Spotted antpitta
| Spotted antpitta | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Grallariidae |
| Genus: | Hylopezus |
| Species: | H. macularius
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| Binomial name | |
| Hylopezus macularius (Temminck, 1830)
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| Range of the spotted, Snethlage's, and Alta Floresta antpittas. (See the Taxonomy and Distribution sections.) | |
The spotted antpitta (Hylopezus macularius) is a species of bird in the family Grallariidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1]
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit]The International Ornithological Committee, the Clements taxonomy, and the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society assign the spotted antpitta two subspecies, the nominate H. m. macularius (Temminck, 1830) and H. m. dilutis (Hellmayr, 1910). They previously considered what are now the masked antpitta (H. auricularis) and Snethlage's antpitta (H. paraensis) as subspecies.[1][2][3] They recognized the first of them as a species following a 1998 publication and the second after a study published in 2012.[4][5]
BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) implemented the split of the masked antpitta. However, as of early 2024 it has retained H. paraensis as a subspecies of the spotted antpitta. It also recognized H. (macularius) whittakeri as a spotted antpitta subspecies while the other taxonomies recognized it as the Alta Floresta antpitta.[1][2][3][6][excessive citations]
This article follows the two-subspecies model.
Description
[edit]The spotted antpitta is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighs 43 to 53 g (1.5 to 1.9 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have orange-buff lores and a ring of the same color around the eye. Their ear coverts are olive-brown with a black streak below them. Their forehead, crown, and nape are dark gray. Their upperparts and tail are olive-brown. Their wings are mostly brownish with orange-buff bases and outer edges on the primaries and olive-brown edges on the secondaries. Their wing coverts are mostly brownish with wide orange-buff edges. They have a wide white "moustache" with a wide black stripe below it. Their chin and throat are white with a black line down from the bill. Their underparts are mostly pale ochraceous or buffy-white with many short black streaks on the breast. Their sides, flanks, and undertail coverts are orangey-buff. Subspecies H. m. dilutis has a more brownish back than the nominate and flanks that are olivaceous-washed dull ochraceous-yellow. Both subspecies have a dark brown iris, a black maxilla, a pink mandible with a black tip, and pinkish brown to pale gray brown legs and feet.[7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The nominate subspecies of the spotted antpitta is found from eastern Bolívar state in northeastern Venezuela east through the Guianas and northeastern Brazil, all north of the Amazon and east of the Branco and Negro rivers. Subspecies H. m. dilutis is in from central Amazonas state in southern Venezuela, in extreme southeastern Colombia, in northeastern Peru, and in the Negro River basin in northwestern Brazil. (Note that the map also includes the ranges of Snethlage's and Alta Floresta antpittas.) The species inhabits the floor and undergrowth of mature forest, both terra firme and gallery forest. It is a bird of the lowlands, reaching only 300 m (1,000 ft) in Colombia and 500 m (1,600 ft) in Venezuela.[7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]
Behavior
[edit]Movement
[edit]The spotted antpitta is believed to be resident throughout its range.[7]
Feeding
[edit]The spotted antpitta's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects. It forages mostly on the ground where it probes and flicks leaf litter and soil to find prey. It is usually seen singly and sometimes in pairs.[7][9]
Breeding
[edit]The spotted antpitta's breeding season has not been defined but includes at least April to June. The one known nest was a shallow and rudimentary cup made from twigs and dead leaves and lined with rootlets. It was placed 75 cm (2.5 ft) above the ground on a palm leaf. It contained two eggs that were pale greenish cream with brown and beige speckles. Both parents incubated the clutch. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.[7]
Vocalization
[edit]The songs of the two spotted antpitta subspecies differ somewhat. Both have six notes but that of H. dilutus is shorter than the nominate's. The nominate's has been written as "whoa-whoa-wok-whoa-wok-wok" and that of dilutus as "hoor-hoor-hoor-hoor-ho-ho".[7]
Status
[edit]The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy so its assessment of H. macularius includes both Snethlage's and the Alta Floresta antpittas.[12] It is considered "local and uncommon" in Colombia, "[u]ncommon and apparently very local" in Venezuela, and "poorly known" in Peru.[8][9][11] It occurs in many protected areas, but it "is one of many forest understory insectivores that quickly disappears from small fragments".[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Antthrushes, antpittas, gnateaters, tapaculos, crescentchests". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 28, 2023
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
- ^ Maijer, S. (1998). Rediscovery of Hylopezus (macularius) auricularis: distinctive song and habitat indicate species rank. Auk 115(4):1072–1073. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n04/p1072-p1073.pdf
- ^ Carneiro, L. S., Gonzaga, L. P., Rêgo, P. S., Sampaio, I., Schneider, H., and Aleixo, A. 2012. Systematic revision of the Spotted Antpitta (Grallariidae: Hylopezus macularius), with description of a cryptic new species from Brazilian Amazonia. Auk 129: 338-351.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8.1. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved August 26, 2024
- ^ a b c d e f g Greeney, H. F. (2020). Spotted Antpitta (Hylopezus macularius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.spoant6.01 retrieved September 14, 2024
- ^ a b c McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ a b c d Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 42.
- ^ a b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ a b c Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Plate 181
- ^ BirdLife International (2023). "Spotted Antpitta Hylopezus macularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22724505A238948405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22724505A238948405.en. Retrieved 14 September 2024.