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Augustinian Friary of the Most Holy Trinity, Dublin

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Coordinates: 53°20′36″N 6°16′39″W / 53.3432°N 6.2776°W / 53.3432; -6.2776
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Most Holy Trinity, Dublin
Monastery information
OrderOrder of Saint Augustine
Establishedc. 1259
Disestablished1540
Dedicated toThe Most Holy Trinity
DioceseDublin
People
Founder(s)The Talbot family
Site
LocationDublin, Ireland
Visible remainsUnderground, one subterranean wall in St. Cecilia St.
Public accessNo

The Augustinian Friary of the Most Holy Trinity was an Augustinian (Order of Saint Augustine (mendicants)[1])[2] Roman Catholic Priory,[3] founded c. 1259,[4][5][6] by the family of Talbot[7] on the south bank of the river, in what is now Crow Street,[8][9] Dublin. At the time the priory was built, it was just outside the city walls.[10] The Friary most likely followed the design of the parent priory Clare Priory in the town of Clare, Suffolk (England).[11] The Friary was suppressed[12] in 1540 when it was described as a "church with belfry, a hall and dormitory".[8][13][14] The friars continued to operate in secret within the city.[10] and there are several mentions of them in the city archives until the late 1700s when they consecrated a new church.

Very little is known of the Augustinian Friary,[15] and the full extent of the friary lands and ancillary buildings have not yet been established,[16] though the area contained by Temple Lane, Temple Bar, Fownes Street Upper and Cecilia Street, is believed to mark the boundaries of the friary. In 1281 Geoffrey FitzLeones and his wife Joanna made a gift of the rents of their lands to the Friary.

The site is shown on John Speed's map of 'Dubline' (1610)(number 11),[17] has been partially excavated, and is listed on the National Monuments Service database,[18][19][20] Those excavations revealed c. 70 burials of late 12th -14th century (1993),[21] surviving remains of the friary on the east side of Cecilia House (1995 (test excavations))[22] and in 1996 excavations exposed a section of wall with a relieving arch and a corner tower.[23][24][25]

John Speed's map of Dublin (1610)
Map of Dublin in 1610

Discussion

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No description of the original friary exists, however, much detail exists on similar and contemporaneous Augustinian friaries in England. Archdall in his 'Monasticon' [26] states "This monastery was very considerable, erected on the banks of the River Liffey, and was the General College for all the Augustinian Friers in Ireland". The buildings alone covered one and a half acres,[27] and would have followed the pattern of an English Augustinian friary, with a number of individual buildings around a courtyard, including a church, cloisters[28] leading to a dining room, dormitory buildings, a kitchen, the Prior's house, with a building set aside for sick and elderly friars, a bakehouse, guesthouse, a house for students, a novitiate house and a house for lay brothers, a garden and also a farm.[citation needed]

The Augustinians Friary of the Most Holy Trinity (1259-1540)

Augustinian friars under ‘The Order of St Augustine’ first established in Ireland in the 13th Century, during the medieval period. Dublin at this time, was now an Anglo-Norman walled town but was in origin a Viking settlement. Augustinian ‘Rule’ (way of life) was present in Dublin from at least 1146. Augustinian Canons were present at ‘Christ Church’ (founded in 1162) and the priory at ‘All Hallows’ (now Trinity). All Hallows founded in 1166 by Dermot McMorrow became the property of the mayor and corporation in 1538, later becoming the part of site of Trinity College as established in 1592. While the Augustinians date their history to their St Augustine (354-430) a Bishop in Hippo, North Africa, it wasn’t until the early 13th century in Tuscany, Italy that they formally developed. David Kelly’s excellent article in Dublin Historical Record (2005) ’The Augustinians in Dublin’ the history of the Augustinian’s tells in great detail their storey ‘in part’ on our shores.

“The storey of the Dublin Augustinians is party a storey of the Augustinians in England, because it was from there that they came ……… The order prospered in England with several Priories (Over 20 in all) by the close of the 20th Century. They began to look westward to Ireland with expansion in mind. All they needed were some wealthy benefactors with Land at their disposal and these they found in Norman Families who had settled in Ireland since the previous century. The Normans had sought tutors for their children and chaplains for their manors. The Augustinians at the time numbered several learned friars in their ranks and they would later establish houses at Oxford 1266 and at Cambridge (1289) ……… Patronage came from a wealthy Norman Family in Dublin - The Tablots …..

The first reference to the Augustinian Friars being in Dublin is in a will for 1282 … The exact date of the friars arrivals unclear (but suggests) … the foundation date closer to 1275. The site, donated by the Talbot Family, was located on the banks of the Liffey in open countryside and to the east of the city walls …..The Friary itself was dedicated to the Holy Trinity and was described by the 18th century historian Mervyn Archdall as a very considerable foundation.

Archdall in his 'Monasticon' [26] states "This monastery was very considerable, erected on the banks of the River Liffey, and was the General College for all the Augustinian Friers in Ireland". According to the Archaeologists report, the northern boundary of the Friary was formed by the river Liffey. The Souther Boundary was formed by Dame (Damas) Street. The Early Western Boundary was possibly Temple Lane South, while the eastern boundary may have been where Fownes Street Upper now is.

The growth in numbers and in houses of Augustinian Friars in the 14th century received a severe setback with the outbreak of the Black Death (Plague) in 1348 ….. The Dublin House had a high reputation for the learning of its members. The Archbishop of Dublin, John Allen noted this when in 1535 he said “the hermit friars of St, Augustines are distinguished in learning and surpass all other mendicants in excellence”.

Decline & Dispersal - The break (in c.1529) between Henry VIII and Rome over the refusal of Pope Clement VII to grant him a divorce from Catherine his wife, had major repercussions for all religious orders and their properties one both Britain and Ireland. With Henry assuming the role of head of The Church of England, the Augustinian Prior General was effectively prevented from excreting any supervision of the Order where the English province was concerned. The English provincial was forbidden to have any contact with Rome. Monasteries, Abbeys, Convents and Friaries were all closed and the properties confiscated, with their former occupants left to fend for themselves.

There was always the hope among the friars that a change in the monarchy would restore the freedom to practice religion. (This freedom appeared intermittently for short periods. Within a couple of years of Stuart King James I) ….. a royal proclamation ordered all priests out of Ireland, with fines for the recalcitrant and rewards for informers.

In 1540 the property of the Dublin priory was handed over to Richard Nagle, its former Prior (and loyal to Henry VIII). The Buildings changed ownership a number of times in the ensuing decades and by 1627 the walls of the friary had entirely disappeared …. Around (1654) ….. Irish Augustinians exiled on the continent began searching for a place of their own eventually settling in Rome in 1656”

According to Thomas C. Butler in ‘John's Lane:a history of the Augustinian Friars in Dublin 1280 - 1980’ the friary buildings alone covers one and a half acres. The Friary was suppressed in 1540 when it was described as a "church with belfry, a hall and dormitory” - John Brennan (1840).

The Order of St Augustine have valiantly retained a presence in Dublin to this day at their St John’s Lane on Thomas Street and at a number of other priories (approx. 8) around Ireland.


Part of the Friary complex included a tower later called the 'Crows Nest' from where Crow Street gets its name. The exact location of the Crows Nest remains uncertain but it was most likely located between no 3 and or 4 Cecilia Street. It was later noted in numerous accounts in the 1600's as a prominent meeting place and hosted many illustrious figures of the time including the following:

During 1654 William Petty often using hight points in the landscape, completed the office work of his Down Survey "In Dec 1654 William Petty entered into a contract with the then government for the Survey of Ireland. It is noted that the office work for his now lauded Survey was carried out in a large house Known as the ‘The Crows Nest’. His survey was completed in thirteen months with the aid of ‘foot soldiers’ (military)" - wiki/downsurvey

In 1683, The Dublin Philosophical Society (DPS) "By the 14th of April 1684, the meetings were taking place in the house known as Crows Nest, which was off Dame Street, close to the original meeting place in the provost’s lodgings in Trinity College. The rooms were let from the apothecary Robert Witherall, who was to lead the guild of Barber Surgeons in 1693" - Memoir of the Dublin Philosophical Society of 1683.

References

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  1. ^ "Mendicant movement - 01 | St Augustine of Hippo | Order of St Augustine". Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  2. ^ Order of St. Augustine
  3. ^ Priory
  4. ^ Order of Saint Augustine#Ireland
  5. ^ Martin, F. X. (1956). "The Augustinian friaries in Pre-Reformation Ireland". Augustiniana. 6. Augustinian Historical Institute (Belgium): 347–384.
  6. ^ Crusensis, N. (1629). Pars tertia Monastici Augustiniani, completens epitomen historicam FF. Augustinensium: magna ordinis unione usque ad an. 1620 cum additamentis Revmi. P.M. Fr. Josephi Lanteri. p. 408.
  7. ^ Gilbert., J.T., M.R.I.A (1861). A history of the City of Dublin, in Three Volumes (Hardback). Vol. 1. Dublin: James Duffy. p. 170 owned by Author.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Brenan, Michael John (1840). An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland: From the introduction of Christianity into that country, to the year 1829. Vol. 1. Dublin: John Coyne. pp. 413–414.
  9. ^ Casey, Christine (2005). Dublin: The City Within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park. Yale University Press. p. 440. ISBN 0300109237.
  10. ^ a b Kelly, David (2005). "The Augustinians in Dublin". Dublin Historical Record. 58 (2). Old Dublin Society: 169–173. JSTOR 30101575.
  11. ^ conversation with the prior of St. John's Priory Dublin (August 2014)
  12. ^ Dissolution of the Monasteries#Ireland
  13. ^ Gilbert, J.T., M.R.I.A. (1861). A history of the City of Dublin, in Three Volumes (Hardback). Vol. 2. Dublin: James Duffy. p. Appendix 1–11, owned by Author.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Gywnn, Aubrey; Hadcock, Richard Neville (1970). Mediaeval Religious Houses:Ireland with a foreword by David Knowles. Longmans. p. 299. ISBN 058211229X.
  15. ^ Gowan 1996:091 Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Gowan 1996:069 Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ File:Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg
  18. ^ http://webgis.archaeology.ie/NationalMonuments/FlexViewer [DU18-0020046]
  19. ^ "Written Answers: Preservation of Archaeological Remains". Oireachtas (Irish Parliament). 22 May 1996. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  20. ^ Excavations.ie"1 Cecilia Street/17-19 Temple Lane, Dublin". excavations.ie. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  21. ^ Reid 1994, 29
  22. ^ Gowen 1996, 17-18
  23. ^ Simpson 1997, 20-21
  24. ^ FMD map (1978) H3
  25. ^ Clarke, H.B. (2002). Simms, Anngret; Clarke, H.B.; Gillespie, Raymond; Andrews, J.H; Gearty, Sarah (eds.). Dublin: Part 1, to 1610. Irish Historic Towns Atlas. Vol. 11. ISBN 1874045895.
  26. ^ Archdall, Mervyn (1786). Monasticon Hibernicum, or, the Monastical History of Ireland. William Mears at the Lamb without Temple-bar. pp. 313–314.
  27. ^ Butler, Thomas C. (1983). John's Lane:a history of the Augustinian Friars in Dublin 1280 - 1980.
  28. ^ (from Latin claustrum, "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth
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53°20′36″N 6°16′39″W / 53.3432°N 6.2776°W / 53.3432; -6.2776

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