Husa knife
A Husa knife, also sometimes called Achang knife, is a traditional forged weapon of the Achang people of China. The Achang live mainly in the village of "Husa", and smaller villages nearby, in Longchuan County, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, near the border between China and Burma.[1]
Husa is well known for its knife and sword makers, who have sold their products to Burma and regions along the Nu River since ancient times. The Achang craftsmen make a variety of types of blades.[2]
Husa knives are made with a special process which gives the metal a pure texture and a really sharp and durable blade.[3] The handles and sheaths are also inscribed with various traditional patterns, such as "flying dragon and phoenix", "tiger roaring", and "eastern sunrise", making each knife a work of art.[4]
Each Achang family keeps at least one knife of high quality. When young Achang men get married, they carry back knives to show their heroic vitality. This ethnic custom has continued to the present time.[citation needed]
History
[edit]Forging techniques have been passed down through the generations of the Achang people since the Tang dynasty. According to historical records, around 600 years ago, during the "Hongwu" period of the Ming dynasty, soldiers from the army of Mu Ying, a general of the Ming government, were settled in this area. The soldiers brought military techniques of weapon making, gathered during their campaigns against Mongolia, Tibet, the Hui and the Yi, to the local Achang people. Husa village become the "arsenal" of Ming government armies. Achang people absorbed the Ming government army's weapon manufacturing technology and evolved a unique Husa knife forge craftsmanship, which matured during the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty (around 1600–1680), reached its peak in the early twentieth century.[5]
In the fight against Napoleon's army, those sabers, forged by the Husa were highly prized by the soldiers.[citation needed]
During the First World War, British forces set up a "Jingpo" nationality army in Burma and every soldier was equipped with a special Husa saber, called "Geleka".[citation needed]
In 1990, the master forgers in Husa created a "Nine dragons" commander's sword. This sword is worn by the honor guard of Chinese People's Liberation Army, guarding the Chinese national flag on Tian'anmen Square.[citation needed]
Husa knives have long been in demand by nearby Han, Dai, Jingpo, Lisu, Tibetan, Bai and other ethnic people. Recently, Husa knives have been sold widely from Yunnan Province to Beijing, Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other places, and exported to Burma, Thailand, India and other countries.[6]
Under the pressure of the modern culture and the social economy, the Husa knife, forged by traditional techniques and devices, faces heavy competition from less expensive knives made by modern machinery and raw materials. As the traditional masters age, apprentices are rare, and the techniques of Husa knife creation face the danger of extinction.[7]
Variations
[edit]Many variations of the Husa knife have been developed during its long history. Some of these are: back swords (cane knives), machetes, broadswords, Tibetan knives (specifically made for Tibetans), daggers, and sabers. The best known types are the back sword (long blade) and Tibetan knife, and these are made with particularly elaborate quality and style. The Tibetan knife has wide and thick blade, and is made in various lengths, with delicate inscription "tiger roaring", "swallow flying" and other traditional patterns on the handle and sheath. Many Tibetan people wear the knife as their essential tool and ornament.[8][9]
Forging process
[edit]The production process of Husa knife has 10 steps:
- processing of raw materials
- billet making
- proofing
- grinding
- decorating with leaf
- quenching
- polishing
- handle-making
- belt-making
- assembling.
Special technique is especially important in the process of quenching. Through heat treatment, the quenching optimizes the hardness and toughness of the blade. In historical records, the blades are described as "flexible enough to be bent, one hair blown on the blade, cut two, just can chop iron".[citation needed]
The tools to make Husa knives include a wooden bellows, a clay-made stove, as well as hammers, clamps, and iron pillows. Raw iron with high carbon content is selected by an experienced old master from specific locations around Baoshan, Tengchong regions, the traditional mine areas in Yunnan. Younger craftsmen, put the selected raw iron into the stove, heating, forging repeatedly, to purify the texture and form different shapes. The resulting metal is ground into blade blanks; and after all these lengthy processes, comes the most important and subtlest process: quenching. Quenching technology requires special know-how. The quality of a knife largely depends on the quenching skills. There is a kind of thin blade Husa back sword which can bend its blade as a cycle. It can only be built after repeatedly and precisely water quenching and oil tempering.
The knife production comes under a model of co-operation between each "Zhai" (small, stockaded village) in Husa. Each "Zhai" has its "fist" product. The whole Husa "Bazi" (small plain), likes a handicraft factory, and each "Zhai" is one workshop, which is famous for one special product. Laifu "Zhai" has well-known black cane knife, Mangdong "Zhai" has broadsword and dagger, Lajie "Zhai" has sharp sickles, Xin "Zhai" has back knife and Mangsuo "Zhai" has delicate sheaths.
References
[edit]- ^ 泰山之邀 (Tour of Taishan). 五洲传播出版社. 2001. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-7-80113-864-4.
- ^ The Famous "Husa Knife"——China Minorities——West China Tours Online Travel Agency Archived 2014-09-01 at archive.today
- ^ Defen Yu (2007). Aspects of Lisu phonology and grammar, a language of Southeast Asia. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85883-579-5.
- ^ The Achang Husa knife Arts of - Master's thesis - Dissertation Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Unveil remote ancients villages in Yunnan" - enKunming, 2013-November-12
- ^ 民族画报社 (1998). 中國民族 (China Nationalities). 中国民族摄影艺术出版社. p. 141. ISBN 9787800691652.
- ^ CCTV International
- ^ "Husa Knife Making of the Achang Minority - China culture Achang Minority" Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. Arts Cultural China.
- ^ ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo (2002). Inter-ethnic relations in the making of mainland Southeast Asia and southwestern China: collection of revised papers originally read at the International Workshop on Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Making of Mainland Southeast Asia and Southwestern China, held in Chiang Rai, Thailand, 23-24 March 2001. Amarin Print. and Pub. Public Co. p. 253. ISBN 978-974-272-485-6.