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Tagish language

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Tagish
Tā̀gish
Native toCanada
RegionNorthwest Territories, Yukon
EthnicityTagish people
Extinct2008, with the death of Lucy Wren[1][2]
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3tgx
Glottologtagi1240
ELPTagish
Tagish is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Tagish is an extinct language spoken by the Tagish or Carcross-Tagish, a First Nations people that historically lived in the Northwest Territories and Yukon in Canada. The name Tagish derives from /ta:gizi dene/, or "Tagish people", which is how they refer to themselves, where /ta:gizi/ is a place name meaning "it (spring ice) is breaking up.[3]

The language is a Northern Athabaskan language, closely related to Tahltan and Kaska. The three languages are often grouped together as Tahltan-Kaska-Tagish; the three languages are considered dialects of the same language by some.[4] As of 2004, there was only 1 native fluent speaker of Tagish documented: Lucy Wren (Agaymā/Ghùch Tlâ).[5] She died in 2008.[6]

Classification

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Tagish is among many other languages within the large language family of Na-Dene languages,[7] which includes another group of indigenous North American languages called the Athabaskan languages.[8] The Northern Athabaskan languages are often considered to be part of a complex of languages entitled Tagish-Tahltan-Kaska. The languages in this complex have an extremely similar lexicon and grammar but differ in systems of obstruents.[4] Known alternatively as Dene K'e, Tagish is also closely related to the neighboring languages Tahltan, Kaska, and Southern Tutchone.[9]

Geographic distribution

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The Tagish people make their territory in southern Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia in Canada,[3] most specifically at Tagish, which lies between Marsh Lake and Tagish Lake, and Carcross, located between Bennett and Nares Lake.[5] The language was used most frequently in the Lewes and Teslin plateaus.

History

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The culture of the Tagish people has its roots in both the coastal Indian cultures and those from the interior (Tlingit and Athabaskan languages, Athapaskan respectively).[5] Trade and travel across the Chilkoot pass contributed to the mixing of these cultures. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Tlingit-speaking peoples began to move in from the coast and intermarry with the native Tagish-speaking population. By the time outsiders first made contact in the 1880s, the majority of the people were bilingual, and the Tlingit language had replaced Tagish as the language of the majority.[5]

Tagish became less common partially because native traditions were domesticated and suppressed in writing by the colonial administration.[10] The most significant impact on the decline of nearly every native language in Canada came when aboriginal children were forced to attend residential schools where they were forbidden to speak their own languages.[11]

After the Yukon Gold Rush in 1898, English became the majority language of the area. As the majority of children attended the English-only Chooutla Anglican school nearby, fluency in the native languages began to be lost. Language courses began to be reintroduced in the 1970s, but the programs had little funding and were not comparable to the French or English programs present. More recently, political awareness has led to movements to gain constitutional provisions for the language, as well as a greater focus on in-school programs, language conferences, and public awareness.[9] For example, beginning in 2004, Southern Tutchone and Tagish languages were being revitalized and protected through an on-line approach called FirstVoices.

The federal government signed an agreement giving the territory $4.25 million over five years to "preserve, develop and enhance aboriginal languages",[12] however Tagish was not one of the offered native language programs. Ken McQueen stated that despite efforts, the language will likely become extinct after the last fluent Tagish speaker dies.[13]

Tagish on First Voices

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FirstVoices is an indigenous language computer database and web-based teaching and development tool.[14] Tagish was one of the first to be added to the FirstVoices digital multimedia archive of endangered indigenous languages.[9] Resources on the site include sound files of name pronunciation, word lists, and some children's books written in the language. This language documentation is intended to create a holistic platform where identity, oral tradition, elders' knowledge and the centrality of the land can all be intertwined.[9] On the Tagish FirstVoices page, there are a total of 36 words and 442 phrases archived and sound recordings of the alphabet. To provide a cultural context, there are also a community slide show and art gallery section. This website includes greetings from a multitude of elders complete with contact information about the website's contributors.[15]

Notable people

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Angela Sidney was a prominent activist for the use and reclamation of her Tagish language and heritage in the southern Yukon Territory. Born in 1902, her heritage was Tagish on her father's side and Tlingit on her mother's side. Sidney's accomplishments include working with Julie Cruikshank, documenting and authoring traditional stories[16] as well as becoming a member of the Order of Canada in 1986. Sidney died in 1991.[17]

Lucy Wren was the last known fluent speaker. She was actively involved in the recordings and stories used on the First Voices website including the "Our Elders Statement" before passing in 2008.[18] This work by Lucy Wren has been continued by her son Norman James as he works to record more language and culture of the Tagish and Tlingit people for the Yukon Native Language Centre and the First Voices website.[19]

Phonology

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The Tagish language includes aspiration, glottalization, nasal sounds, resonance, and tones.[20]

Tagish is characterized by the simplest stem-initial consonant system of the Northern Athabaskan languages, has a conservative vowel system and conserves stem-final consonants. Final glottalization is lost. Constricted vowels are pronounced with low tone.[20]

The Tagish language includes nouns, verbs, and particles. Particles and nouns are single, sometimes compounded, morphemes, but the difference is that nouns can be inflected and particles cannot. Verbs are the most complex class in this language because their stemmed morphemes have many prefixes which indicate inflectional and derivational categories.[21]

The total inventory of phonemes present in Tagish includes:[22]

Consonants

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Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Plosive plain t ⟨d⟩ t͡s ⟨dz⟩ t͡ɬ ⟨dl⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨j⟩ k ⟨g⟩ ʔ ⟨'⟩
aspirated tʰ ⟨t⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ts⟩ t͡ɬʰ ⟨tl⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨t'⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨ts'⟩ t͡ɬʼ ⟨tl'⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ kʼ ⟨k'⟩
prenasal ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ ⁿd ⟨nd⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨s⟩ ɬ ⟨ł⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced z ⟨z⟩ ɮ ⟨l⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩ ɣ ⟨ÿ⟩
Semivowel j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩

Vowels

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The short vowels /i, e, a, o, u/; as well as their long counterparts /iː, eː, aː, oː, uː/.[23]

Long vowels are denoted with a macron as follows: ⟨ā⟩. Nasal vowels are denoted by a hook as follows: ⟨ᶏ⟩.[24]

Tone

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High tone is marked with (v́) on short vowels and (v́v) on long vowels while low tones remain unmarked.[25]

Orthography

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The language makes use of the Latin writing system.[24]

Vocabulary

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Some women's names contain the nasalized prefix Maa which translates directly to "mother of."[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Lucy Wren • Biography". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24.
  2. ^ Tagish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ a b Yinka Déné Language Institute. (2006). The Tagish Language. https://www.ydli.org/langs/tagish.htm
  4. ^ a b Alderete, J., Blenkiron, A., &Thompson, J. E. (2014). Some notes on stem phonology and the development of affricates in Tahltan (Northern Athabaskan). Ms., Simon Fraser University and Northwest Community College.
  5. ^ a b c d Greenaway, J. (2006, November 08). Tagish First Voices Project. http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Tagish/welcome
  6. ^ "Carcross elder steps forward to continue language work of mother and sister". Yukon News. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  7. ^ Na-Dene Language Family. (2016). Salem Press Encyclopedia
  8. ^ Olson, Tamara. (1999). The Na-Dene Languages. Brigham Young University. Retrieved from http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/na-dene.html
  9. ^ a b c d Moore, Patrick; Hennessy, Kate (2006). "New Technologies and Contested Ideologies: The Tagish FirstVoices Project". The American Indian Quarterly. 30 (1): 119–137. doi:10.1353/aiq.2006.0006. JSTOR 4138916. S2CID 144741485. ProQuest 216858891.
  10. ^ Remie, Cornelius H. W. (2002). "Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory: A Review Article". Anthropos. 97 (2): 553–557. JSTOR 40466054.
  11. ^ Unrau, Jason (8 April 2010). "Parties at odds over preserving languages". Whitehorse Star. p. 4. ProQuest 362432339.
  12. ^ MacQueen, Ken (10 September 1989). "Native tongue was a sin, punishment was the strap". The Gazette. p. A4. ProQuest 431847503.
  13. ^ MacQueen, Ken (6 September 1989). "The Tagish language is Angela Sidney, age 87, and only Angela Sidney". Southam News. p. 1. ProQuest 460878484.
  14. ^ "Protecting the past with the future". Whitehorse Star. 7 November 2005. p. 5. ProQuest 362290009.
  15. ^ "Tagish First Voices".
  16. ^ Ruppert, James (2001). "Tagish". Our Voices: Native Stories of Alaska and the Yukon: 169–186.
  17. ^ "Angela Sidney". Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  18. ^ Wren, Lucy. "Our Elders Statement". Archived from the original on 2019-11-17. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  19. ^ "Yukon News". April 2015.
  20. ^ a b Krauss, M. E., & Golla, V. K. (1978). Northern Athapaskan languages. In Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic (Vol. 6, pp. 67-85). Government Printing Office 1978.
  21. ^ Helm, June. (1981). Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic. Smithsonian Institution
  22. ^ McClellan, C. (1978). Tagish. In Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic (Vol. 6, pp. 481-492). Government Printing Office 1978.
  23. ^ Aboriginal Language Services (1994). Tagish Literacy Workshop. Tagish, Yukon.
  24. ^ a b "YNLC•Tagish". Archived from the original on 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  25. ^ a b Cruikshank, Julie; Sidney, Angela; Smith, Kitty; Ned, Annie (1992). Life Lived Like a Story: Life Stories of Three Yukon Native Elders. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0413-4.[page needed]
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