Irula language
| Irula | |
|---|---|
| இருளா | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Nilgiri Mountains |
| Ethnicity | Irula |
Native speakers | 11,870 (2011 census)[1] Census conflates some speakers with Tamil |
Dravidian
| |
| Tamil script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | iru |
| Glottolog | irul1243 |
| ELP | Irula |
Irula is a Dravidian language spoken by the Irulas who inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, India.[2] It is closely related to Tamil. It is written in the Tamil script.
Origins
[edit]The language was first described and classified by indologist Kamil Zvelebil, who in 1955 showed that the Irula language is an independent Southern Dravidian language that is akin to Tamil, particularly Old Tamil, with some Kannada-like features. Before that, it was traditionally denied or put to doubt, and Irula was described as a crude or corrupt mixture of Tamil and Kannada.
According to a tentative hypothesis by Kamil Zvelebil, a pre-Dravidian population that forms the bulk of the Irulas anthropologically began to speak an ancient pre- or proto-Tamil dialect, which was superimposed almost totally on their native pre-Dravidian speech. That then became the basis of the language, which must have subsequently been in close contact with the other tribal languages of the Nilgiri area as well as with the large surrounding languages such as Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam.[3][4]
Phonology
[edit]The tables present the vowel[5] and the consonant[6][7][8] phonemes of Irula.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | ʉ | ʉː | u | uː |
| Mid | e | eː | ə | əː | ɵ | ɵː | o | oː |
| Low | a | aː | ||||||
Zvelebil and Perialwar had listed centralized <ä, ǟ> before in the phonology. The real quality distinguishing <ä, ǟ> and <a, ā> is not clear.
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | ʈ | t͡ʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d̪ | d | ɖ | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |
| Fricative | s | ||||||
| Approx. | central | ʋ | j | ||||
| lateral | l | ɭ | |||||
| Rhotic | ɾ, r | ɽ | |||||
- It is not clear how /d/ and /r/ are different phonemes.
References
[edit]- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Perialwar (1979), p. 1.
- ^ "Irula communities: Spread over the three southern States with a language marked". indiantribalheritage.org.
- ^ "Irula (Kerala Tribal Series - 4)". exoticindiaart.com.
- ^ Perialwar (1979), p. 55.
- ^ Perialwar (1979), p. 57.
- ^ Zvelebil (2001), p. 157.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 65.
Sources
[edit]- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-77111-0
- Perialwar, R. (1978), A Grammar of Irula, Annamalai University
- Perialwar, R. (1979), Phonology of Irula with Vocabulary, Annamalai University
- Zvelebil, Kamil V. (2001), "Irula Phonological System", Nilgiri Areal Studies, Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press, ISBN 80-7184-945-6
Further reading
[edit]- Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), The Irula language, Volumes 1-3, Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3-447-01520-2
Languages of Kerala | ||
|---|---|---|
| Non-tribal languages |  | |
| Tribal languages | ||
| Other languages and creoles | ||
| Related topics | ||
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