Butuanon language
| Butuanon | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Philippines |
| Ethnicity | Butuanons |
Native speakers | 72,000 (2005 [needs update])[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | btw |
| Glottolog | butu1244 |
Butuanon (Binutwanon, [binutwɐnʊn]) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Butuanon people in Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur, with some native speakers in Misamis Oriental and Surigao del Norte. It is a part of the Bisayan language family and is closely related to other Philippine languages. As of 2007, Butuanon is believed to be spoken by fewer than 500 younger speakers in Butuan itself.[2]
Butuanon is very closely related to the Tausug language of distant Sulu and the Surigaonon language of neighboring provinces Surigao del Sur and Surigao del Norte.
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Butuanon has three vowels: /a/, /i/, and /u/, with phonemic length.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Open | a aː |
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
| Approximant (Lateral) |
j | w | ||||||||
| l | ||||||||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||||||
Stress
[edit]Stress is phonemic in Butuanon and can be on either the penultimate or the final syllable.
| Spelling | With penultimate stress | With ultimate stress |
|---|---|---|
| amo | /ˈamuʔ/ ('ours') | /aˈmuʔ/ ('monkey') |
| kuwang | /ˈkuaŋ/ ('lacking') | /kuˈaŋ/ ('lie down' [imperative]) |
| lupa | /ˈlupaʔ/ ('earth') | /luˈpaʔ/ ('spit' [imperative]) |
| tu-o | /ˈtuʔu/ ('believe' [imperative]) | /tuˈʔu/ ('right side') |
Grammar
[edit]Morphosyntactic alignment
[edit]Butuanon has four triggers:
- agent
- patient
- circumstantial
- instrument
| direct | indirect | oblique | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| general | ang | hong | sa[a] | |
| personal | singular | si | ni | kang |
| plural | sinda | ninda | kanda | |
- ^ Sa may be dropped, replaced with hong, or replaced with a locative demonstrative.
Pronouns
[edit]| direct | indirect | oblique | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| postposed | preposed | |||||
| 1st | singular | ako | ko[a] | ako | kanako | |
| plural | exclusive | kami | namo | amo | kanamo | |
| inclusive | kita | ta | ato | kanato | ||
| 2nd | singular | ikaw | mo | imo | kanimo | |
| plural | kamo | niyo | iyo | kaniyo | ||
| 3rd | singular | siya | niya | iya | kaniya | |
| plural | sila | nila | ila | kanila | ||
- ^ Replaced with ta if the object is in the second person.
References
[edit]- ^ Butuanon at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Cabuang, Fred S. (September 6, 2007). "Saving Butuanon Language". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
Further reading
[edit]- Kobari, Yoshihiro (2009). The Current Status of the Butuanon Language and Its Speakers in Northern Mindanao: Findings on Ethnic Identity, Language Attitudes, Language Ability, Language Use, and Language Change (Ph.D. thesis). De La Salle University.
- Kobari, Yoshihiro (2016). "The Game of Naming: A Case of the Butuanon Language and its Speakers in the Philippines" (PDF). Language and Linguistics in Oceania. 8: 1–21.
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