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Claremont Colleges

Coordinates: 34°06′09″N 117°42′45″W / 34.10250°N 117.71250°W / 34.10250; -117.71250
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(Redirected from Honnold/Mudd Library)
Not to be confused with the Five College Consortium in Massachusetts or Claremont College in Tasmania, Australia.

Claremont Colleges
Mason Hall, Pomona College
Keck Graduate Institute
Harper Hall, CGU
Brant Clock Tower, Pitzer College
Scripps College
Harvey Mudd College entrance sign
Kravis Center, Claremont McKenna College
(clockwise from top)
Former name
Claremont University Consortium (until 2017[1][2])
TypePrivate consortium
EstablishedOctober 14, 1925 (1925-10-14)[3][4]
FounderJames Blaisdell
Endowment$27 million (2019)[5][a]
Budget$47 million (2019)[5][b]
CEOStig Lanesskog[4]
StudentsApprox. 8500[6]
Location
Claremont
,
California
,
United States

34°06′09″N 117°42′45″W / 34.10250°N 117.71250°W / 34.10250; -117.71250
CampusSuburban, 546 acres (221 ha)[6]
NicknamePomona-Pitzer Sagehens
Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Stags and Athenas
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division III – SCIAC
Websitewww.claremont.edu

The Claremont Colleges (known colloquially as the 7Cs) are a consortium of seven private institutions of higher education located in Claremont, California, United States. They comprise five undergraduate colleges (the 5Cs)—Pomona College, Scripps College, Claremont McKenna College (CMC), Harvey Mudd College, and Pitzer College—and two graduate schools—Claremont Graduate University (CGU) and Keck Graduate Institute (KGI). All the members except KGI have adjoining campuses, together covering roughly 1 sq mi (2.6 km2).

The consortium was founded in 1925 by Pomona College president James A. Blaisdell, who proposed a collegiate university design inspired by Oxford University. He sought to provide the specialization, flexibility, and personal attention commonly found in small colleges, but with the resources of a large university.[7] The consortium has since grown to roughly 8,500 students[8] and 3,600 faculty and staff,[8] and offers more than 2,000 courses every semester.[9] The colleges share a central library, campus safety services, health services, and other resources, managed by The Claremont Colleges Services (TCCS). Among the undergraduate schools, there is significant social interaction and academic cross-registration, but each college maintains a distinct identity.[10][11][12]

Admission to the Claremont Colleges is considered highly selective.[13] For the Class of 2020 admissions cycle, four of the five most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S. by acceptance rate were among the 5Cs (the five undergraduate colleges), and the remaining college, Scripps, had the second-lowest acceptance rate among women's colleges.[14] The Fiske Guide to Colleges describes the consortium as "a collection of intellectual resources unmatched in America."[15]

Colleges

[edit]
Map
Map of the Claremont Colleges

The five undergraduate colleges are:

The two graduate universities are:

  • Claremont Graduate University (founded 1925) awards master's and doctoral degrees in 31 disciplines across seven schools.
  • Keck Graduate Institute (founded 1997) is a biomedical graduate school, with schools of applied life science, pharmacy and health sciences, and medicine. It also formerly co-sponsored a remote four-year undergraduate program, Minerva Schools at KGI, which has since spun off as Minerva University, an independent institution no longer affiliated with KGI or with the Claremont Colleges.

The Claremont School of Theology (founded 1885[17]) (and thus Claremont Lincoln University) is affiliated with the consortium but is not a member.[18] In January, 2024, after nearly a decade, the Claremont School of Theology finalized a deal to sell the 16 acres of prime Village real estate it has occupied since 1957 back to the Claremont College for $7.7 million.[19]

History

[edit]
An exterior view of Pomona College in 1907, featuring its two earliest buildings: Sumner Hall (right)[20] and Holmes Hall (left)[21]

Before the idea of the Claremont Colleges, Pomona College was founded in 1887.[22] Pomona began after a group of congregationalists envisioned a "New England-type" college on the West Coast.[22][23] Pomona College relocated to Claremont, California after the college acquired an unfinished hotel in Claremont.[22] And 23 years later, James A. Blaisdell became president of Pomona. Though in 1923, Pomona College faced a problem.[22] The school's population was growing. Thus, Pomona either had to go against their ideals of expanding or limit the amount of growth at the college. James Blaisdell developed a different option. He advised the college chose to form a consortium of differentiated small colleges, modeled after Oxford and Cambridge. In October 1923, President James A. Blaisdell of Pomona College wrote to Ellen Browning Scripps describing a vision of educational excellence he had for the future Claremont Colleges:

I cannot but believe that we shall need here in the South [of California] a suburban educational institution of the range of Stanford. My own very deep hope is that instead of one great undifferentiated university, we might have a group of institutions divided into small colleges—somewhat on the Oxford type—around a library and other utilities which they would use in common. In this way I should hope to preserve the inestimable personal values of the small college while securing the facilities of the great university. Such a development would be a new and wonderful contribution to American education. Now the thing which would assure this future institution to Southern California is land ... It is now or never. To save the needed land for educational use seems to me to guarantee to Southern California one of the great educational institutions of America. Other hands through the centuries will carry on the project and perfect it. But never again can there come so fundamental a service as this.[24][25]

Construction of Eleanor Joy Toll Hall at Scripps, c. 1927

The start of the Claremont Colleges came in 1925 with the addition of a graduate school, now known as Claremont Graduate University.[26] The college was originally known as Claremont College and began to function in 1927.[26] The second addition came in 1926 when Ellen Browning Scripps founded Scripps College.[27] Scripps College allowed Ellen Browning Scripps to put-forth her plan of a school which offered women access to a higher education, to better their professional careers and to better their personal lives.[citation needed] Scripps College officially opened in 1927.[27]

The novelty of the arrangement, combined with marketing that drew up the perception of the west coast as a novel frontier, led to nationwide interest in and praise for the colleges in the 1930s.[28] Paul Monroe of Harvard University, the foremost educational historian of the era, wrote that year that "The torch of learning was borne aloft in the first century by Antioch and Athens; in the second century by Rome and Alexandria; by Padua and Paris in the twelfth; Oxford and Cambridge in the fifteenth; Harvard and Yale in the seventeenth; Columbia and Chicago in the nineteenth; the Claremont Colleges of the West in the twentieth."[28]

View of the Claremont Colleges in 2018, looking north from the Smith Clock Tower

In 1946, 86 students and 7 faculty members formed the fourth institution of the Claremont Colleges, known as Claremont McKenna College.[29] CMC was formed as a fully male undergraduate school until women were admitted in 1976.[29] In 1955, Harvey Mudd College became the fifth institute in the consortium.[30] HMC was founded by Harvey Seeley Mudd, a former chairman of the Board of Fellows of Claremont College.[30] He envisioned an undergraduate college in the consortium that focused its education in science and engineering. In 1963, Pitzer College joined the Claremont Colleges.[31] Pitzer was founded as a college for woman focusing on the social sciences.[31] Later in 1970, Pitzer enrolled 80 men.[31] The school was named after Russell K. Pitzer, an important benefactor in the development of the institution.[31] The final and seventh college to join the consortium was Keck Graduate Institute.[32] KGI was founded in 1997 after a $50 million donation from W.M. Keck Foundation.[32] The graduate school focuses on post-graduate biomedical applications.[32] Initially planned to be located on Bernard Field Station lands, protests forced the institute to relocate to a site southwest of the Claremont Village.[33] Alongside the institutions, Claremont College Services was founded on July 1, 2000.[34] The Claremont College Services provides educational support to all the institutions in the consortium.[34] Specifically, TCCS aids in projects of group planning, establishment of new institutions into the consortium and hold expansion lands.[34]

Organization and operation

[edit]

The Claremont Colleges employ approximately 3,600 people as of 2022.[35] A report commissioned for the colleges estimated that the consortium had a regional economic impact of $706.8 million during the 2016–2017 academic year.[36]

Reputation and rankings

[edit]

Admission to the Claremont Colleges is considered highly selective.[13]

According to the American Liberal Arts College rankings released by U.S. News & World Report in fall 2021, the "5Cs" were ranked among the top 35 liberal arts colleges in the United States: Pomona College (#3), Claremont McKenna College (#9), Harvey Mudd College (#29), Scripps College (#33), and Pitzer College (#33). Additionally, all of the undergraduate colleges are categorized as "Most Selective".[37] Forbes ranked the 5C's among the top 60 undergraduate colleges (including universities and military academies) in the nation and within the top 25 liberal arts colleges for its 2017 report: Pomona College (#10 overall, #1 LAC), Claremont McKenna College (#11 overall, #2 LAC), Harvey Mudd College (#18 overall, #5 LAC), Scripps College (#43 overall, #16 LAC), and Pitzer College (#59 overall, #23 LAC).[38] Niche listed all of the undergraduate colleges within the top 30 small colleges in the United States as measured by surveys rating various components of the undergraduate experience: Pomona College (#2), Harvey Mudd College (#5), Claremont McKenna College (#10), Scripps College (#22), and Pitzer College (#29).[39] U.S. News & World Report also releases individual graduate program rankings for the Claremont Graduate University, with several of its programs ranking in the top tier of graduate programs nationwide.[40]

Shared facilities, programs, and resources

[edit]
Honnold Library

Each college is independent in that students receive their degrees from the one college in which they are enrolled, and administration and admissions departments are independent. The seven-institution Claremont Colleges system is supported by The Claremont Colleges Services (TCCS), which provides centralized services, such as a library, student health, financial and human resources, telecommunications, risk management, real estate, physical plant maintenance, and other services, for those colleges.

The Claremont Colleges Library (also known as Honnold/Mudd Library) holds more than 2.7 million items as of 2020, of which 1.1 million are physical and 1.7 million are digital.[41]

The Tranquada Student Services Center

Other shared facilities include Campus Safety, the Tranquada Student Services Center (which houses Baxter Medical Center, Monsour Counseling Center, and the Health Education Outreach), McAlister Center (home of the Office of the Chaplains and the Claremont Card Center), EmPOWER Center (which works to address sexual violence), the Huntley Bookstore, all dining facilities, and several sports facilities. The Sontag Center for Collaborative Creativity, colloquially termed "the Hive", was established in 2015 to support creative learning.[42][43] The Claremont Colleges Library is an example of the level of cooperation in terms of support services. The size of the library collection ranks third among the private institutions in California, behind only Stanford and USC.[44]

Shared academic departments include the Intercollegiate Women's Studies Center, the Intercollegiate Department of Chicano Studies, the Intercollegiate Department of Asian American Studies, the Intercollegiate Department of Africana Studies (formerly Black Studies), the Intercollegiate Department of Religious Studies, the Intercollegiate Department of Media Studies, and the Five-College Theater Department. In January 2008, the Claremont Colleges also formed the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences, which is led by the Claremont Graduate University and is a collaborative center for faculty members working in mathematics.[45]

Shared intercollegiate programs include the European Union Center of California, the Chicano/Latino Student Affairs Center, the Office of Black Student Affairs, the Office of the Chaplains, Hillel, and the Queer Resource Center.

Bernard Field Station, with the San Gabriel Mountains in the background

In addition, three of the Claremont Colleges—Claremont McKenna College, Pitzer College, and Scripps College—share a single science program. These three colleges pool their resources to create the largest academic department in Claremont, the Joint Science Department. Many research projects and courses use the Robert J. Bernard Field Station, an 86-acre (35 ha) natural area which consists principally of the rare Coastal Sage Scrub ecosystem.

The Claremont Colleges have been praised by higher education experts for their high level of cooperation[46] and the overall success of their model,[47] although the colleges' differing financial resources have led to occasional tensions.[48] They have influenced the operations of other consortia and collegiate universities, but their model remains unique with few other institutions operating comparably.[47][12]

Clubs and organizations

[edit]
Diagonal line of dancers in white and black with sunglasses, standing with legs crossed and arms pointing stiffly down
Group of dancers in black and metallic colors in exaggerated running poses pointing in various directions
Dancers in brown facing the audience, holding handwritten black-and-white signs saying "no justice," "no peace," and "can you hear me?"
Scenes from a Pomona spring dance concert

Some extracurricular organizations on campus are specific to an individual college, whereas others are open to students at all 5Cs or 7Cs.[10][49] In total, there are nearly 300 clubs and organizations across the 5Cs.[50]

There are several media organizations at the Claremont Colleges, the largest of which is The Student Life,[51] the oldest college newspaper in Southern California.[52] It publishes a weekly print edition as well as online content.[53] The college-specific newspapers Scripps Voice, CMC Forum, and Muddraker cover their home institutions.[50] Pomona also has a student-run radio station, KSPC.[54] The Claremont Independent, a conservative magazine, has produced articles about the 5Cs' political culture that have been picked up by national conservative media outlets and drawn criticism from many students.[55][56][57][58] The Golden Antlers publishes satirical content.[59]

A line of students, many wearing costumes or swimwear, descends toward an alpine ridge
An On the Loose hike descends from the summit of Mount Baldy toward the Devil's Backbone ridge in the San Gabriel Mountains north of campus.

On the Loose (OTL), the outing club of the 5Cs, sponsors trips to outdoors destinations.[60] Its flagship event, an annual hike up Mount Baldy in swimwear or goofy costumes,[61] can draw more than 100 participants.[62] It is affiliated with the Outdoor Education Center of Pomona College (OEC), which lends equipment to students for free and provides outdoor leadership training.[63]

There are several dance groups on campus, including the Claremont Colleges Ballroom Dance Company (CCBDC), which has more than 130 dancers,[64] making it the third-largest collegiate program in the U.S.[65] It has won multiple national championships.[66] The Pomona College Theater Department produces four mainstage productions and a dance concert each year, and there are several smaller student-run productions as well.[67] The 5Cs have two improv groups, Without a Box and Underground Theatrical Institution (UTI).[50]

There are eight a cappella groups on campus.[68] One, the Claremont Shades, hosts the annual SCAMFest concert, which draws singers from other Southern California colleges.[69]

Comparison of undergraduate colleges

[edit]
Pomona[70] Scripps[71] Claremont McKenna[72] Harvey Mudd[73] Pitzer[74]
Students 1703 1077 1345 902 1112
Faculty 240 125 171 115 118
2021 endowment[75] $3.04 billion $540 million $1.22 billion $443 million $179 million
2016 cost of attendance[76] $68,790 $70,497 $70,523 $73,550 $70,025
Domestic white, non-Hispanic students 35.2% 52.9% 41.4% 33.9% 45.4%
Domestic students of color 47.3% 37.4% 36.2% 50.6% 38.4%
International students 11.5% 5.5% 16.9% 10.1% 10.9%
Receiving financial aid 56.1% 56.7% 45.5% 69.1% 42.1%
Male/female ratio 50:50 0:100 52:48 52:48 46:54
2018 acceptance rate[77] 7.0% 24.1% 8.9% 14.5% 13.2%
2017 transfer acceptance rate 9.6% N/A 2.5% 6.8% 13.5%
First-Year Admitted Yield 54% 34% 53% 36% 43%
Six-year graduation rate 93% 88% 90% 96% 83%
Retention rate 98% 92% 97% 98% 95%
Enrolled SAT 25-75% range 1370-1530 1284-1458 1340-1510 1470-1570 1310-1490
Enrolled ACT 25-75% range 30-34 29-33 30-34 33-35 29-32
Ranked in top 10% of HS class 94% 73% 82% 90% 63%
Ranked in top 25% of HS class 100% 91% 96% 100% 88%
Percent of classes under 10 students 18% 17% 8% 32% 15%
Percent of classes under 20 students 71% 80% 84% 58% 71%
Percent of classes over 50 students 0% 0% 2% 4% 0%

People

[edit]
Main article: List of Claremont Colleges people
James Blaisdell
James Blaisdell, founder of the Claremont Colleges

Many notable people have been affiliated with the colleges as alumni, faculty, staff, and administrators. Coverage of them is divided into articles by college:

The CEO of The Claremont Colleges Services is Stig Lanesskog.[4]

Athletics

[edit]
A Pomona-Pitzer football game
Main articles: Pomona-Pitzer Sagehens and Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Stags and Athenas

Pomona College and Pitzer College compete together as the Pomona-Pitzer (PP) Sagehens.[78] Claremont McKenna College, Harvey Mudd College and Scripps College also compete together as the Claremont-Mudd-Scripps (CMS) Stags (for male teams) and Athenas (for female teams).[79] The teams participate in NCAA Division III in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). In the Division III Final Standings for the 2016-2017 academic year, Claremont-Mudd-Scripps ranked fourth nationally, while Pomona-Pitzer ranked 29th; they were the top two performers in the SCIAC.[80] Culturally, the Claremont Colleges place less emphasis on sports than many other institutions.[47]

Club and intramural sports

[edit]

In addition to the varsity teams, there are several 5C club sports teams.

The roller hockey club, the Claremont Centaurs, won the Division 3 Championship of the West Coast Roller Hockey League in 2009–2010, 2010–2011, and 2011–2012.

The men's and women's rugby union both attended Division II Nationals in 2004 and 2006, and the men's team (Claremont Colleges Lions) won the Division II national championship in 2010 and the National Small College championship in 2017 and 2019.[81]

The women's ultimate team reached Nationals in 2004, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and won the tournament in 2012, and the men's ultimate frisbee were 2008 Southern California Sectional champions and 2011 Division III National champions.

Other club sports offered at the 5Cs include men's lacrosse, field hockey, crew, and cycling.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Does not include the endowments of the member institutions.
  2. ^ Does not include the budgets of the member institutions.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Claremont University Consortium Is Changing Its Name". The Claremont Colleges Services. Retrieved May 11, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ Rodriguez, Monica (December 9, 2017). "The Claremont University Consortium legally changes name to The Claremont Colleges". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  3. ^ "History of the Colleges". The Claremont Colleges Services. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "CEO Welcome". The Claremont Colleges Services. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "The Claremont Colleges 2018–2019 Financial Report" (PDF). The Claremont Colleges. Retrieved August 3, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b "The Claremont Colleges". www.claremont.edu. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  7. ^ James A. Blaisdell, the creator of the Claremont Colleges, declared in 1923 "My own very deep hope is that instead of one great, undifferentiated university, we might have a group of institutions divided into small colleges—somewhat of an Oxford type—around a library and other utilities which they would use in common. In this way, I should hope to preserve the inestimable personal values of the small college, while securing the facilities of the great university."
  8. ^ a b "The Claremont Colleges". Claremont Colleges. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  9. ^ "The Claremont Colleges". Claremont Colleges. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Fiske 2021, pp. 146–147.
  11. ^ Felch, Trevor (October 22, 2019). "The 12 best college towns in California". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  12. ^ a b Ferrall, Victor E. (2011). "Cooperating". Liberal Arts at the Brink. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780674060883.
  13. ^ a b Characterizations of the reputation of the Claremont Colleges:
  14. ^ "Ivy League Admissions Stats & Acceptance Rates, Class of 2020". April 5, 2016. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  15. ^ Hurst, Allison L. (October 18, 2019). Amplified Advantage: Going to a "Good" College in an Era of Inequality. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781498589666. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
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  28. ^ a b Thelin 1977.
  29. ^ a b "History of the College". cmc.edu. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  30. ^ a b "History of Harvey Mudd College". Harvey Mudd College. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  31. ^ a b c d "History". Pitzer College. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  32. ^ a b c "Overview". Keck Graduate Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
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  37. ^ [1] Archived October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine U.S. News & World Report, 2021.
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  39. ^ "2017 Best Small Colleges in America". Niche. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  40. ^ [2] Archived October 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine U.S. News & World Report, 2021.
  41. ^ "Facts and Figures - FY 2020". The Claremont Colleges Library. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  42. ^ Tidmarsh, Kevin (September 18, 2015). "$25 Million Donation Establishes 5C Center for Collaborative Creativity". The Student Life. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  43. ^ Spier, Selena (November 6, 2015). "The Hive Opens, Buzzes With Activity". The Student Life. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
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  45. ^ "CCMS Background". Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
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  47. ^ a b c Barber, Mary (November 15, 1987). "Claremont Colleges : What began 100 years ago in an empty hotel surrounded by sagebrush has evolved into a unique success in American higher education". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  48. ^ Bobrowsky, Meghan; Breslow, Samuel (October 18, 2018). "CMC to withdraw from Keck Science Department, create own department". The Student Life. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  49. ^ Yale Daily News staff 2014, p. 315.
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  54. ^ "About". KSPC 88.7FM. May 11, 2011. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
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  60. ^ "On the Loose". On the Loose. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  61. ^ Wu, Pei Pei Barth (September 28, 2018). "Outdoors club brings back Mt. Baldy hike with emphasis on inclusivity". The Student Life. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  62. ^ Larson, Nicole (October 7, 2016). "OTL, Outdoor Club Cancels Speedo Hike to Increase Inclusivity". The Student Life. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2020. In previous years, at least 100 went on the Speedo Hike each year
  63. ^ Haas, Wes (April 19, 2013). "Outdoor Education Center and On The Loose Clash Over Control". The Student Life. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  64. ^ Chong, Amber (November 1, 2019). "Sequins, skirts and samba: CCBDC hosts Intercollegiate Showdown". The Student Life. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  65. ^ Mehta, Diya (September 17, 2021). "Nobody puts ballroom in the corner: The changing face of the CCBDC". The Student Life. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  66. ^ Fiske 2021, p. 147.
  67. ^ "Theatre and Dance Department for The Claremont Colleges". Pomona College. May 22, 2015. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  68. ^ Ding, Jaimie (November 10, 2017). "A Night of A Cappella: Your Guide to the 22nd Annual SCAMFest". The Student Life. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  69. ^ Ding, Jaimie (November 14, 2019). "Not a scam: SCAMFest 2019 wows audience with strong vocals and performances". The Student Life. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  70. ^ "Pomona CDS 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  71. ^ "Scripps CDS 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  72. ^ "CMC CDS 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  73. ^ "HMC CDS 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
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  75. ^ "2021 Endowments". Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
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Bibliography

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