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Ivan Mazepa

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(Redirected from Hetman Mazepa)
"Mazepa" redirects here. For other uses, see Mazeppa (disambiguation).
The spelling "Mazepa" refers to the historical person; the double-p "Mazeppa" is used for the artistic and literary works.

Ivan Mazepa
Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host
Іван Мазепа
Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host
In office
25 July 1687 – 11 November 1708
Preceded byIvan Samoylovych
Succeeded by
Personal details
Born30 March 1639 (NS)
Biała Cerkiew, Kiev Voivodeship, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Bila Tserkva, Ukraine)
Died2 October 1709(1709-10-02) (aged 70) (NS)
Bender (Tighina), Principality of Moldavia
Nationality Ukrainian
SpouseHanna Polovets (1642–1704)
Signature

Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa[a] (Ukrainian: Іван Степанович Мазепа; Polish: Jan Mazepa Kołodyński; 30 March [O.S. 20 March] 1639 – 2 October [O.S. 21 September] 1709)[2] was a Ukrainian military, political, and civic leader who served as the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host and the Left-bank Ukraine in 1687–1708. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works. He was famous as a patron of the arts.

Mazepa played an important role in the Battle of Poltava (1709), where after learning that Tsar Peter I intended to relieve him as acting Hetman (military leader) of Zaporozhian Host (a Cossack state) and to replace him with Alexander Menshikov, he defected from his army and sided with King Charles XII of Sweden. The political consequences and interpretation of this defection have resonated in the national histories both of Russia and of Ukraine.

The Russian Orthodox Church laid an anathema (excommunication) on Mazepa's name in 1708 and still refuses to revoke it. The anathema was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which considers it uncanonical and imposed with political motives as a means of political and ideological repression, with no religious, theological or canonical reasons.[3]

Pro-independence and anti-Russian elements in Ukraine from the 18th century onwards were derogatorily referred to as Mazepintsy (Russian: Мазепинцы, lit. 'Mazepists').[4][5] The alienation of Mazepa from Ukrainian historiography continued during the Soviet period, but post-1991 in independent Ukraine Mazepa's image has been gradually rehabilitated.[citation needed]

The Ukrainian corvette Hetman Ivan Mazepa of the Ukrainian Navy is named after him.[6]

Early life

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A plate showing Mazepa's coat of arms, once placed on the Chernihiv college.

Family home

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Mazepa was probably born on 30 March 1639,[2] in Mazepyntsi, near Bila Tserkva, then part of the Kiev Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (today – Drozdy rural council, Bila Tserkva Raion), into a noble Ruthenian-Lithuanian family. His mother was Maryna Mokievska (1624–1707) (known from 1674 to 1675 by her monastic name Maria Magdalena),[7] and his father was Stefan Adam Mazepa (?-1666). Maryna Mokievska came from the family of a Cossack officer who fought alongside Bohdan Khmelnytsky. She gave birth to two children – Ivan and Oleksandra. Stefan Mazepa served as a Cossack Ataman of Bila Tserkva (1654).

In Polish service

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In 1657, Stefan Mazepa became involved with Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, who pursued a pro-Polish policy. In 1659 he traveled to Warsaw to attend the Sejm and placed his son in service at the royal court of John II Casimir Vasa.[8] Before that Ivan Mazepa probably studied at the Kiev Academy from the age of 10 and graduated with a degree in rhetoric.[9] According to Samiilo Velychko, he was to complete his philosophy course at the Jesuit college in Warsaw.[9]

According to late tradition, King John Casimir sent Mazepa to study "gunnery" in Deventer (Dutch Republic) in 1656–1659, during which time he traveled across Western Europe.[10] From 1659 the Polish king was sending him on numerous diplomatic missions to Ukraine.[10] His service at the Polish royal court earned him a reputation as an alleged catholicized "Lyakh"[11] – later the Russian Imperial government would effectively use this slur to discredit Mazepa.[citation needed]

Painting Mazeppa and the Wolves by Horace Vernet (1826) showing a naked Mazepa tied to a horse.

During one of his missions, Mazepa met Jan Chryzostom Pasek, whom he took to be a supporter of the anti-royal confederation. He led to Pasek's arrest and had him brought before the king, who was staying in Grodno at the time. According to Pasek's account, he managed to prove his innocence, the king rewarded him for the harm he suffered and Mazepa lost the royal trust.[12] Further on in his memoirs, Pasek recounts the story of under what circumstances Mazepa left Poland in 1663. According to Pasek Mazepa had an affair with Mrs. Falbowska, wife of his neighbour in Volhynia.[13][14] When the man discovered an affair, he tied Mazepa naked to a horse, head to tail, and fastened the horse. The horse carried Mazepa to his household, but he was so badly wounded that his own subjects were unable to recognize him.[13][15] Pasek's memoirs were written in 1690-1695, when Mazepa was already a Cossack hetman; it is possible that Pasek, who had a personal grudge against Mazepa, colored the story.[15] However, this anecdote also appears in the anonymous Memoirs to the Reign of Augustus II and in the memoirs of Marquis de Bonnac.[16] The story was later recounted by Voltaire in his Histoire de Charles XII and became a recurring motif in the literary works of such writers as Victor Hugo, Lord Byron, Alexander Pushkin or Juliusz Słowacki, as well as in the paintings of such painters as Horace Vernet, Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Chassériau, Théodore Géricault and others.[13][10][16] The tale was probably widespread by then and referred to Mazepa's reputation as a womanizer.[16]

Despite Pasek's accounts, Mazepa still remained in royal service. In February 1663 he was sent to the Cossack Hetman Pavel Tetera, to whom he brought the Hetman's mace, presented to Tetera by Tomasz Jan Karczewski [pl].[9] Mazepa then took part in a royal campaign against Russia in left-bank Ukraine in years 1663-1664.[9] Mazepa was certainly still at the royal court in 1665, probably until the abdication of John II Casimir in 1668.[9]

Under Hetman Doroshenko

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After the death of his father (ca. 1665), he inherited the title of the Chernihiv cupbearer.[10] From 1669 to 1673 Mazepa served under Petro Doroshenko (Hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine from 1665 to 1672) as a squadron commander in the Hetman Guard, particularly during Doroshenko's 1672 campaign in Halychyna, and as a chancellor on diplomatic missions to Poland, Crimea, and the Ottoman Empire.[10] From 1674 to 1681 Mazepa served as a "courtier" of Doroshenko's rival Hetman Ivan Samoylovych after Mazepa was captured on the way to Crimea by the Kosh Otaman Ivan Sirko in 1674.[10] From 1677 to 1678 Mazepa participated in the Chyhyryn campaigns during which Yuri Khmelnytsky, with the support from the Ottoman Empire, tried to regain power in Ukraine.[10] The young, educated Mazepa quickly rose through the Cossack ranks, and from 1682 to 1686 he served as an Aide-de-Camp General (Heneralny Osaul).[citation needed]

Hetman

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"Ivan Mazepa, Supreme War Prince of Zaporizhian Cossacks"

In 1687 Ivan Mazepa accused Samoylovych of conspiring to secede from Russia, secured his ouster, and was elected the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine in Kolomak,[17] with the support of Vasily Galitzine. At the same time Ivan Mazepa signed the Kolomak Articles, which were based on the Hlukhiv Articles of Demian Mnohohrishny.[citation needed]

Gradually, Mazepa accumulated great wealth, becoming one of Europe's largest land owners. A multitude of churches were built all over Ukraine during his reign in the Ukrainian Baroque style. He founded schools and printing houses, and expanded the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time, to accommodate 2,000 students.[citation needed]

In 1702, the Cossacks of Right-bank Ukraine, under the leadership of hetman Semen Paliy, began an uprising against Poland, which after early successes was defeated. Mazepa convinced Russian Tsar Peter I to allow him to intervene, which he successfully did, taking over major portions of Right-bank Ukraine, while Poland was weakened by an invasion of Swedish king Charles XII.[citation needed]

The Great Northern War

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See also: Campaign of Grodno

In the beginning of the 18th century, as the Russian Empire lost significant territory in the Great Northern War, Peter I decided to reform the Russian army and to centralize control over his realm. In Mazepa's opinion, the strengthening of Russia's central power could put at risk the broad autonomy granted to the Cossack Hetmanate under the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654. Attempts to assert control over the Zaporozhian Cossacks included demands of having them fight in any of the tsar's wars, instead of only defending their own land against regional enemies as was agreed to in previous treaties. Now Cossack forces were made to fight in distant wars in Livonia and Lithuania, leaving their own homes unprotected from the Tatars and Poles. Ill-equipped and not properly trained to fight on par with the tactics of modern European armies, Cossacks suffered heavy losses and low morale. The Hetman himself started to feel his post threatened in the face of increasing calls to replace him with one of the abundant generals of the Russian army.[citation needed]

Change of sides

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The last straw in the souring relations with Tsar Peter was his refusal to commit any significant force to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński, an ally of Charles XII of Sweden, who threatened to attack the Cossack Hetmanate in 1708. Peter expected that king Charles of Sweden was going to attack and thought that he could spare no forces. In the opinion of Mazepa, this blatantly violated the Treaty of Pereyaslav, since Russia refused to protect Ukraine's territory and left it to fare on its own. As the Swedish and Polish armies advanced towards Ukraine, Mazepa allied with them on 28 October 1708. However, only 3,000 Cossacks followed their Hetman, with the rest remaining loyal to the Tsar.

According to William Pokhlyobkin, it was from that moment that King Charles XII of Sweden granted Mazepa the right to use the colors of the Swedish military bandera (yellow and blue) as the insignia of the Cossack detachments led by Mazepa, later these would be the colors of the Flag of Ukraine.[18]

Mazepa's call to arms was further weakened by the Orthodox Clergy's allegiance to the Tsar. Learning of Mazepa's treason, the Russian army sacked and razed the Cossack Hetmanate capital of Baturyn, killing most of the defending garrison and many common people. The Russian army was ordered to tie the dead Cossacks to crosses and float them down the Dnieper River to the Black Sea.[citation needed]

Those Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected a new hetman, Ivan Skoropadsky, on 11 November 1708. The fear of further reprisals and suspicion of Mazepa's newfound Swedish ally prevented most of Ukraine's population from siding with him.[citation needed] Surprisingly, the only significant support that he gathered came from the Zaporozhian Sich, which, though at odds with the Hetman in the past, considered him and the nobility he represented a lesser evil compared with the Tsar. Inhumane massacres by Russia followed the Sich Cossacks support of Mazepa, as Peter The Great ordered the Sich to be razed in 1709 and a decree was issued to execute any active Zaporizhian Cossack.[citation needed]

Decisive battle

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Charles XII and Mazepa at Dnieper after the Battle of Poltava, painting by Gustaf Cederström (1880)

The Swedish and Russian armies spent the first half of 1709 maneuvering for advantage in the anticipated great battle, and trying to secure the support of the local populace. Finally in June the Battle of Poltava took place. It was won by Russia and Peter the Great, putting an end to Mazepa's hopes of transferring Ukraine into the control of Sweden, which in a treaty had promised independence to Ukraine. Mazepa fled with Charles XII to the fortress of Bender (Tighina), in the Ottoman Empire's vassal Moldavia, where Mazepa soon died.[citation needed]

Mazepa was buried in Galați (now Romania), but his tomb was disturbed several times and eventually lost as a result of the Sfântul Gheorghe (St. George) Church demolition in 1962.[19]

Title and style

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As Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, Mazepa's style was as follows:

Hetman Ivan Mazepa of the Tsar's Illustrious Highness's Zaporozhian Host, Knight of the Glorious Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew (Ukrainian: Гетьман Іван Мазепа Війська Його Царської Пресвітлої Величності Запорізького, Славного Чину Святого Апостола Андрія Кавалер).[20]

Historical legacy

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Mazepa's decision to abandon his allegiance to the Russian Empire was considered treason by the Russian Tsar and a violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav. However, others argue that it was Imperial Russia who broke the treaty by not even trying to protect the Cossack homeland during busy fighting abroad while Ukrainian peasants were complaining about the conduct of local Muscovite troops. Many Cossacks had died while building Saint Petersburg, and the Tsar planned to deploy Cossack troops far from their homeland.[21][22]

The image of a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history. The Russian Orthodox Church anathemaised and excommunicated him for political reasons. Until 1869, his name was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches during the Feast of Orthodoxy service, along with Pugachev, Razin and False Dmitry I. Later, a positive view of Mazepa was taboo in the Soviet Union and considered as a sign of "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism". During the years of Perestroika, however, many historical works saw light that viewed Mazepa differently. After Ukraine's independence in 1991, Mazepa was proclaimed a national hero in Ukraine's official historiography and mainstream media,[citation needed] as he was the first post-Pereyaslav Treaty hetman to take a stand against the Tsar, who failed to abide by the Treaty. This view however was disputed by pro-Russian factions.[23][24][25] Russia has repeatedly condemned Ukraine for honoring the figure of Ivan Mazepa.[26] In an April 2009 survey by the Research & Branding Group, 30 percent of the population of Ukraine viewed Mazepa as "a man who fought for the independence of Ukraine", while 28 percent viewed him "as a turncoat who joined the enemy's ranks".[25]

During an event in Mazepyntsi to mark the 370th birthday (20 March 2009) of Hetman Mazepa, President Viktor Yushchenko called for the myth about the alleged treason of Mazepa to be dispelled. According to Yushchenko, the hetman wanted to create an independent Ukraine, and architecture thrived in Ukraine over the years of Mazepa's rule: "Ukraine was reviving as the country of European cultural traditions".[27] The same day, around 100 people held a protest in Simferopol against the marking of the 370th birthday of Mazepa.[23][24] In May 2009 the Russian foreign ministry stated in an answer to Ukraine's preparations to mark the 300th anniversary of the battle of Poltava and plans to erect a monument to Mazepa that those were attempts at an "artificial, far-fetched confrontation with Russia".[25]

₴10 banknote depicting Ivan Mazepa
₴10 coin depicting Ivan Mazepa

Mazepa's portrait is found on the ₴10 (Ukrainian currency) bill.[25]

In August 2009, a monument to the hetman, the work of the sculptor Giennadij Jerszow,[28] was unveiled at Dytynets Park in Chernihiv.[29] The opening was accompanied by clashes between the police and opponents of Mazepa.[26]

After researching his genealogy in 2009, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko did not rule out that his family is connected with the family of Mazepa.[30]

In August 2009, Yushchenko decreed the resuming of a halted construction of an Ivan Mazepa monument in Poltava.[31] A monument to Mazepa was to be erected on Slava Square in Kyiv in 2010 to fulfill a decree of Yushchenko.[32] In May 2010 Kyiv city civil servants stated the city was ready to establish a monument as soon as the Cabinet of Ukraine would fund this project.[26] According to them the situation was similar to other unrealised monuments such as the "Unification Monument" and a monument to Pylyp Orlyk who in 2010 were conceived in 2002 and 2003 but still not built in 2010.[26][35] The Poltava City Council on 25 February 2016 voted in favor of the monument.[34] On 6 May 2016 President Petro Poroshenko unveiled the Mazepa monument in Poltava.[36]

The Ivan Mazepa Street in Kyiv, which runs past the Pechersk Lavra, was partly changed to Lavrska Street in July 2010.[37] The move was met with protests.[38]

In Galați (Romania), Mazepa is remembered in the name of two central neighbourhoods (Mazepa I and II) and with a statue in a park on Basarabiei street.[19]

Cultural legacy

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Main article: Cultural legacy of Mazeppa
"Mazeppa" by Théodore Géricault, based on an episode in Byron's poem when the young Mazeppa is punished by being tied to a wild horse.

The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary and musical works:

In 2009 the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, instituted the Cross of Ivan Mazepa as an award for cultural achievement and service.[40]

In 2020 President Volodymyr Zelenskyy gave the 54th Mechanized Brigade of the Ukrainian Army the honorary title of "Ivan Mazepa".[41] In 2022 Zelenskyy named a Ukrainian Navy Ada-class corvette after Mazepa.[6]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ also spelled Mazeppa[1]

References

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  1. ^ "Ivan Mazepa". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b Ivan Katchanovski; Kohut, Zenon Eugene; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810878457.
  3. ^ ""Ukraine has always been the canonical territory of the Ecumenical Patriarchate"". ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE PERMANENT DELEGATION TO THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  4. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2 ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (published 2010). ISBN 9781442698796. Retrieved 21 March 2017. The terms mazepintsi (Mazepaites) and mazepinstvo (Mazepaism) came to be used in imperial Russian, Soviet Marxist, and even post Communist Russian discourse as synonyms of treachery toward the state and opportunistic separatism.
  5. ^ Compare: Lew, Khristina (28 January 1996). "Ukraine's Navy, despite difficulties, forges ahead with media center" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 4. Vol. 64. Jersey City, New Jersey: Ukrainian National Association Inc. p. 2. ISSN 0273-9348. Retrieved 21 March 2017. '[...] Sevastopil TV and Radio are fond of running interviews with BSF seamen calling Ukrainian Navy personnel "nationalists, Banderites and Mazepivtsi."'
  6. ^ a b Zelenskyi, Volodymyr (18 August 2022). "Про присвоєння імені гетьмана Івана Мазепи корвету класу "Ada" Військово-Морських Сил Збройних Сил України". Office of the President of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  7. ^ На Печерську знайдено могилу матері Мазепи (At Pechersk is found a burial of Mazepa's mother). Ukrayinska Pravda
  8. ^ Majewski, Wiesław. "Adam Stefan Mazepa h. Kurcz". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e Majewski, Wiesław. "Jan (Iwan) Mazepa h. Kurcz". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Encyclopedia of Ukraine". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  11. ^ Hrushevsky, M., page 382.
  12. ^ Koropeckyj 1990, p. 415.
  13. ^ a b c Widacka, Hanna. "Ukaranie Mazepy". www.wilanow-palac.pl. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  14. ^ Koropeckyj 1990, p. 422-423.
  15. ^ a b Koropeckyj 1990, p. 423.
  16. ^ a b c Koropeckyj 1990, p. 423-424.
  17. ^ Katchanovski, et al., p. 362
  18. ^ Сост. Candidate of Sciences William Pokhlyobkin. Словарь международной символики и эмблематики. М.: Междун. отношения. Изд. 3-е. 2001 г. Дополнения. № 12. Украинская символика. ISBN 5-7133-0869-3.
  19. ^ a b Crângan, Costel (28 August 2015). "Cine a fost cazacul Mazepa, războinicul care tulbură Europa chiar și după 300 de ani de la moarte. Răpus pe pământ românesc, a fost îngropat de șase ori". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  20. ^ Ihor Ostash. Oh, High Lord Ivan Mazepa, you deserved a praise of Arabs, how in Kiev was found a copy of the Mazepa's Gospel («О, високий пане, Іване Мазепо, ти заслугував на хвалу від арабів» – як у Києві знайшовся примірник Мазепинського Євангелія). Radio Liberty. 9 November 2020
  21. ^ A History of Ukraine, Paul Robert Magocsi, University of Toronto Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8020-7820-9, page 244
  22. ^ Ukraine: A History by Orest Subtelny, University of Toronto Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6, page 164
  23. ^ a b Events by themes: The mass meeting as token of objecting against celebration in Ukraine of 370th anniversary from the day of birth of Ivan Mazepa, UNIAN-photo service (20 March 2009)
  24. ^ a b Opponents to marking 370th birthday of Mazepa rally in Simferopol, Interfax-Ukraine (20 March 2009)
  25. ^ a b c d Swedish king feted in Ukraine 300 years after landmark battle, The Local (26 June 2009)
  26. ^ a b c d (in Ukrainian) В Києві не буде пам’ятника Мазепі The city government is ready to establish a monument, but for this there is neither funding nor of the order of the government Archived 19 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, TSN.ua (11 May 2010)
  27. ^ Yuschenko calls for myth of Hetman Mazepa's treason to be dispelled, Interfax-Ukraine (20 March 2009)
  28. ^ У Чернігові відкрили перший в Україні пам'ятник Мазепі Archived 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine // повідомл. за 22 August 2009 року на www.newsru.ua («Новини України і світу») Archived 2016-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ "Cultural Life/from 'Web site about Ukraine'". Orpheusandlyra.tripod.com. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  30. ^ "Yushchenko researches his genealogy and connects it with family of Ivan Mazepa". UNIAN. 7 December 2009.
  31. ^ President demands resuming halted construction of Ivan Mazepa monument in Poltava Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Press office of President Victor Yushchenko (25 August 2009)
  32. ^ Monument to Ivan Mazepa to be erected on Slava Square in Kiev, Interfax-Ukraine (19 November 2009)
  33. ^ (in Russian) In Kiev, a monument to Philip Orlik, Korrespondent (24 June 2011)
  34. ^ a b Poltava: a battle for memory[permanent dead link‍], Den, (17 March 2016)
  35. ^ The monument to Orlyk was unveiled in June 2011.[33] On 14 October 2015 the Mazepa monument was transported and put on display in Poltava.[34]
  36. ^ (in Ukrainian) In Poltava, unveiled a monument to Mazepa, Ukrayinska Pravda (7 May 2016)
  37. ^ (in Ukrainian) РІШЕННЯ КИЇВСЬКОЇ МІСЬКОЇ РАДИ Archived 7 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Khreshchatyk (10 September 2010)
  38. ^ "Kievers oppose Ivan Mazepa Street's renaming". Photo.ukrinform.ua. Retrieved 8 May 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ "Molitva za getmana Mazepu". 15 February 2002. Retrieved 10 May 2022 – via IMDb.
  40. ^ Кралюк, Петро (23 October 2022). "Isn't it time to establish state wartime awards in Ukraine?". Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  41. ^ "Указ Президента України № 168/2020". Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Mazepa.
Predecessor
Ivan Samoylovych 		Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
1687–1709 		Successor
Ivan Skoropadsky (in Hetmanate)
Pylyp Orlyk (in exile)
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