Central Pashto
| Central Pashto | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Pakistan, Afghanistan |
| Ethnicity | Pashtuns |
Native speakers | 6.4 million (2017 census)[1] |
| Arabic (Pashto alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Pashto Academy of Pakistan Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pst |
| Glottolog | cent1973 |
Central Pashto (Pashto: منځنۍ پښتو, romanized: Manźanəi Pax̌to) is a standard variety of the Pashto language, spoken in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are the middle dialects of Mangal, Zadran, Mahsudi and Waziri.[2][3] These dialects are affected by what Ibrahim Khan terms as "the Great Karlāṇ Vowel Shift".[4]
Here is a comparison of Middle Dialects with South Eastern:
| Central Dialects | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waziri | ʃ | ʒ | t͡s | d͡z | ʒ |
| Dzadrāṇi[5] | ç | ʝ | t͡s | d͡z | ʒ |
| Mahsudi[6] | ʃ | ʒ | t͡s, s | d͡z, z | ʒ |
Northern
[edit]Zadrani
[edit]Daniel Septfonds provides the following example:[7]
| Sentence | Notes | |
|---|---|---|
| Dzadrāṇi | دا يې تو په اورشو کې ميږ پروتۀ يي
dā ye to pə oršó ke miʝ protə́ yi |
is used instead of the د /də/ [د+تا=ستا]
|
| Kandahar | دا ستا په ورشو کې موږ پراتۀ يو
dā sta pə waršó ke muẓ̌ prātə́ yu | |
| Meaning | On this meadow of yours, we are lying/located. | |
Vowel Shift
[edit]In Źadrāṇi, a vowel shift like Waziri has been noted:[8]
| Kandahar | Meaning | Zadrani | N.Wazirwola |
|---|---|---|---|
| هوښيار
/huʂ.ˈjɑr/ huṣ̌yā́r |
Intelligent | ox̌yór
/oç.ˈjor/ |
ošyór
/ɔʃ.ˈjɔr/ |
| پياله
/pjɑ.ˈla/ pyālá |
Cup | pyolá, pyelá
/pjo.ˈla/, /pjo.ˈla/ |
pyolá
/pjɔ.ˈla/ |
- Apridi
Afridi/Apridi is also categorised as a Northern Phonology.[9]
Vowel Shift
[edit]There is presence of the additional vowels close-mid central rounded vowel /ɵ/ and open back rounded vowel /ɒː / in Apridi. The following vowel shift has been noted by Jdosef Elfenbein:[10]
| Northeastern General IPA | Apridi IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| /las/ | /lɑs/ | ten |
| /ɣag/ | /ɣɑg/ | sound |
| /ʃpag/ | /ʃpeg/ | six |
| /wraz/ | /wrez/ | day |
| Northeastern General IPA | Apridi IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| /ˈban.d̪e/ | /ˈbɒːn.d̪e/ | upon |
| Northeastern General IPA | Apridi IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| /mor/ | /mɵr/ | mother |
| Northeastern General IPA | Apridi IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| /u.ˈd̪ə/ | /wi.ˈd̪ə/ | asleep |
Lexical Comparison
[edit]Naseem Khan Naseem provides the following list:[11]
| Apridi | Yusapzai | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| کالۀ
kālə́ |
کور
kor |
house | |
| خور[12]xɵr | خور
xor |
sister | |
| مړييې[13]maṛíye | ډوډۍ
ḍoḍə́i |
food | |
| پلور[12]plɒr | پلار
plār |
father | |
Sample Text
[edit]
The following difference can be noticed in pronunciation:
| Literary Pashto | Apridi Pashto | Yusapzai Pashto | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| پورته شو بېل کښېناستۀ | pɵ́rta šo byel kenɒstó | pórta šo byal kenāstó | he went ahead, sat separately. |
| pórta šo bel kx̌enāstə́ |
Kurama
[edit]The following is an example from Central Kurram agency; where a change in /ɑ/ to /ɔ/ can be seen:
| Literary Pashto | Kurram Pashto | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| هغه ددې نه ډېر بهتر و. خو چې اوس ړنګ شو خدای نه راغله. بس اوس موږ دې کښې ډېر خوشحاله يو | áğa da de na ḍer bextár u. xo če os ṛang šo xodai na rɔ́ ğla . bas os mug de ke ḍer xošɔ́la yu | That was much better than this. But now that it is destroyed it came from God. Now we are very happy in this; that's all. |
| háğa da de na ḍer behtár wə. xo če os ṛang šo xwdāi na rā́ ğla. bas os mug de kx̌e ḍer xošā́la yu. |
Southern
[edit]Waziri
[edit]Vowel Shift
[edit]In Waziri Pashto there is also a vowel shift
In Waziri dialect the [ɑ] in most other dialects of Pashto becomes [ɔː] in Northern Waziri and [ɒː] in Southern Waziri.[14]
| Meaning | Standard Pashto | N.Wazirwola | S. Wazirwola | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ماسته | yougurt | /mɑs.t̪əˈ/ | /mɔːs.ˈt̪ə/ | /mɒːs.ˈt̪ə/ |
| پاڼه | leaf | /pɑˈ.ɳa/ | /ˈpɔː.ɳjɛː/ | /ˈpɒː.ɳjɛː/ |
In Waziri dialect the stressed [o] in most other dialects of Pashto becomes [œː] and [ɛː]. The [o] in general Pashto may also become [jɛ] or [wɛː]. [14]
| Meaning | Standard Pashto | Wazirwola | |
|---|---|---|---|
| لور | sickle | /lor/ | /lœːr/ |
| وړه | flour | /o.ɽəˈ/ | /ɛː.ˈɽə/ |
| اوږه | shoulder | /o.ɡaˈ/ | /jɛ.ˈʒa/ |
| اوس | now | /os/ | /wɛːs/ |
In Waziri dialect the stressed [u] in general Pashto becomes [iː]. [15]
| Meaning | Standard Pashto | Wazirwola | |
|---|---|---|---|
| موږ | we | /muɡ/ | /miːʒ/ |
| نوم | name | /num/ | /niːm/ |
When [u] in begins a word in general Pashto can become [wiː], [jiː] or [w[ɛ]]
| Meaning | Standard Pashto | Wazirwola | |
|---|---|---|---|
| اوم | raw | /um/ | /jiːm/ |
| اوږه | garlic | /ˈu.ɡa/ | /ˈwiː.ʒa/ |
| اوده | asleep | /u.ˈd̪ə/ | /wɜ.ˈd̪ə/ |
Diphthongs in Waziri
[edit]A change is noticed:[16]
| Standard Pronunciation | Waziri |
|---|---|
| aɪ | aɪ |
| ˈaɪ | |
| ˈəɪ | ˈaɪ |
| oɪ | oːi
œːi |
| uɪ | oˈjə |
| aw | |
| ɑi | |
| ɑw |
Khattak
[edit]Vowel Lengthening
[edit]The Khattak dialect, as deduced by Yusuf Khan Jazab in contrast to non-Karāṇi dialects differentiates lexemes in term of vowel lengthening.[17]
Example: between /e/ and /eː/ - transcribed as "e" and "ē" respectively to indicated the distinction.
| Khattak | Standard Pashto | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| de dē xabə́re | də de xabə́re | Of this talk | |
| IPA | /d̪e d̪eː xa.ˈbə.re/ | /d̪ə d̪e xa.ˈbə.re/ |
Vocabulary
[edit]The following words which are rare in Kandhari and Yusapzai Pashto, were noted by Yousaf Khan Jazab in the Khattak dialect:[18]
| Khattak | Meaning | Variety of Khattak Dialect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Grammar | |||
| اول | awā́l | noun | Saturday | General |
| باګه | bā́ga | noun | knee band | Teri |
| بلابس | balābás | adjective | resourceful | General |
| بنجوڼې | banjóṇe | noun | small pieces of the stems of the gram
plants | |
| زبوله | zabóle | |||
| بانګړه | bā́ngṛa | noun | dance of men in a circle; attan | |
| برېزار | barezā́r | noun | brunch time | |
| چوشې | čóše | noun | thick threads for fastening sacs | |
| دوړنه | doṛə́na | noun | mushrooms | |
| دوړنګه | doṛə́nga | |||
| درنګ | drang | noun | mine, deposit of minerals | |
| اېتبور | etbór | noun | Sunday | |
| ګېني | gení | noun | a game played by girls | |
| ګيلې | gíle | |||
| ګوبين | gobín | noun | honey | |
| ګډګډی | guḍguḍáy | noun | a game played with one leg | |
| سخی | sxay | |||
| ګوډيسمسه | guḍisamsá | noun | a type of a bird | |
| ګوګره | gugə́ṛa | noun | cuckoo bird | |
| ګوتمۍ | gutmə́i | noun | shopping-bag | |
| خولۍ رېځ | xulə́i rez | noun | Saturday | |
| څلورم | salorám | noun | Monday | Teri |
| پينځم | pinzám | noun | Tuesday | General |
| وودينه | wodiná | noun | Thursday | |
| مېلې رېځ | melé rez | noun | Wednesday | Teri |
| غولېل | ğulél | noun | slingshot | |
| غومبکه | ğumbə́ka | noun | a dish made from grains,
cooked during a rainy day(s) with grains given by different households |
General |
| غورکی | ğurkáy | noun | hole | |
| غورمۀ سترګه | ğurmə́ stə́rga | noun | sun | |
| سترګه | stə́rga | |||
| ايکونه | ikóna | noun | a large pot for storing grains | |
| کېړۍ | keṛə́i | noun | sandals | |
| کوړيکت | koṛikə́t | noun | kabaddi game | |
| کوړکۍ | koṛakə́i | noun | springle | |
| کتريکی | kutrikáy | |||
| کړاغه | kṛāğá | noun | female crow | |
| کاغه | kā́ğa | |||
| کاړغۀ | kāṛğə́ | noun | male crow | Teri |
| کونۍ | kunə́i | noun | a game in which four players take part | General |
| کرکمنه | kurkamə́na | noun | slingshot | |
| لېبۍ | lebə́i | noun | a collective dance of women in a circle | |
| لګاډه | lgā́ḍa | noun | channel | |
| لوګ | lug | adjective | worthless | |
| لوستل | lwastə́l | verb | to scatter | |
| منګور | mangór | noun | snack | |
| مسلۍ | masalə́i | noun | story | |
| موی مرغۀ | móy mə́rğa | noun | peacocok | |
| نخۍ | nəxə́i | noun | decorated cloth for the saddle of a cammel | |
| نيالي | nyālí | noun | a mattress type of blanket | |
| نولي | nolí | |||
| پڼسی | paṇsáy | noun | thread | |
| سبينه | sabiná | noun | morning | Teri |
| سبېيي | sabeyí | noun | morning | General |
| سلارغوشيې | salārğóšye | noun | pitchfork | |
| ستر | stər | adjective | huge | |
| شندل | šandə́l | verb | to spend | |
| شنل | šanə́l | verb | to shake | |
| شڼول | šaṇawə́l | |||
| ششته | šuštá | adjective | clear and well organised | |
| شين ټاغې | šin ṭā́ğe | noun | a blue bird | |
| شينشوتتک | šinšotaták | |||
| شينتوتی | šintotáy | |||
| شورول | šorawə́l | verb | to keep | |
| ويړول | wiṛawə́l | verb | to spread | |
| وويا | wóyā | noun | egg | |
| وراته | wrā́ta | noun | wife | |
| خوسول | xusawə́l | verb | to move | |
| خوړ | xwəṛ | noun | channel | |
| يږه | yə́ža | noun | female bear | |
| زېړي کوچ | zeṛi kúc | noun | a type of bird | |
Baniswola [Banusi]
[edit]Nasalisation
[edit]In the Bannu dialect the nasalisation of vowels has been noted , as mentioned by Yousuf Khan Jazab:[19]
| Baniswola | Kandahar | English |
|---|---|---|
| Nasalised First Person Verbal Suffix: ں [~] | ||
| تلں
tlə̃ or tləń |
تلم
tləm |
I was going |
| Compare with Third Person Masc. Sing. Verbal Suffix ۀ [ə] | ||
| تلۀ
tlə |
تلۀ
tlə |
He was going |
Stress
[edit]As with other dialects stress on a particular syllable can also change the meaning of a word or aspect of the verb.[20]
| Baniswola | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lexical
Change |
Final Stress | Meaning | Initial Stress | Meaning | ||
| غووړي | ğwoṛí | oil | غووړي | ğwóṛi | he/she/they wants | |
| مستې | masté | yogurt | مستې | máste | luscious | |
| مزديره | məzdirá | maid | مزديره | mə́zdira | daily-wage | |
| Final Stress [Imperfective] | Meaning | Non-Final Stress
[Perfective] |
Meaning | |||
| Verbal Aspect
Change |
کښېنں | kšenə̃́ | I am sitting | کښېنں | kšénə̃ | I sit [now] |
| پرېوتلں | prewatələ̃́ | I was falling | پرېوتلں | préwatələ̃ | I fell | |
References
[edit]- ^ Central Pashto at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Central Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ David, Anne Boyle (2014). Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–40. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
- ^ Khan, Ibrahim (2021-09-07). "Tarīno and Karlāṇi dialects". Pashto. 50 (661). ISSN 0555-8158. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Septfonds (1994).
- ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 79–146.
- ^ Septfonds (1994), p. 269.
- ^ Miller, Corey (2014-05-12). "The Waziri Chain Shift". Journal of Persianate Studies. 7 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341267. ISSN 1874-7167.
- ^ Kaye (1997), p. 740.
- ^ Kaye (1997), pp. 750–751.
- ^ خان نسيم, نسيم (2019). د پښتو د دوو غټو لهجو پېښورۍ او قندهارۍ لساني جائزه. p. 174.
- ^ a b Kaye (1997), p. 751.
- ^ Kaye (1997), pp. 752–753.
- ^ a b Kaye (1997), p. 748.
- ^ Kaye (1997), p. 749.
- ^ Kaye (1997), pp. 751–753.
- ^ Jazab, p. 62.
- ^ Jazab, p. 339.
- ^ Jazab, p. 63.
- ^ Jazab, pp. 65–66.
Bibliography
[edit]- Jazab, Yousaf Khan. An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. p. 62.
- Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
- Septfonds, Daniel (1994). Le dzadrâni: un parler pashto du Paktyâ (Afghanistan) (in French). I. Peeters. ISBN 978-2-908322-16-3.