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Pudukkottai

Coordinates: 10°23′00″N 78°48′00″E / 10.383300°N 78.800100°E / 10.383300; 78.800100
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(Redirected from History of Pudukkottai)
This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see Pudukkottai district. For other meanings, see Pudukkottai (disambiguation).

Pudukkottai
புதுக்கோட்டை மாநகராட்சி
( Pudugai )
City Corporation
Historical City of Tamilnadu.
Nickname(s): 
pudugai, Thondaiman Pudukkottai
Pudukkottai is located in Tamil Nadu
Pudukkottai
Pudukkottai
Location in Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates: 10°23′00″N 78°48′00″E / 10.383300°N 78.800100°E / 10.383300; 78.800100
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
DistrictPudukkottai
CollectorMrs. M.Aruna, IAS
Superintendent of PoliceMrs. Vandita Pandey, IPS
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyPudukkottai City Municipal Corporation
 • MayorMrs. S.Thilagavathi Senthil (2022-Present)
 • Deputy MayorMr. M.Liyakath Ali (2022–Present)
 • Municipal CommissionerMr. D.Narayanan (2024-Present)
Area
 • Total121.26 km2 (46.82 sq mi)
Elevation
116 m (381 ft)
Population
 (2024)
 • Total225,500
 • Density1,900/km2 (4,800/sq mi)
DemonymPudukkottaikaran
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
622001 - 622006
Telephone code04322
Vehicle registrationTN-55
Sex ratio995 per 1,000 males ♂/♀
Websitewww.pudukkottai.co.in

Pudukkottai City is the administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the oldest and Heritage city in India which contains a lot of histories. The city is also known as Thondaiman Pudukkottai. Pudukottai Municipal Corporation is located on the banks of the Vellar River.[1] It has been ruled, at different times, by the Mutharaiyar dynasty, Cholas, Early Pandyas, Thondaimans, and the British. It is situated about 372 kilometres (231 mi) southwest of the state capital Chennai,50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Tiruchirappalli, 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Thanjavur ,108 kilometres (67 mi) northeast of Madurai,116 kilometres (72 mi) East of Dindigul and 78 kilometres (48 mi) Northeast of Sivaganga. Tamil Nadu's first woman Asian Games competitor, Santhi Soundarajan, is from Pudukkottai.[2]

Pudukkottai is called as city of cradle of archeology. Being the district headquarters, Pudukkottai has district administrative offices, besides government educational institutes, colleges, and schools. Pudukkottai is a part of the Pudukkottai constituency and elects its member to the legislative assembly every five years; and is a part of the Lok Sabha constituency comprising Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Tiruchirappalli and Karur. The city is administered by a selection-grade municipality established in 1912 as per the Municipal Corporation Act. Pudukkottai covers an area of 21.25 km2 (8.20 sq mi) and had a population of 117,745 in 2011. Roadways are the major mode of transport to the city, while it has also got rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Tiruchirappalli International Airport, located at a distance of 45 km (28 miles) from the city.

It is one of the few towns and cities in List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu selected for AMRUT Schemes [3] from central government and the developmental activities are taken care by government of Tamil Nadu.[4] On 15 March 2024, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that the town along with the surrounding merged panchayats will be upgraded from municipality to corporation status (Tamil: மாநகராட்சி).[5]

History

[edit]
Coin of the Roman emperor Augustus from the Pudukottai hoard (British Museum).

The princely state of Pudukottai was created by Ragunatha Kilavan Sethupati of Ramnad (1673–1708 A.D.) married Kathali Nachiar, the sister of Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman. He appointed his brother-in-law, Ragunatha Thondaiman, as chief of the district of Pudukottai. Raghunatha Thondaiman earlier had ruled Thirumayam. In appreciation of Ragunatha Thondaiman's services, Ragunatha Kilavan Setupati gave Pudukkottai as an honor for his services. In later centuries, the Thondaiman rulers, while nominally feudatories of the Ramnad state, often pursued an independent foreign policy, a trend common in all parts of India at that time. After the death of Ragunatha Kilavan Setupati Ragunatha Thondaiman become ruler of Pudukottai.[6]

After becoming the ruler of Pudukottai, Thonddaiman fought against the Nayaks of Thanjavur in support of the Nayaks of Madurai and conquered Thirukkattupalli, a very important place. Then there was a direct clash between the Thondaimans of Pudukottai and the Nayaks, rulers of Tanjore.[7] Thondaiman conquered the west of Thirukkattupalli. The next ruler, Raja Vijaya Reghunatha Raya Thondaiman, helped the Arcot Nawab against Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. He was also loyal to the British Government. After some time, when Hyder Ali's army tried to enter Pudukkottai, Thondaiman's army defeated them and drove Hyder's army away. Thondaiman captured Kilanilai and Aranthangi. He helped the British government against Tipu Sultan.

Pudukkotai finally came under formal British protection. This was arguably unavoidable since the Thondaimans were much menaced in that period by a resurgent Mysore, ruled by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. When Tipu Sultan sought to leverage the power of the French against his British adversaries, Pudukkotai, in common with its neighbors, such as Thanjavur and Travancore, found it expedient to ally with the British.[8]

Raja Rajagopala Thondaiman (1928–1948), the last and ninth in the line of Thondaiman rulers, was selected by the British Government and was crowned when he was six years old. After Indian independence in 1947, the Pudukkottai Princely State was amalgamated with the Indian Union on 3 April 1948 and became a division in Tiruchirappalli District. The long history of the Thondaimans' rule came to an end.

Thondaiman King in his Durbar, Pudukkottai, 1858.
Revenue stamp issued by the princely state of Pudukkottai with a portrait of Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman

Some of the major kings of the dynasty are Tondaiman (1686–1730), Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman,(1730–1769), Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769 – Dec 1789), Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (Dec 1789 – 1 February 1807), Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1 February 1807 – June 1825), Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825 – 13 July 1839), Ramachandra Tondaiman (13 July 1839 – 15 April 1886), Marthanda Bhairava Tondaiman (15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928) and Rajagopala Tondaiman (28 October 1928 – 4 March 1948).

Pudukkottai became a princely state of British India under the political authority of Madras Presidency. The state had an area of 4663 Sq.miles and in 1901, a population of 380,000. The Rajas of Pudukkotai were entitled to a 17-gun salute. The last Thondaiman raja of Pudukkottai acceded to newly-independent India in 1948, and the state became a division of the Trichinopoly District of Madras State. The state was reorganized twice in the succeeding decade, taking its present form in 1956; it was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. On 14 January 1974, the present Pudukkottai District was formed from parts of Tiruchirappalli and Thanjavur districts.[9]

Geography

[edit]

Pudukkottai is located at 10°23′N 78°49′E / 10.38°N 78.82°E / 10.38; 78.82 in the valley of the Vellar River. The city has a semi-arid climate with high temperatures throughout the year and relatively low rainfall. Pudukkottai has a plain terrain with a few rocky hills in the outskirts. Urugumalai, Athimalai, Chennaimalai are the hills that surround the city. The rivers that flow in Pudukkottai are Amaravathy, Noyal, Bhavani, and Kaveri. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the district. Red loam and red sand are the types of soil found in the town. Paddy, groundnuts, bananas and sugarcane are the major crops in the region. Pudukkottai experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) to a minimum of 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months, and December to January are the coldest. Pudukkottai receives an average rainfall of 978.8 mm (38.54 in). The Southwest monsoon, starting in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. A bulk of the rainfall is received during the North-East monsoon in the months of October, November and December.[10] The municipality covers an area of 21.25 km2 (21,250,000 m2).[11][12][13]

Demographics

[edit]
Religious census[citation needed]
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 88.28%
Muslim
 
 5.86%
Christian
 
 6.13%
Sikh
 
 0.02%
Other
 
 0.26%
No religion
 
 0.26%

According to 2011 census, Pudukkottai had a population of 117745 with a sex-ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males.[16] A total of 960 were under the age of six. The town enjoys a high literacy rate of 91.35% as of 2011 census.[16][15] As of 2001, 20 slums were identified in the town and approximately 37,740 people resided in the slums. The population of the town decreased during the 1991–2001 period is attributed to the migration to other cities in search of employment and lesser job opportunities in the town.[14] The city covers an area of 21.25 square kilometres (8.20 sq mi).

As per the religious census of 2011, Hinduism is the majority religion in Pudukkottai city with 79.40% followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in the city of Pudukkottai with approximately 15.14% following it. In Pudukkottai city, Christianity is followed by 4.89%, Jainism by 0.00%, Sikhism by 0.02%, and Buddhism by 0.02%. Around 0.04% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.50% stated 'No Particular Religion'.

The Thondaiman king, Vijaya Raghunatha rebuilt the town based on the principles of town planning so that the main streets were laid intersecting at right angles with the palace at the center.[12] Out of the total area, 80.85% of the land is marked developed and 19.15% of the city remains undeveloped. Residential areas makeup 60.1% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 4.43% and 1.47% respectively.[17] The population density is not uniform throughout the town. It is high in the center and lowers in peripheral areas such as Sivagandapuram, Ganesh Nagar, and the Tamil Nadu Housing Area. The density ranges from 200 to 300 persons per hectare in the central part of the town and 16 - 55 persons per hectare (PPH) in the peripheral areas with low-density Hindus form the majority of the urban population, followed by Muslims and Christians. Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, but the use of English is relatively common; English is the medium of instruction in most educational institutions and offices in the service sector.[14]

Municipal administration and politics

[edit]
Municipality officials
Chairman Thilagavathi Senthil (2022–present)[18]
Commissioner Thiru. A.Jahangir Basha[19]
Vice-chairman Liyakath Ali (2022–present)[20]
Elected members
Member of Legislative Assembly Muthuraja[21]
Member of Parliament Su. Thirunavukkarasar[22]

Pudukkottai is the headquarters of the Pudukkottai district. The town was constituted as a third-grade municipality in 1912, promoted to first-grade during 1963 and selection-grade from 1998. The Pudukkottai municipality has 42 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[23] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[24] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 42 members, one each from the 42 wards.[25] The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.[26]

Pudukkottai is a part of the Pudukottai and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[27] From the 1977 elections, All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat three times (in 2001 and 2006 elections), four times by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1989, 1996, 2016 and 2021), four times by Indian National Congress (INC) (1977, 1984 and 1991 elections). The current MLA of Pudukottai constituency is Dr.Muthuraja from DMK party.[28][29][30]

Pudukottai is a part of the Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)  till the 2004 elections before delimitation in 2009 – it had the following six assembly constituencies – Peravurani, Pudukkottai, Alangudi and Arantangi state assembly constituencies.[31] From the 2009 elections, the town is part of Tiruchirappalli constituency and the current Member of Parliament is Su. Thirunavukkarasar from the Indian National Congress. From 1951, the erstwhile Pudukottai parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for six times (during 1957, 1980, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 1999 elections), Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam three times (during the 1971, 1996 and 2004 elections) and once each by KMPP (during 1951 elections), CPI (during 1962 elections), CPM (during 1967 elections) and AIADMK (during 1998 elections).[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Su. Thirunavukkarasar from Indian National Congress.[45]

Law and order in the city are maintained by the Pudukottai subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are four police stations in the town, with one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice, and human rights, district crime records and the special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.[46]

Transportation

[edit]
Main article: Pudukkottai railway station

The Pudukkottai municipality maintains 122.84 km (76.33 mi) of roads. The city has 4.16 km (2.58 mi) concrete roads, 9.78 km (6.08 mi) WBM roads, 6 km (3.7 mi) gravel roads, 2.5 km (1.6 mi) footpaths and 100.4 km (62.4 mi) bituminous road. A total of 19.908 km (12.370 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and national highways by the National Highways Department.[47]

There are two national highways namely the NH 336 Trichy - Ramanathapuram road and NH 36 Vikravandi - Manamadurai road that pass via Pudukkottai. There are two state highways that pass via the town - SH 26 Trichy - Mimisal road and SH 71 Musiri - Sethubavachatram road. The other major district roads connect Pudukkottai to other parts of the district. The Pudukkottai bus stand is a A-grade bus stand located in the centre of the town. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the city to important cities like Chennai and Bengaluru. TNSTC Kumbakonam division operates frequent intercity and intrastate buses to cities like Kumbakonam, Tiruchchirapalli, Thanjavur, Madurai, Coimbatore, Aranthangi, Karaikudi, Devakottai, Sivagangai, Pattukkottai, Ponnamaravathi, Rameswaram, Kodaikanal, Dindigul, Theni, Tiruppur, Karur, Palani, Salem, Erode, Mettupalayam, Nagapattinam, Velankanni, Villupuram, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Nagercoil, Tiruchendur and Thoothukudi.[48][49] KSRTC operates daily buses between Bengaluru and Pudukkottai.

Pudukkottai railway station has daily express trains to and from Chennai, Rameswaram and weekly express trains to Coimbatore, Puducherry, Kanyakumari, Varanasi and Bhubaneshwar. The town has passenger train services to Trichy, Manamadurai, Rameswaram and Karaikudi.[50][51]

The nearest local and international airport is the Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 45 km from the town.

Places of interest

[edit]

Sittannavaasal (Ancient drawings and Stone beds).
Government Museum (This is the second largest museum of Tamil Nadu).
Thirumayam Fort.
Pudukulam (this is a large man-made tank supporting the water needs of Pudukottai town)
Pudukottai palace - A sand casket with a mantra written by saint Sadasiva Brahmendra of the 18th century is preserved. A grand palace in Pudukkottai.

Economy

[edit]
A paddy field in Regunathapuram Village of Pudukkottai district

The SIPCOT Industrial Complex is located on Tiruchirappalli - Rameswaram National Highways (NH 210). This Industrial complex is well connected by Road, Rail, and Air. It was established in 1980. The allotment of land commenced in 1982 to accommodate Engineering and General Industries. The total extent of complex area is 421.10 acres (1.7041 km2).

Pudukkottai district is predominantly an agricultural oriented district. Generally a dry and hot climate prevails in this district and this district's agricultural production depends mainly on the rainfall. The normal annual rainfall of the Pudukkottai district is 922.8  mm. Out of which 52.2  mm is received in winter, 124.6  mm is received in hot weather period, 351.9  mm is received during southwest Monsoon and 394.1  mm is received in North-East Monsoon. Recently Tamil Nadu Agricultural University started Diploma college in agriculture at Kudimiyanmalai with a approximate strength of 50 students including girls.

There are 5,451 irrigation tanks available in this district, of which 172 tanks were system tanks fed by Grand Anaikat Channel and the remaining are rain-fed tanks. There are about 47,583 wells in the district catering an area of 100,993 Ha.[52] Paddy is the major crop of this district. 90000 Ha. of the area is covered under paddy, out of which 135000 Ha. of the area is fed with Kaveri Mettur Project through the G.A. canal. The remaining area is well and tank fed. The present productivity level is 4.985 Mt. of Paddy /Ha. Other than Paddy, Groundnut is the major crop in this district which is mainly cultivated under rainfed conditions. Groundnut is being cultivated in 36000 Ha. as rain fed crop and 8000 Ha. under irrigated condition. Millet, pulse, cotton, sugarcane, gingelly are the other crops cultivated in this district.

Education and utility services

[edit]

As of 2011, there were 33 schools in Pudukkottai: nine primary schools, seven middle schools, and 17 high and higher secondary schools. There were three arts and science colleges, namely, H.H.The Rajah's College for men, Govt. Arts College for Women and Govt. College of Education. There were five industrial training institutes ITI in the town, namely, DIET, Govt. Industrial Technical Institute, Advanced I.T.I., Central ITI, Little flower ITI and SriBrahathambal ITI.[53]

Electricity supply to Pudukkottai is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[54] Water supply is provided by the Pudukkottai Municipality from the Cauvery river through Jeyapuram head water works located 86 km (53 mi) away and Ammaiyappatti water works located 9.06 km (5.63 mi). In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.[55] As per the municipal data for 2011, about 30-35 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Pudukkottai every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Pudukkottai municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[56] There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[57]

The municipality maintained a total of 191 km (119 mi) of storm water drains in 2011: 55 km (34 mi) pucca drains and 136 km (85 mi) open drains.[58] As of 2011, there were a total of 31 hospitals, municipal dispensary, private dispensaries and private general clinics and five clinical labs that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[59] As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 4,039 street lamps: 631 sodium lamps, 3,450 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp.[60] The municipality operates one weekly market, two daily vegetable markets and one daily fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.[61]

Schools and colleges include:

Sports

[edit]

There is a very famous sports club in Pudukottai called Kavinadu Sports Club. This club trains young talented athletes who are doing good in District, State, Country, and even World level sports. Two main long-distance runners that India has at the moment (2017) are Miss. Surya and Mr. Lakshmanan who have been trained in this club. Lakshmanan received gold medals for both 5,000 and 10,000 meters running in the Asian Athletic championship, 2017. He is the first person from India to win two gold medals in the Asian Athletic championship. He also took part in world championships in London, 2017, and finished the 5,000 meters heat with a personal best of 13:35.69 minutes.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ancient History of Pandyas (1st ed.). Publications Division. 1990 [1981]. ISBN 81-230-0658-6.
  2. ^ "Poll ticket, crowd-funded academy on Santhi's agenda". The Times of India. TNN. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  3. ^ "Tufidco".
  4. ^ "Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu".
  5. ^ Service, Express News (16 March 2024). "CM Stalin announces creation of 4 new corporations in TN, total goes up to 25". The New Indian Express. Chennai. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  6. ^ Howes, Jennifer (2012). Courts of Pre-Colonial South India. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9781135789961.
  7. ^ Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 9780521266932.
  8. ^ Dirks, Nicholas B. (1987). The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of An Indian Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0-521-32604-4.
  9. ^ V., Annamalai (1996). Formation And Transformation Of Power In Rural India. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 26–28. ISBN 9788171413232.
  10. ^ "Climate and Rainfall" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  11. ^ "About Pudukkottai". Pudukkottai municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. 5
  13. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, p. ii.
  14. ^ a b c Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 6-7
  15. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Pudukkottai". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  16. ^ a b "Area and Population" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  17. ^ Urban Infrastructure Report 2008, pp. 11-12.
  18. ^ "Chairman of municipality". Pudukottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  19. ^ "Commissioner of municipality". Pudukottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  20. ^ "Vice Chairman of municipality". Pudukottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  21. ^ "MLA of Pudukkottai". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  22. ^ "General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2019, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  23. ^ "About the municipality". Pudukottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  24. ^ "Commissionerate of Municipal Administration". Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  25. ^ "Councillors of municipality". Pudukottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  26. ^ "Economic and political weekly". 30. Sameeksha Trust. 1995: 2396. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ "List of Assembly Constituencies". Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  28. ^ "MLA of Pudukottai". Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  29. ^ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  30. ^ "Old MLA of Pudukottai". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  31. ^ "Election" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  32. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 17. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  33. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 49. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  34. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 67. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  35. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 71. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  36. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 80. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  37. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 79. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  38. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 73. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  39. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 81. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  40. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 51. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  41. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 86. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  42. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  43. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 85. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  44. ^ "Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 94. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  45. ^ "Members of Parliament from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  46. ^ "Pudukottai Police" (PDF). Pudukkottai Municipality. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  47. ^ "Pudukkottai roads". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  48. ^ "S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres". Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  49. ^ "Pudukkottai bus stand". Pudukkottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  50. ^ Syed Muthahar Saqaf (24 April 2013). "Pudukottai passengers await Pallavan Express". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  51. ^ "Passenger train extended to Manamadurai". The Hindu. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  52. ^ "Irrigation" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  53. ^ "Educational Institutions". Pudukkottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  54. ^ "Important Address" (PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  55. ^ "Water Supply Details". Pudukkottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  56. ^ "Waste management programme". Pudukkottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ^ "Sewarage". Pudukkottai Municipality. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. ^ "Storm water drains". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  59. ^ "Hospitals, Medical Labs". Pudukkottai Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  60. ^ "Pudukkottai street lights". Pudukkottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  61. ^ "Pudukkottai markets". Pudukkottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  62. ^ "Affiliated College of Bharathidasan University".

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Edward Duyker & Coralie Younger, Molly and the Rajah: Race, Romance and the Raj, Australian Mauritian Press, Sylvania, 1991, pp. xii, 130, ISBN 0-646-03679-3
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