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Education in Algeria

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Education in Algeria
Ministry of National Education
General details
Primary languagesArabic, French .
Literacy (2015)
Total80%
Male87%
Female73%

Education in Algeria is free and compulsory for Algerians from the ages of 6 to 15.[1] However, only half of Algerian students are enrolled in secondary schools.[2] As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities.[3]

History

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Before the French conquest of Algiers in 1830, religious lands called hubus paid for Muslim teachers.[4] When the French colonized Algeria, they seized the hubus, which ended traditional education funding.[4] During the colonization of Algeria, Napoleon III reestablished the usage of madrasa schools and created primary schools that were both in Arabic and French.[5] However, during the Third Republic, the Parisian government tried to assimilate Algerians into the French culture, but their policies were frustrated by french colonists who blocked funding for new schools.[4]

After the war for independence, Algeria introduced several policies to reform and strengthen the educational structure. The Ministry of Education was created in 1963.[6] Arabization of the school curriculum—replacing French language and values with Arab language and values—was a key priority of the new ministry.[7]

Educational System

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University of Béjaïa.

In Algeria, 24% of children were enrolled in pre-school as of 2004.[8] New reforms have been implemented since 2003 to make pre-schooling more accessible.

Primary school lasts for 5 years.[6] Then, students move on to 4[9] years of lower secondary school and 3 additional years of upper secondary school.[6] Primary and Lower Secondary Education, which is termed "Enseignment Fondemental" is the basic education that everyone is required to receive.[10] If students wish to pursue higher education, they must take the baccalauréat, a national exam.[6]

There are approximately 57 public institutions for higher education, which include "27 universities, 13 university centers, 6 national schools (écoles nationales), 6 national institutes (instituts nationaux), and 4 teacher-training institutes (écoles normales supérieures)."[6] As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities.[3] People typically study three years for a bachelor's degree, two years for a Master's Program, and three years for a doctorate.[6]

School Children In Algeria 1967

Languages

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Main articles: French language in Algeria and English language in Algeria

Students in Algeria are primarily taught in Arabic, although teachers have been allowed to teach in Berber as of 2003. Berber teaching is allowed in Algerian schools to remove the complaints of Arabization and need for non-Algerian teachers.[2] In 1994, Kabyle pupils and students boycotted Algerian schools for a year, demanding the officialization of Berber, leading to the symbolic creation of the Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité (HCA) in 1995. Berber was subsequently taught as a non-compulsory language in Berber speaking areas.[11] As of 2017, 350,000 pupils were studying tamazight in 38 wilayas out of 58,[12] representing 4% of all students.[13] 90% of them study tamazight in Latin characters.[14][15] In 2018, the government announced that optional classes of tamazight will be offered in all public primary and secondary schools in the future.[16][17] The generalization of Amazigh education was met with some opposition in Arabic-speaking areas.[18] As of 2023, according to the education minister, education in Amazigh is still being rolled out to all Algerian schools.[19]

Before colonialism, Algeria was home primarily to Arabic and Berber speakers.[4] Due to Algeria's French colonial past, French was the first foreign language taught in Algerian schools.[20] However, a month before independence, Algerian revolutionary leaders declared that the future State would be committed to arabisation.[21] Ahmed Ben Bella implemented linguistic arabisation laws in primary schools and required teaching in Arabic on all levels from 1963/1964.[21][7] In 2004, language restrictions were enforced that made 90% of all teaching in Algerian schools in Arabic.[22] In November 2005, Parliament passed laws that banned private schools from teaching in any other language but Arabic.[21]

Linguistics has been a source of contention for the Algerian educational system. The shift from bilingualism in French and Arabic to monolingualism in Arabic has created issues with graduates trying to enter the economic market.[21][7]

Literacy

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UIS literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1980–2015

The literacy rate in Algeria has improved significantly in the decades since independence from France. In 1950, the Algerian adult literacy rate was less than 20%.[23] After independence in 1962, more than 85% of the population was still illiterate.[24] As of 2015, Algeria's literacy rate is estimated to be around 80%, higher than the literacy rates of Morocco and Egypt, but lower than Libya's literacy rate. Of the 2015 literacy rate, 87% of Algerian males are literate, compared to 73% of Algerian females.[25]

Since the Multilingual National Strategy for Literacy was put in place in 2008, over 3.6 million Algerians have been lifted out of illiteracy. Between 2008 and 2022, the illiteracy rate fell from 22.30% to 7.4%. Algeria's efforts have been rewarded with the 2019 UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize.[26]

Funding and Employment

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Education makes up 28% of Algeria's national budget.[27] Algeria has one of the largest shortages of teachers in Northern Africa, with 200,000 primary teachers needed to help reach the United Nations's Sustainable Development Goal for education, as of 2016.[28]

Education by numbers

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The number of children enrolled in school has increased significantly post-independence. In 1962, there were only 750,000 children enrolled in primary school and 3,000 students attending universities.[29] By 1984, there were more than 900,000 students enrolled in school and 107,000 students in college.[29] In 2005, enrollment rates were about 97% at primary school level and 66% at secondary school level.[30]

Statistics by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for the 2011–2012 academic year:[31]

Pupils Census
Primary school 3.452.000
Lower secondary school 3.240.000
Upper Secondary school 1.333.000
Total 8.023.000

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Singh, Kishore. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education". ohchr.org. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b Algeria country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (May 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b Naylor, Phillip, C. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 221. ISBN 978-0810879195. Retrieved 20 October 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Segalla, Spencer D. (2009-01-01). Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803224681.
  5. ^ Naylor, Phillip, C. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 404. ISBN 978-0810879195. Retrieved 20 October 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Education in Maghreb: Algeria - WENR". wenr.wes.org. April 2006. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  7. ^ a b c Masri, Safwan M. (2017). "A Different Trajectory". Tunisia : an Arab anomaly. New York. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-231-54502-0. OCLC 974992445.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Bouzoubaa, Khadija; Benghabrit-Remaoun, Nouria (2004). "Pre-School Education in Morocco and Algeria1". Prospects. 34 (4): 471–480. doi:10.1007/s11125-005-2738-x. S2CID 144340313.
  9. ^ https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/EPDC_NEP_2018_Algeria.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  10. ^ "Algeria". Education Policy Data Center. Archived from the original on 2018-05-15. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  11. ^ Leclerc, Jacques; Jean, Lionel (2021-07-27). "Algérie: Les droits linguistiques des berbérophones". Université Laval.
  12. ^ "APS - Le Conseil des ministres adopte un projet de loi fixant les fêtes légales". HCA CMS (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  13. ^ Journaliste 2 (2018-02-26). "Enseignement du Tamazight: ces chiffres qui disent les contraintes". www.algerie360.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Horizons - La transcription de tamazight au centre d'un colloque du HCA; entre le tifinagh, l'arabe et le latin…". HCA CMS (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  15. ^ Zmirli, Amayas (2018-01-13). "Algérie - Tamazight : un si long chemin". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  16. ^ Dendoune, Nadir (2018-10-22). "Un mouvement de boycott de l'enseignement de l'arabe paralyse plusieurs collèges et lycées". lecourrierdelatlas (in French). Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  17. ^ "Education nationale: généralisation de l'enseignement de tamazight en 2021 (document)". Algérie infos (in French). 2020-03-04. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  18. ^ Benyakoub, Ryma Maria (2018-10-26). "Arabe – tamazight L'école envahie par la colère et la vengeance". El Watan (in French).
  19. ^ "Le HCA plaide une généralisation de l'enseignement de tamazight". Le Jeune Indépendant (in French). 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  20. ^ Negadi, Mohammed Nassim (August 2015). "Learning English in Algeria through French-based background proficiency". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 199: 496–500. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.537.Open access icon
  21. ^ a b c d Benrabah, Mohamed (2007-06-01). "Language-in-Education Planning in Algeria: Historical Development and Current Issues". Language Policy. 6 (2): 225–252. doi:10.1007/s10993-007-9046-7. ISSN 1568-4555. S2CID 144173685.
  22. ^ The Report: Algeria 2014. Oxford Business Group. 2014-12-30. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-910068-20-5.
  23. ^ "Education for All Global Monitoring Report" (PDF). UNESCO: 193. 2006.
  24. ^ Learning, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong (2015-11-24). "Effective Literacy Programmes". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  25. ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  26. ^ "Enseignement des adultes : Plus de 3,64 millions d'Algériens libérés de l'analphabétisme depuis 2008". El watan. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  27. ^ "UNICEF Annual Report 2015 Algeria" (PDF). unicef.org. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  28. ^ "The world needs almost 69 million new teachers to reach the 2030 education goals" (PDF). uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  29. ^ a b Entelis, John P. (2016-01-08). Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-317-36097-1.
  30. ^ "Algeria: Education". EIU ViewsWire. 1 April 2008. ProQuest 466507125.
  31. ^ "National Education Profile 2014 Update" (PDF). epdc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2016.

Further reading

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