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Hong Kong handover ceremony

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Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Flag of the People's Republic of China
The flags of the United Kingdom and China, countries that were participants in the ceremony.

The handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 officially marked the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the People's Republic of China. It was an internationally televised event with the ceremony commencing on the night of 30 June 1997 and finishing on the morning of 1 July 1997. The ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC) in Wan Chai, Hong Kong Island.

Stage design

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The big red stage and chairs and podia of the ceremony were designed by renowned American professional stage designer, Donato Moreno. The left podium was attached with the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China, while the right podium was attached with the Coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Both podia were located at stage centre in front of the chairs of the main representatives (5 for each country) and beside the flagpoles (2 for each country, taller ones for the sovereign state and the shorter ones for the territorial flag of Hong Kong, correspond to the sovereign state it is under at the time during the ceremony).[1][2]

Representatives

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Other guests:

and representatives from more than 40 other countries and dozens of international organisations.

Order of events

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Monday, 30 June 1997

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Flag of Hong Kong (British Crown colony and British Dependent Territory)
  • (15:00 Hong Kong Time/08:00 London Time) – Beijing Police cleared more than 60,000 people off Tiananmen Square for the final preparations of the all-night official celebration gala to mark the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
  • (16:30 Hong Kong Time/09:30 London Time) – Governor Chris Patten departed from Government House for HMY Britannia after the flag lowering ceremony of the Governor's flag. The bugle call "Last Post" and Patten's favourite pipe tune "Highland Cathedral" was played during the ceremony.[5]
  • (17:30 Hong Kong Time/10:30 London Time) – President Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng arrived in Hong Kong by Air China Boeing 747 from Shenzhen.
  • (18:15 Hong Kong Time/11:15 London Time) – Sunset farewell ceremony featuring East Tamar Garrison parade on Hong Kong waterfronts. Chris Patten began his final speech as a governor of Hong Kong with "Today is a day of celebration, not sorrow". The bugle call "Sunset" was played for the final time to mark the end of official duties of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. Auld Lang Syne and Rod Stewart's Rhythm of My Heart was also performed during the ceremony.[6]
  • (18:30 Hong Kong Time/11:30 London Time) – Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen met with British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook.
  • (20:45 Hong Kong Time/13:45 London Time) – Prime Minister Tony Blair meets for summit talks with President Jiang Zemin.
  • (21:00 Hong Kong Time/14:00 London Time) – About 500 People's Liberation Army vehicles crossed the border from China to Hong Kong. Pro-democracy advocates protest at the Legislative Council in preparation of Chinese rule.
  • (21:30 Hong Kong Time/14:30 London Time) – Cocktail reception for 4,000 guests at Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre.
  • (22:00 Hong Kong Time/15:00 London Time) – Beijing celebrations including live performances and fireworks were expected to run for 7 hours. The theme of Beijing Blesses you Hong Kong was under preparation.
  • (23:45 Hong Kong Time/16:45 London Time) – Handover Ceremony officially begins. The Prince of Wales reads a farewell speech on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II.
  • (23:59:00-23:59:47 Hong Kong Time/16:59:00-16:59:47 London Time) – Exactly one minute before midnight the Flag of the United Kingdom and the flag of British Hong Kong were slowly lowered to the British national anthem "God Save the Queen", symbolizing the end of British colonial rule in Hong Kong as very final and last time. A hiatus of exactly twelve seconds occurred between the British and the Chinese anthems due to a timing misunderstanding.[7][8]

Tuesday, 1 July 1997

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Flag of Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region)
  • (00:00:00 Hong Kong Time (same as Beijing Time)) – Sovereignty of Hong Kong is officially transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. The Flag of the People's Republic of China and the new Hong Kong regional flag were simultaneously raised to the Chinese national anthem "March of the Volunteers", to officially mark the beginning of the Chinese rule in Hong Kong. Chinese leader Jiang Zemin gave a speech expressing his optimism for the "one country, two systems" implementation. Grand celebrations begin in the mainland with fireworks displays over Tiananmen Square.
  • (00:15 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – Charles, Prince of Wales and Governor Chris Patten with his family, bid the citizens of Hong Kong farewell at the Tamar site. They boarded HMY Britannia and sailed to Manila in the Philippines before heading back to the United Kingdom. They were escorted by HMS Chatham. Prime Minister Tony Blair and other British officials flew out by a British Airways Boeing 777-200ER from Kai Tak Airport to London's Heathrow Airport.[9]
  • (01:30 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – A swearing-in ceremony was held at the HKCEC for various HKSAR officials including Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan, Financial Secretary Donald Tsang and Secretary for Justice Elsie Leung.
  • (02:45 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – The provisional legislature held its first meeting after the handover to adopt handover-related laws.
  • (06:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – 4,000-People's Liberation Army troops from the Hong Kong Garrison arrive by land, air and sea.
  • (10:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – The new Hong Kong government hosted a celebration for 4,600 guests. Newly appointed Chief Executive's Tung Chee-hwa makes his inaugural speech.
  • (16:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – Chinese Premier Li Peng makes a speech at a reception in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
  • (18:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – Festival Performance by Hong Kong mainland and international celebrities at the Hong Kong Coliseum.
  • (19:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – Grand convention and art spectacle begins at the Workers Stadium in Beijing.
  • (20:00 Hong Kong/Beijing Time) – The 1997 Hong Kong Spectacular across Victoria Harbour from Causeway Bay to Central, Hong Kong fireworks display begins.

Reactions

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In 2005, the British Mail on Sunday revealed Prince Charles's memorandum, of which "Clarence House said only 11 copies were made, circulated to close friends",[10] where he referred to the transfer as the "Great Chinese Takeaway" and the Chinese officials as "appalling old waxworks". In another reported extract, Prince Charles described the ceremony as an "awful Soviet-style" performance and dismissed the speech by Chinese leader Jiang Zemin as "propaganda", complete with loud cheering "by the bussed-in party faithful at the suitable moment in the text." He also ridiculed the People's Liberation Army's goose-steps in the ceremony and claimed his trip on HMY Britannia out of Hong Kong was closely watched by Chinese warships.

The 12-second silence between the British and Chinese anthems has been adapted into the 2019 film My People, My Country.[11]

The sunset farewell ceremony is portrayed in the fifth season of Netflix's historical-drama series The Crown (2022), in the season's final episode "Decommissioned".

References

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  1. ^ "Hong Kong Handover 1997". donato-l-moreno.com.
  2. ^ "Hong Kong Art Education Journal Issue 2 2017/Design education in theatre arts Text and Photo Provided by Professor Donato Moreno". Hong Kong Society for Education in Art.
  3. ^ a b "Australia to attend handover ceremony". 13 June 1997.
  4. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan".
  5. ^ The Governor's Last Farewell
  6. ^ Martin4Peters (25 January 2017). "Hong Kong Handover Sunset Farewell Ceremony & Parade". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Zhou, Emily (30 June 2022). "The missing ten seconds during the Hong Kong Handover". Friday Everyday. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  8. ^ "解放军三军仪仗队原大队长追忆香港回归前的最后12秒". China News Service. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  9. ^ "How Hong Kong Changed Countries". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  10. ^ "Charles sues Mail for printing his 'waxworks' jibe at Chinese leaders", The Guardian,, 19 November 2005
  11. ^ "《我和我的祖国》幕后全纪录：平民视角，以小见大". Sohu. 5 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
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