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Supreme Political Council

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Supreme Political Council
المجلس السياسي الأعلى
Overview
Established28 July 2016 (2016-07-28)
PolityHouthi-controlled territories of Yemen
Leader
MinistriesGovernment of Change and Construction
HeadquartersSanaa
Websiteyemen.gov.ye (dead)
(27 April 2021 archive)

The Supreme Political Council (SPC; Arabic: المجلس السياسي الأعلى al-Majlis as-Siyāsiyy al-ʾAʿlā) is an extraconstitutional[1] collective head of state and executive established in 2016 in Sanaa by the Houthi movement and the pro-Houthi faction of the General People's Congress (GPC) to rule Yemen opposed to the Presidential Leadership Council (PLC) in Aden. The SPC carries out the functions of head of state in Yemen, appointing the country's cabinet and managing the Yemen's state affairs in a bid to fill in political vacuum during the Yemeni Civil War.[2] The Council aims to outline a basis for running the country and managing state affairs on the basis of the constitution.[3][4] Since 2018 the SPC has been headed by Mahdi al-Mashat as Chairman of the Council.[4]

The SPC was formed on 28 July 2016 with an initial ten members and was headed by Saleh Ali al-Sammad as president and Qassem Labozah as vice-president. The members were sworn in on 14 August 2016,[5] and the next day the Supreme Revolutionary Committee (SRC) handed power to the Supreme Political Council.[6] After al-Sammad was killed in a drone strike on 19 April 2018, chairmanship of the SPC passed to Mahdi al-Mashat. Under the SPC is subordinate the Cabinet of Yemen, which it appoints and supervises government officials who oversee relevant ministries; since 2016 two governments have been established under the council. In 2016 the SPC appointed former Aden governor Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour to form a ministry known as the National Salvation Government (NSG).[7] In September 2023 the NSG was dismissed and replaced by a caretaker administration which continued to be headed by Habtour. In August 2024 a Presidential resolution appointed Ahmad al-Rahawi as the head of a new ministry known as the 'Government of Change and Construction' (GCC).[8][9] Eight days later the House of Representatives (in Sanaa) approved the cabinet and called for a 36-point 'general program'.[10]

The SPC remains internationally unrecognized compared to the PLC in Aden and is acknowledged only by Iran, with the Houthis placing an ambassador to Iran in August 2019.[3][11][12] The formation of the SPC has been condemned by the International Community; with the United Nations (UN) officially describing the act as "a clear violation of the Yemeni constitution" and denounced the council for sabotaging the Yemeni peace process.[3][13][14]

Background

[edit]
Territory controlled by the Houthi movement shown in dark green

In the wake of president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and prime minister Khaled Bahah resignations over Houthi rebels takeover of presidential palace in January 2015, Houthi leader Abdul Malik Al Houthi reportedly proposed a six-member "transitional presidential council" which would have equal representation from north and south, although this proposal was rejected by the Southern Movement.[15] Nevertheless, on 1 February, the Houthis gave an ultimatum to Yemen's political factions warning that if they did not reach a solution to the current political crisis, then the Houthi "revolutionary leadership" would assume formal authority over the state.[16] According to Reuters, political factions have agreed to form an interim presidential council to manage the country for up to one year. Former South Yemen president Ali Nasser Mohammed was originally being considered as a prospective interim leader, but Mohammed later declined the post.[17]

On 6 February 2015, the Houthis formally assumed over authority in Sanaa, declaring the dissolution of House of Representatives and announced that a "presidential council" would be formed to lead Yemen for two years, while a "revolutionary committee" would be put in charge of forming a new, 551-member national council.[18] This governance plan was later affirmed by Houthi Ansarullah politburo leader Saleh Ali al-Sammad as he said that national council would choose a five-member presidential council to govern the country.[19]

Current members

[edit]
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Yemen
Arab League Member State of the Arab League
Constitution
Executive
● Cabinet of Yemen
Legislature
Administrative divisions
Elections
• 2012 president
(next president)
• 2003 parliament
(next parliament)
Political parties
Foreign relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Hisham Sharaf
Diplomatic missions of / in Yemen
flag Yemen portal

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs lists the following members of the SPC:[20]

Sr. No. Status Name
1 Chairman Mahdi al-Mashat
2 Vice Chairman Sadeq Amin Abu Rass
3 Member Muhammad Ali al-Houthi
4 Member Salih Mabkhout al-Nuaimi
5 Member Jaber Abdullah Ghaleb Al-Wahbani
6 Member Mubarak Saleh Al-Mishn al-Zaidi
7 Member Sultan Ahmed Abd Rabbo al-Samei
8 Member Khaled Mohammed Saeed al-Dini
9 Member Ahmed Ghaleb Nasser al-Rahawi

Governments

[edit]

National Salvation Government (2016–2023)

[edit]

On 2 October 2016, Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour was appointed as prime minister by the Houthis.[7] On 4 October, he formed his cabinet.[21] The cabinet is composed of members of the Southern Movement.[22] However, the cabinet is not internationally recognized.[23]

On 28 November 2016, a new cabinet was formed.[24] It is only composed by members of pro-Saleh GPC and the Ansarullah Movement.

However, the UN Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed said the move was "a new and unnecessary obstacle. Yemen is at a critical juncture. The actions recently taken by Ansarullah and the General People's Congress will only complicate the search for a peaceful solution. The parties must hold Yemen’s national interests above narrow partisan ambitions and take immediate steps to end political divisions and address the country’s security, humanitarian and economic challenges." He further claimed that such an action could harm peace talks.[25]

On 27 October 2020, the Minister of Youth and Sport Hassan Mohammed Zaid was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the capital Sanaa.[26]

On 27 September 2023 the National Salvation Government was dismissed and replaced by a caretaker government, Habtour continued as caretaker prime minister before being elevated to the SPC in 2024.[8]

National Salvation Government
Portfolio (ministries) Minister Term Start Term End
Prime Minister of Yemen Abdel-Aziz Bin Habtour 4 October 2016 10 August 2024
Deputy Prime Minister for the Affairs of the Security Jalal al-Rowaishan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Deputy Prime Minister for the Affairs of the Service Mahmoud Abdel Kader al-Jounaïd 1 January 2018 27 September 2023
Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Hussein Abdullah Mkabuli 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Interior Abdulhakim Ahmed al-Mawri 13 December 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Planning and International Cooperation Abdulaziz Al-Kumaim July 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Information Dhaifallah Qasim Saleh al-Shami[27] 10 November 2018 27 September 2023
Minister of Foreign Affairs Hisham Sharaf Abdullah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of State for National Dialogue Outcomes' Affairs and National Reconciliation Ahmed Saleh al-Ganie 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Youth and Sport Hassan Mohammed Zaid 28 November 2016 27 October 2020[26]
Minister of Legal Affairs Abdulrahman Ahmed al-Mukhtar 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Education Yahia Badreddin al-Houthi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Civil Service and Insurance Talal Aklan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and the Shura Council Ali Abdullah Abu Hulaykah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Defense Mohamed al-Atifi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Industry and Trade Abdu Mohammed Bishr 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister for Fisheries Mohammad Mohammad al-Zubayri 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Justice Ahmed Abdullah Akabat 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Hussein Ali Hazeb 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Social Affairs and Labour Faiqah al-Sayed Ba'alawy 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Tourism Nasser Mahfouz Bagazkoz 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Public Works and Highways Ghalib Abdullah Mutlaq 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Water and Environment Nabil Abdullah al-Wazair 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Petroleum and Minerals Ahmed Abdullah Naji Dars 1 January 2018 27 September 2023
Minister of Electricity and Energy Lutf Ali al-Jermouzi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Local Administration Ali Bin Ali Al-Kays 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Religious Endowments and Guidance Sharaf Ali al-Kulaisi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Expatriate Affairs Mohammed Saeed al-Mashjari 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Finance Saleh Ahmed Shaaban 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Communications and Information Technology Musfer Abdullah Saleh Al-Numeir 16 December 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation Ghazi Ahmed Mohsen 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Technical Education and Vocational Mohsen Ali al-Nakib 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Culture Abdullah Ahmad al-Kibsy 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Transport Zakaria Yahya al-Shami 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Human Rights Alia Faisal Abdullatif al-Shaba 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister(s) of State Fares Mana'a 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Nabih Mohsen Abu Nashtan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Radhiyah Mohammad Abdullah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Aubayd Salem bin Dhabia 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Hamid Awadh al-Mizjaji 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Abdulaziz Ahmed al-Bakir 28 November 2016 27 September 2023

Government of Change and Construction (2024-Present)

[edit]

On 10 August 2024, Ahmed al-Rahawi was appointed as Prime Minister of Yemen and tasked with forming a ministry known as the 'Government of Change and Construction' by the President of the Supreme Political Council Mahdi al-Mashat.[9] Two days later the composition of the new government was announced in a presidential resolution.[28] On August 18, 2024 the House of Representatives (San'aa) gave confidence to the government and called on it to follow a 36-point 'general program' prepared by a house of representatives special committee.[10] The government and SPC continues to be internationally unrecognised in comparison with the Presidential Leadership Council (PLC).[29]

Government of Change and Construction
Portfolio (ministries) Minister Term Start Term End Ref
Prime Minister of Yemen Ahmed al-Rahawi 10 August 2024 Incumbent [28]
First Deputy Prime Minister Allama Muhammad Ahmed Ahmed Muftah 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Deputy Prime Minister for Defence and Security Affairs Lt-General Jalal Ali Ali Al-Rowaishan 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Deputy Prime Minister for Administration, Local and Rural Development Mohamed Hassan Ismail Al-Madani 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Defense Maj-General Mohamed al-Atifi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Ministry of Interior Maj-General Abdul Karim Amir al-Din al-Houthi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Justice and Human Rights Judge Mujahid Ahmed Abdullah Ali 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Civil Service and Administrative Development Khaled Hussein Saleh Al-Hawali 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Transport and Public Works Maj-General Mohamed Ayyash Mohamed Qahim 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Finance Abdul-Jabbar Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Economy, Industry and Investment Moeen Hashem Ahmed Al-Mahagri 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Water Resources Radwan Ali Ali Al-Rubai 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Education and Scientific Research Hassan Abdullah Yahya Al-Saadi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants Jamal Ahmed Ali Amer 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Oil and Minerals Abdullah Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al-Amir 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Electricity, Energy and Water Ali Saif Mohamed Hassan 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Health and Environment Ali Abdul Karim Ali Shaiban 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Culture and Tourism Ali Qasim Hussein Al Yafei 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Social Affairs and Labour Samir Mohamed Ahmed Bajaala 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Information Hashem Ahmed Abdulrahman Sharafuddin 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Youth and Sports Mohamed Ali Ahmed Al-Mawlid 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Communications and Information Technology Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Al-Mahdi 12 August 2024 Incumbent

Diplomatic relations with other states

[edit]

The National Salvation government has currently only diplomatic relations with Iran. Relations with Syria existed between 2015 and 2023. Additionally, the government has diplomatic contacts with Abkhazia, North Korea and Russia. In 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that the government would seek contacts with China, Iran and Russia.[30] In 2016, a National Salvation government official had invited several North Korean diplomats to Damascus.[31] The same year, a delegation of the National Salvation government visited Russia and met the Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.[32] In 2017, foreign minister Hisham Sharaf Abdullah met with the chargés d’affaires of the Russian and the Syrian Embassy in Sanaa.[33][34] In August 2019, the National Salvation government appointed an Ambassador to Tehran.[35][36] In early 2020, the Saba News Agency reported that Hisham Sharaf Abdullah called China a "friendly government".[37] In October 2020, Iran appointed an Ambassador to Sanaa.[38][39][40] Two months later, the United States sanctioned the Iranian Ambassador to Sanaa.[41] In August 2020, the National Salvation government appointed an Ambassador to Damascus.[42] In March 2021, the National Salvation government appointed Ambassador in Damascus met with the Abkhaz Ambassador to Syria.[43] In October 2023, Syria expelled representatives of the National Salvation government from the Yemeni embassy in Damascus.[44]

The President, the Parliament Speaker and the Foreign Minister of the National Salvation government have sent numerous diplomatic notes to a wide range of countries such as Algeria,[45] Bahamas,[46] Comoros,[47] Kiribati,[48] Malawi,[49] Malta,[50] Mongolia,[51] Montenegro,[52] Slovenia,[53] South Sudan,[54] Venezuela[55] and Uzbekistan[56]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sohrabi, Naghmeh; Rossoukh, Ramyar D.; Cohen, Robert L. (October 2024). "Consolidation Through Crackdown: Understanding Houthi Rule in Yemen" (PDF). Crown Center for Middle East Studies. 161. Brandeis University: 8.
  2. ^ "Yemen: Ansar Allah signs agreement with Saleh's party creating supreme political council – Middle East Confidential". 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Yemen: Houthi, Saleh council formation criticised by UN". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  5. ^ "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  6. ^ "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Yemen's Houthis ask former Aden governor to form government". Reuters. 2 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  8. ^ a b "Yemen: Supreme Political Council tasks Ahmad Al-Rahwi to lead new government". Middle East Monitor. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  9. ^ a b "رئيس المجلس السياسي الأعلى يصدر قرارا بتكليف أحمد الرهوي بتشكيل حكومة التغيير والبناء". www.saba.ye (in Arabic). 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  10. ^ a b "مجلس النواب يوافق على برنامج الحكومة ويمنحها الثقة". www.saba.ye (in Arabic). 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Yemen Shiite Rebels Appoint an Ambassador to Iran for First Time". Bloomberg. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  12. ^ "North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf". HuffPost. 17 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
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  21. ^ "Yemen rebels form rival government". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
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  26. ^ a b Staff (27 October 2020). "Houthi official gunned down in Yemeni capital". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
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  29. ^ "تعيين أحمد عوض بن مبارك رئيسا للحكومة الشرعية في اليمن | اندبندنت عربية". web.archive.org. 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  31. ^ "North Korea trying to sell weapons to Houthis, secret UN report reveals". Arab News. 4 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  32. ^ "Russia receives Yemen Houthi delegation". Middle East Monitor. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  33. ^ "Russia envoy meets with top Houthi diplomat in Yemen". Middle East Monitor. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  34. ^ "Yemeni Foreign Minister, charge d'affaires of Syrian Embassy in Sanaa discuss developments in two countries". SANA. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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  36. ^ "Yemen Huthi rebels appoint 'ambassador' in Tehran". Zaman Alwsl. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  37. ^ "FM announces Yemen's solidarity with China". SABA. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  38. ^ "New 'ambassador' in Sana'a signals Iran's ambitions in Yemen". The Arab Weekly. 18 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  39. ^ "Iran's New Ambassador to Sanaa Signals Prolonged War in Yemen". Inside Arabia. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  40. ^ "Iran posts ambassador in Houthi-held Yemeni capital". Al Arabiya. 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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  42. ^ "New ambassador to Syria sworn in before President". SABA. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Bagrat Khutaba met with the Ambassador of Yemen to Syria". Abkhaz Foreign Ministry. 15 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  44. ^ "Syria expels Houthi 'diplomatic mission' in Damascus". Arab News. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  45. ^ "Parliament speaker congratulates Algerian counterpart". SABA. 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  46. ^ "FM congratulates counterpart in Bahamas on National Day". SABA. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  47. ^ "President Al-Mashat congratulates Comoros' President on National Day". SABA. 6 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  48. ^ "FM congratulates counterparts in Kiribati, Sao Tome". SABA. 11 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  49. ^ "Foreign Minister congratulates Comorian, Malawian counterparts". SABA. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  50. ^ "Foreign Minister congratulates counterparts in Malta, Armenia, Belize on National Days". SABA. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  51. ^ "FM congratulates Mongolian counterpart". SABA. 10 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  52. ^ "FM congratulates counterpart in Republic of Montenegro on National Day". SABA. 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  53. ^ "FM congratulates counterparts in Mozambique, Slovenia". SABA. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  54. ^ "FM congratulates counterpart in South Sudan on National Day". SABA. 7 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  55. ^ "FM congratulates counterparts in Cape Verde, Bolivarian Venezuela". SABA. 4 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  56. ^ حلبوب, مراد (31 August 2024). "الرئيس المشاط يهنئ رئيس أوزبكستان بذكرى عيد الاستقلال". سبتمبر نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 1 September 2024.
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