned to Maranello, Ferrari was ecstatic. I have never seen him so happy for a second place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

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In the early 1970s, Ferrari, aided by fellow Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Club d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that the race track was obsolete and inadequate to test modern racing cars. The proposal was initially discussed with interest, but eventually stalled due to lack of political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent to his factory and build the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use to test Ferrari racing and road cars.[28]

Final years

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After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, the team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign. In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's fortunes by switching to turbo engines. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed great promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an accident during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder, in May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had his career cut short in a violent end over end flip on the misty back straight after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost. Pironi was leading the driver's championship at the time; he would lose the lead and the championship by five points as he sat out the remaining five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end of the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux in contention for the championship until the very last race. Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would not see championship glory again before Ferrari's death in 1988. The final race win Ferrari saw before his death was when Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at the final round of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing and management controversies

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Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was known to pit drivers against each other in the hope of improving their performance. Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately increased psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and fostering an atmosphere of intense competition for the position of number one driver. "He thought that psychological pressure would produce better results for the drivers", said Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks. "He would expect a driver to go beyond reasonable limits... You can drive to the maximum of your ability, but once you start psyching yourself up to do things that you don't feel are within your ability it gets stupid. There was enough danger at that time without going over the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded results. But he was a guy that also understood when the cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always appreciate the effort that a driver made, when you were just busting your butt, flat out, flinging the car, and all that. He knew and saw that. He was all-in. Had no other interest in life outside of motor racing and all of the intricacies of it. Somewhat misunderstood in many ways because he was so demanding, so tough on everyone, but at the end of the day he was correct. Always correct. And that’s why you had the respect that you had for him."[30]

Enzo Ferrari (left) with Ilario Bandini in 1964

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari racing cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti. Although such a high death toll was not unusual in motor racing in those days, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being like the god Saturn, who consumed his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race car driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a single occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because of mechanical failure."[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life for his team, insisting that praise should be shared equally between car and driver for any race won. However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the car was the reason for any success".[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both of whom he had a strong personal relationship with, he chose not to get too close to his drivers, out of fear of emotionally hurting himself. Later in life, he relented his position and grew very close to Clay Regazzoni and especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

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Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life and rarely granted interviews. He seldom left Modena and Maranello and never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy after the 1950s. He was usually seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, and Imola, not far from the Ferrari factory, where the circuit was named after the late Dino.[35] His last known trip abroad was in 1982, when he went to Paris to broker a compromise between the warring FISA and FOCA parties. He never flew in an aeroplane and never set foot in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met his future wife, Laura Domenica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They lived together for two years, and married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Man and the Machine, Ferrari married to keep up appearances for the sake of his career, as divorce was frowned upon in the predominantly Catholic Italy, and sought sexual conquests not so much for pleasure but for the gratification of his ego. According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing manager Romolo Tavoni that "a man should always have two wives", and at one point in 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that when a man tells a woman he loves her, he only means that he desires her and that the only perfect love in this world is that of a father for his son", a comment that came several years after the death of his first son.[37]

Dino Ferrari, aged 15, and his father, Enzo Ferrari, photographed in 1947

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born in 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health and died from muscular dystrophy in 1956.[39] According to Time magazine, Ferrari and Laura's love for their son is what kept them together. Although Dino never raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for pleasure. He also designed engine parts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her death in 1978. John Nikas, writer and expert on the history of cars who founded the British Sports Car Hall of Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had a second son, Piero, with his mistress Lina Lardi in 1945. As divorce was illegal in Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death in 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known only to a few of his father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question that at some point in the late 1950s, Laura Ferrari discovered her husband's second life", and openly derided him as a "bastard" when she saw him in a factory. After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, he is vice chairman of the company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero told the Los Angeles Times that Michael Mann's 2023 biographical film Ferrari was accurate, in particular in its depiction of his father's drive, saying, "My father was a person who was always looking ahead, moving forward, never going back."[37]

Ferrari was made a Cavaliere del Lavoro in 1952, to add to his honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s. He also received several honorary degrees, including the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Award in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)[41] and the Automotive Hall of Fame (2000).[42]

Death

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Ferrari died on 14 August 1988 in Maranello at the age of 90, of leukemia. Because he was a private person, and because he feared popular protests due to the fact that Ferrari's team had been beaten by McLaren in every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo expressed the wish for his death to be reported in the media only on 16 August, the day after his burial (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August. He witnessed the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his death, which was dedicated as a symbol of his achievements. In 2002 Ferrari began production of the Ferrari Enzo, named after its founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks after Ferrari's death, and the result was a 1–2 finish for Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian and Milan native Michele Alboreto; it was the only race that McLaren did not win that season. Since Ferrari's death, the Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won the Constructors' Championship every year from 1999 to 2004, and in both 2007 and 2008. Michael Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari every year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won the title with the team in 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

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Grand Prix wins

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Year Grand Prix Location Car
1923 Italy Savio Circuit Ravenna Alfa Romeo RL TF
1924 Italy Savio Circuit Ravenna Alfa Romeo RL SS
Italy Polesine Circuit Polesine Alfa Romeo RL SS
Italy Coppa Acerbo Pescara Alfa Romeo RL TF
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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi. "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^ "Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati. Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^ Williams p. 9–10
  7. ^ "Enzo Ferrari (I)". IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^ Frasi di Enzo Ferrari Frasimania.it
  9. ^ "History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^ "Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  11. ^ Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781326174880.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Fathers of Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight". CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Manufacturing, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. ^ Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^ "THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine. Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  15. ^ "1935 German Grand Prix". Motor Sport. Motor Sport Magazine.
  16. ^ Machado, Luiz (12 May 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Ferrari Makes First And Only Indy 500 Appearance In 1952". Autoweek. Hearst Digital Media. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  18. ^ David, David (10 September 2010). "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Car Digest. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ^ it:Autosprint
  20. ^ "Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91". Oncars India. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  21. ^ McDonough, Ed (November 2008). "Road to Nowhere - ex Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.
  22. ^ "Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961". 23 October 2016.
  23. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  24. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Stake In Ferrari to 90%". The New York Times. 8 September 1988.
  25. ^ "Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^ McLauchlan, Bill (August 2003). "As good as Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^ "I grandi duelli della Formula 1". autosprint.corrieredellosport.it. 16 September 2019.
  28. ^ Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^ "Foster's Australian Grand Prix - RACE RESULT". F1. Formula One World Championship Limited.
  30. ^ Gushue, Ted (1 March 2016). "Mario Andretti On Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, And Growing Up On The Race Track • Petrolicious". Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  31. ^ "Enzo Ferrari – a great inspiration". sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  32. ^ Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Write his legend in red, The Sunday Times, 18 January 2004
  33. ^ "r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve". reddit. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  34. ^ "Picture story: When Enzo shared a laugh with Gilles". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  35. ^ Noble, Jonathon, and Hughes, Mark. Formula One Racing for Dummies (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^ "F1 Beyond The Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo". Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  37. ^ a b c d e Waxman, Olivia B. (25 December 2023). "The True Story Behind Michael Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  38. ^ Williams, p. 28
  39. ^ Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-84425-414-9.
  40. ^ a b Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-84425-414-9.
  41. ^ "International Motorsports Hall of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. 8 May 1994. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2001.
  42. ^ Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022). "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Automotive Hall of Fame". CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  43. ^ Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: history, reviews and specs of an icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^ Emmerson, Gary (29 August 2004). "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Where it All Began". Autosport. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2004.
  45. ^ Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^ "Hamilton claims title glory in remarkable finish". The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  47. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Fleming Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^ Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022). "Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Star In Michael Mann's Passion Project 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Domestic Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  49. ^ "Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian). 12 July 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

[edit]
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, che gente... Conti Editore.
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Power, Politics, and the Making of an Automotive Empire. David Bull Publishing.
  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate History of Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.
  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-5037-6.
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: The Definitive Biography of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN 978-1-78840-473-0.
[edit]
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