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Trade unions have historically been unrecognized by IBM. Since the company's foundation in 1911, it has not recognized any in the United States, despite efforts by workers to establish them from 1970 onward. In Australia, Germany and Italy, several trade unions have limited recognition from IBM. IBM has been able to minimize union membership even in traditional union strongholds in Western Europe.[1]: 60 

Industrial composition

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IBM was founded in 1911 in Armonk, New York.[2] Over 260,000 employees work for IBM worldwide as of 2023.[3] The New York Times reported in 2017 that about a third of IBM employees (130,000 people) worked in India, more than any other country. At the time, fewer than 100,000 employees worked from the United States, the company's headquarter country.[4]

IBM's non-union status is due in part to its corporate culture that includes strong employee identification with the company and close relationships between employees and their direct manager.[5] Rather than waiting for issues to arise, anonymous feedback by employees allows management to address grievances early on. If management becomes aware of unionization drives, investigation teams are formed to discourage it and explore alternatives.[2]: 227 

Transnational

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In 1999, employees of IBM in Europe formed a European Works Council.[6][7] In 2011, the global union federations UNI Global Union and International Metalworker's Federation[a] formed the "Global Union Alliance" to coordinate among its union affiliates.[9]

In a 2014 research study conducted by the European Trade Union Institute on transnational companies in 23 European Union (EU) states; IBM was among the 5 largest employers in 12 EU states[b] in the ICT sector.[10]: 215–217  The study explored the extent of industrial relations between IBM management and trade unions. On a scale of 0–5 where 0 means no union recognition exists and 5 means highest form of union recognition, IBM subsidiaries ranked an average of 2.77 across 11 different states,[c] slightly above the ICT industry average of 2.64. This ranked IBM ahead of competitors HP, Accenture, Microsoft and ranked behind Atos and SAP.[10]: 133 

Australia

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In 2002, after IBM Global Services Australia (GSA) and Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU) failed to negotiate a common enterprise agreement for all 3,500 employees working on a Telstra contract (half of the employees were previously direct employees of Telstra and covered under a stronger agreement).[11] Previously CPSU organized two 48 hour strike actions after announced plans to fire 64 IBM GSA employees.[12]

In April 2010 the Fair Work Australia tribunal ordered IBM Australia to bargain with the Australian Service Union (ASU) representing employees in Baulkham Hills, Sydney in a mass layoff proceeding. IBM appealed unsuccessfully, claiming that ASU was ineligible to represent these employees.[13] 80 employees accepted collectively negotiated contracts concerning severance packages and sick leave in case of future layoffs.[14][15]

China

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Over 1,000 workers at the IBM Systems Technology Co. (ISTC) factory in Shenzhen went on a 10-day wildcat strike (without union support) between 3 and 12 March 2014, after management announced the transfer of the factory to Lenovo.[16][17]

The strike was part of a larger trend of labor militancy in the Guangdong province. Workers demanded higher severance packages if they left and higher salaries if they transferred to Lenovo.[17] Most of the participating strikers accepted the initial offer by management. 20 employees were fired, including worker representatives. While the Shenzhen branch of All-China Federation of Trade Unions did not support the initial strike, it filed legal claims to reinstate the 20 fired workers.[18][19]

Germany

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IBM Germany has a group works council, which concluded a group works agreement on artificial intelligence internal usage in the workplace.[20]

The German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) has the principle of 'one trade union' for each company, but in practice, its affiliates, ver.di (including its predecessors)[d] and IG Metall have been competing since the early 1990s. They compete for seats in works council elections (also against non-union members) via their respective union members, and for collective bargaining coverage vis-à-vis collective agreements.[22]: 323  In December 2001, ver.di and IG Metall agreed to form a joint bargaining committee to resolve their internal union competition.[23]

In the absence of regional collective agreements or high workplace union density, the legal works council structures fill a gap on certain topics like working time through works agreements. Company collective agreements [de] would be a middle ground between trade union regional collective bargaining and the more formally regulated works council framework.[24]: 181–182 

In 1996, the union density at IBM Germany was less than 10% of its workforce, including membership of both trade unions IG Metall and German Salaried Employees' Union (DAG).[d] IBM Germany was a member of the Metal Employer Association (Gesamtmetall [de]) which ratified regional collective agreements with IG Metall, which included the standard 35-hour work week [de]. In 1994, after corporate restructuring, five non-manufacturing subsidiaries of IBM Germany were created, none of which joined Gesamtmetall, effectively voiding the collective agreements. In contrast, they signed company collective agreements with DAG union, which deviated to a longer 38-hour work week.[24]: 175 

Italy

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A still from the Second Life virtual strike with caption "In Solidarity with IBM workers"

In 2007, IBM announced they would cancel a performance bonus worth $1000 per employee. Shortly afterwards, on 27 September, the Italian trade union RSU [it] IBM Vimercate which represented 9,000 IBM Italy workers,[25] coordinated a 'virtual strike' inside Second Life. Second Life is a simulation software that was used both internally by IBM for its employees and for marketing to external customers.[26]

Between 500 and 1500 real-life IBM employees across the globe signed up to disrupt IBM virtual facilities in solidarity with the Italian trade union's collective agreement negotiations.[27] Simultaneously, in real-life pickets were organized outside IBM Italy facilities. The virtual strike was supported by Union Network International.[26][27]

One month later, on 24 October, the IBM Italy CEO resigned and the performance bonuses were reinstated, though the company claimed it was unrelated to the strikes.[26]

Japan

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IBM Japan employees have been represented by Japan Metal Manufacturing, Information and Telecommunication Workers' Union (JMITU; Japanese: 日本アイビーエム支部) since 1959.[28]

In 2019, the company rolled out internal HR software that used IBM's Watson artificial intelligence to advise on employee compensation. According to JMITU, for a June summer bonus, the software rated union members an average of 63% while other employees were rated 100%. The union lodged a legal complaint, alleging algorithmic discrimination.[29]

United States

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In August 1970, the IBM Black Workers Alliance (BWA) was formed.[30] It was the first high-tech movement for under represented minorities, to protest lack of equal pay and promote opportunities for young, poor communities.[31]

Between 1978 and 1980 its membership grew five-fold to 1,700 people. In 1980, IBM fired four of the top eight BWA officers, including one for distributing salary pay-bands.[32] BWA existed until the early 1990s and had chapters in Atlanta, Cincinnati, Hudson Valley, New York City, and Washington DC. They were not a union, nor trying to form one,[30] but one member, Marceline Donaldson started organizing with the all Black Pullman Porters Union until she left IBM in 1979. In 1980, Donaldson filed a complaint with the NLRB and the EEOC alleging unfair labor practices and retaliation against Black employees joining the BWA chapter in Cincinnati.[33][34]

In the 1970s, Lee Conrad founded the IBM Workers United (IBMWU) in Endicott, NY as an independent grassroots union. It had an underground newsletter called "Resistor"[1]: 60  which highlighted IBM's sale of computers to apartheid South Africa, comparing them to IBM's sale of computers to the Nazis.[35] In the 1970s, members of IBMWU distributed fliers at an IBM shareholder meeting titled "Would IBM have Sold Computers to Hitler?"[36] protesting IBM's business with apartheid South Africa.[37]

In 1999, IBMWU affiliated to the Communications Workers of America (CWA), rebranding itself as Alliance@IBM under CWA Local 1701,[38] with Conrad as its lead coordinator.[37][39] In 2016, Alliance@IBM shut down, citing low membership, outsourcing and union busting.[40]

Notes

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  1. ^ In 2012, the IMF merged with the ICEM and the ITGLWF to form the IndustriALL Global Union.[8]
  2. ^ Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.[10]: 215–217  
  3. ^ IBM subsidiaries ranked from highest to low:[10]: 133 
    4: Denmark, Hungary
    3: Czech Republic, Ireland, France, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
    1–2: Bulgaria, Slovakia, Slovenia
  4. ^ a b In 2001, German Salaried Employees' Union (DAG) merged into ver.di trade union.[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b Early, Steve; Wilson, Rand (1986-04-01). "Organizing High Tech: Unions & Their Future". Labor Research Review. 1 (8). Martin P. Catherwood Library. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  2. ^ a b Cortada, James W. (2019-03-05). "'The IBM Way': How It Worked, 1964–1993". IBM: The Rise and Fall and Reinvention of a Global Icon. MIT Press. pp. 243–266. doi:10.7551/mitpress/11744.003.0012. ISBN 9780262351485. S2CID 239453823.
  3. ^ Ford, Brody (1 May 2023). "IBM to Pause Hiring for Jobs That AI Could Do". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  4. ^ Goel, Vindu (2017-09-28). "IBM Now Has More Employees in India Than in the U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  5. ^ Dickson, T.; McLachlan, H.V.; Prior, P.; Swales, K. (1988). "Big Blue and the Unions: IBM, Individualism and Trade Union Strategy". Work, Employment & Society. 2 (4): 506–520. doi:10.1177/0950017088002004005. ISSN 0950-0170. JSTOR 23746627. S2CID 153639775.
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  7. ^ "IBM European Works Council Agreement as revised and amended by Amendment nº 2 of 21 October, 1999 and effective from 1 January, 2010" (PDF). Italian General Confederation of Labour.
  8. ^ Burgmann, Verity (2016-04-14). Globalization and Labour in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-317-22783-0.
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  20. ^ "Das letzte Wort hat der Mensch" [The human being has the last word]. Hans Boeckler Foundation (in German). 2022. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  21. ^ Schulten, Thorsten (November 27, 1999). "Verdi overture - five unions agree to form Unified Service Sector". Eurofound. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  22. ^ Töpsch, Karin; Menez, Raphael; Malanowski, Norbert (2001). "Ist Wissensarbeit regulierbar? Arbeitsregulation und Arbeitsbeziehungen am Beispiel der IT-Branche" [Can knowledge work be regulated? Labor regulation and labor relations using the example of the IT industry]. The German Journal of Industrial Relations (in German). 8 (3): 306–332. ISSN 0943-2779. JSTOR 23276690. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  23. ^ Schulten, Thorsten (January 15, 2002). "IG Metall and ver.di create joint bargaining committee at IBM". Eurofound. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  24. ^ a b Dentz, Werner (1997). "Haustarifverträge im Spannungsfeld der Interessen betrieblicher Akteure: Veränderte Rolle für Betriebsräte" [Company collective agreements in the field of tension between the interests of corporate actors: Changed role for works councils]. German Journal of Human Resource Management (in German). 11 (2): 172–182. ISSN 0179-6437. JSTOR 23277116. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
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  26. ^ a b c Robinson, Bruce (2009), Panteli, Niki (ed.), "Labour's Second Life: From a Virtual Strike to Union Island", Virtual Social Networks, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 134–154, doi:10.1057/9780230250888_8, ISBN 978-1-349-31066-1, archived from the original on 2024-10-02, retrieved 2024-01-05
  27. ^ a b Hutcheon, Stephen (2007-09-19). "Workers shape up for big blue with IBM". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  28. ^ "JMITU 日本アイビーエム支部 - 活動紹介" [JMITU Japan IBM Branch - Activities introduction]. jmitu-ibm.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18.
  29. ^ Dubal, Veena (2023). "On Algorithmic Wage Discrimination". Columbia Law Review. 123 (7): 1941. ISSN 0010-1958. JSTOR 27264954.
  30. ^ a b haeyoung, ann (19 April 2022). "The Activist Legacy of the IBM Black Workers Alliance". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
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  32. ^ Gilman, Hank (January 13, 1987). "Family Feud: IBM Dissidents Hope for Increased Support As Work Force is Cut" (PDF). The Wall Street Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  33. ^ Howard, Allen (November 15, 1980). "Ex-Employee Contends IBM Fired Blacks for Joining Union". Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05 – via Newspaper.com.
  34. ^ haeyoung, ann (July 6, 2021). "When Big Brother Is Your Boss". Tech Workers Coalition Newsletter. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
  35. ^ "To: IBM Stockholders". African Activist Archive. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  36. ^ "To: IBM Stockholders; From: IBM Workers United; Would IBM have sold computers to Hitler?". African Activist Archive. 1978. Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  37. ^ a b Wright, Andy (2020-02-17). "Don't Call It a Trend: A Brief History of Organizing in Tech". OneZero. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  38. ^ Quan, Margaret (2002). "Hard times spark EE interest in unions". EE Times. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  39. ^ Thibodeau, Patrick (2016-01-05). "IBM union calls it quits". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  40. ^ Kunert, Paul. "IBM union: OK guys, you've beaten us down, we give in". The Register. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
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