Jump to content

Heaven's Gate (religious group)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Heaven's Gate mass suicide)

For the 1980 film, see Heaven's Gate (film).
For other uses, see Heaven's Gate (disambiguation).
Heaven's Gate
TypeNew religious movement
ClassificationUFO religion
OrientationChristian millenarianism, New Age, Ufology
ScriptureBible
Leaders
RegionUnited States
Headquarters
FounderMarshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles
Origin1974
Members
  • 39 (pre-1997); 2? (post-1997)
Other name(s)Human Individual Metamorphosis, Total Overcomers Anonymous
Official websitewww.heavensgate.com

Heaven's Gate was an American new religious movement known primarily for the mass suicides committed by its members in 1997. Commonly designated a cult, it was founded in 1974 and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985), known within the movement as Do and Ti. Nettles and Applewhite first met in 1972 and went on a journey of spiritual discovery, identifying themselves as the two witnesses of Revelation, attracting a following of several hundred people in the mid-1970s. In 1976, a core group of a few dozen members stopped recruiting and instituted a monastic lifestyle.

Scholars have described the theology of Heaven's Gate as a mixture of Christian millenarianism, New Age, and ufology, and has been characterized as a UFO religion. The central belief of the group was that followers could transform themselves into immortal extraterrestrial beings by rejecting their human nature, and they would ascend to heaven, referred to as the "Next Level" or "The Evolutionary Level Above Human". The death of Nettles from cancer in 1985 challenged the group's views on ascension; while they originally believed that they would ascend to heaven while alive aboard a UFO, they came to believe that the body was merely a "container" or "vehicle" for the soul and that their consciousness would be transferred to "Next Level bodies" upon death.

On March 26, 1997, deputies of the San Diego County Sheriff's Office discovered the bodies of the 39 active members of the group, including Applewhite, in a house in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe. They had participated in a coordinated series of ritual suicides, coinciding with the closest approach of Comet Hale–Bopp. Just before the mass suicide, the group's website was updated with the message: "Hale–Bopp brings closure to Heaven's Gate ...our 22 years of classroom here on planet Earth is finally coming to conclusion – 'graduation' from the Human Evolutionary Level. We are happily prepared to leave 'this world' and go with Ti's crew."[1]

History

[edit]

The son of a Presbyterian minister and a former soldier, Marshall Applewhite began his foray into Biblical prophecy in the early 1970s. He was fired from the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas, over an alleged relationship with one of his male students. In March 1972, he met Bonnie Nettles, a 44-year-old married nurse with an interest in theosophy and Biblical prophecy.[2] The circumstances of their meeting are unclear. According to Applewhite's writings, the two met in a hospital where she worked while he was visiting a sick friend. It has been rumored that it was a psychiatric hospital. Another account[vague] had Nettles substituting for a nurse working with premature babies in the nursery.[3] Applewhite later recalled that he felt that he had known Nettles for a long time and concluded that they had met in a past life.[4] She told him their meeting had been foretold to her by extraterrestrials, persuading him that he had a divine assignment.[5][6]

Applewhite and Nettles pondered the life of St. Francis of Assisi and read works by Helena Blavatsky, R. D. Laing, and Richard Bach.[7] They kept a King James Bible and studied passages from the New Testament focusing on Christology, asceticism, and eschatology.[8] Applewhite also read science fiction, including works by Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke.[9] By June 19, Applewhite and Nettles's beliefs had solidified.[10] They concluded that they had been chosen to fulfill biblical prophecies, and they had been given higher-level minds than other people.[11] They wrote a pamphlet that described Jesus' reincarnation as a Texan, a veiled reference to Applewhite.[12] Furthermore, they concluded that they were the two witnesses described in the Book of Revelation,[13] and occasionally visited churches and spiritual groups to speak of their identities,[14] often referring to themselves as "The Two", or "The UFO Two".[7][15] They believed they would be killed and then resurrected and, in view of others, transported onto a spaceship. This event, which they referred to as "the Demonstration", was to prove their claims.[12] These ideas were poorly received by other religious groups.[16]

The Two would gain their first follower in May 1974: Sharon Morgan, who abandoned her children to join them. A month later, Morgan left The Two and returned to her family. Nettles and Applewhite were arrested and charged with credit card fraud for using Morgan's cards, although she had consented to their use. The charges were dropped. A routine check brought up that Applewhite had stolen a rental car from St. Louis nine months earlier, which he still possessed. Applewhite spent six months in jail primarily in Missouri, and was released in early 1975, rejoining Nettles.[16]

Eventually, Applewhite and Nettles resolved to contact extraterrestrials, and they sought like-minded followers. They published advertisements for meetings, where they recruited disciples, called "the crew".[17] At the events, they purported to represent beings from another planet, the Next Level, who sought participants for an experiment. They said that those who agreed to take part in the experiment would be brought to a higher evolutionary level.[18] In April 1975, during a meeting with a group of eighty people in Studio City, Los Angeles, they shared their "simultaneous" revelation that they were the two witnesses in the Bible's story of the end time.[19] According to Benjamin Zeller, while accounts of the meeting differ, all describe it as momentous and agree that Applewhite and Nettles presented themselves as charismatic leaders with an important spiritual message. About 25 individuals joined the group.[20]

In September 1975, Applewhite and Nettles preached at a motel hall in Waldport, Oregon. After selling all "worldly" possessions and saying farewell to loved ones, around 20 people vanished from the public eye and joined the group.[2] Later that year, on CBS Evening News, Walter Cronkite reported on the disappearances in one of the first national reports on the developing religious group: "A score of persons from a small Oregon town have disappeared. It's a mystery whether they've been taken on a so-called trip to eternity – or simply been taken."[19] In reality, Applewhite and Nettles had arranged for the group to go underground. From that point, "Do" and "Ti" (pronounced "doe" and "tee"), as the two now called themselves, led nearly one hundred members across the country, sleeping in tents and sleeping bags, and begging in the streets. Evading detection by the authorities and media enabled the group to focus on Do and Ti's doctrine of helping members of the crew achieve a "higher evolutionary level" above human, which the leaders claimed to have already reached.[19][21]

Applewhite and Nettles used a variety of aliases over the years, notably "Bo and Peep" and "Do and Ti". The group also had several names prior to the adoption of the name Heaven's Gate. At the time Jacques Vallée studied the group it was known as Human Individual Metamorphosis (HIM). The group re-invented and renamed itself several times.[22][23] Applewhite believed he was directly related to Jesus, meaning he was an "Evolutionary Kingdom Level Above Human". His writings, which combined aspects of Millennialism, Gnosticism, and science fiction, suggest he believed himself to be Jesus' successor and the "Present Representative" of Christ on Earth.[19] Do and Ti taught early on that Do's bodily "vehicle" was inhabited by the same alien spirit that belonged to Jesus; Ti was presented as God the Father, Do's "older member".[19]

The crew used various recruitment methods as they toured the United States in destitution, proclaiming the gospel of higher-level metamorphosis, the deceit of humans by "false-God spirits", envelopment with sunlight for meditative healing, and the divinity of the "UFO Two".[19] In April 1976, the group stopped recruiting and became reclusive, and instituted a rigid set of behavioral guidelines, including banning sexual activity and the use of drugs. Applewhite and Nettles solidified their temporal and religious authority over the group. Benjamin Zeller described the movement as having transformed "from a loosely organized social group to a centralized religious movement comparable to a roving monastery".[24]

Some sociologists agree that the popular movement of alternative religious experience and individualism found in collective spiritual experiences during that period helped contribute to the growth of Heaven's Gate. Sheilaism, as it became known, was a way for people to merge their diverse religious backgrounds and coalesce around a shared, generalized faith, which followers of new religious sects like Applewhite's crew found to be an appetizing alternative to traditional dogmas in Judaism, Catholicism and evangelical Christianity. Many of Applewhite and Nettles' crew hailed from these diverse backgrounds; most of them are described by researchers as having been "longtime truth-seekers", or spiritual hippies who had long since believed in attempting to "find themselves" through spiritual means, combining faiths in a sort of cultural environment well into the mid-1980s.[25] Not all of Applewhite's crew were hippies recruited from alternative religious backgrounds – one such recruit early on was John Craig, a respected Republican and ranch owner who came close to winning a 1970 Colorado House of Representatives race. He joined the group in 1975.[26][27] As its numbers grew in its pre-Internet days, the clan of "UFO followers" seemed to have in common a need for communal belonging to an alternative path to higher existence outside the constraints of institutionalized faith.[citation needed]

Identifying themselves by the business name "Higher Source", the group used its website to proselytize and recruit followers beginning in the early 1990s. Rumors began spreading among the group in the following years that the upcoming Comet Hale–Bopp housed the secret to their ultimate salvation and ascent into the kingdom of heaven.[28]

Contemporary media coverage

[edit]
Title of a flyer for a Heaven's Gate recruitment meeting, Berkeley, California, May, 1994

Heaven's Gate received coverage in Jacques Vallée's book Messengers of Deception (1979), in which Vallée described an unusual public meeting organized by the group. He expressed concerns about contactee groups' authoritarian political and religious outlooks, and Heaven's Gate did not escape criticism.[29] Known to the media (though largely ignored), Heaven's Gate was better known in UFO circles, and through a series of academic studies by sociologist Robert Balch.

In January 1994, LA Weekly ran an article on the group, then known as "The Total Overcomers".[30] Richard Ford, who would play a key role in the 1997 group suicide, discovered Heaven's Gate through this article and eventually joined them, renaming himself Rio DiAngelo.[19] Coast to Coast AM host Art Bell discussed the theory of the "companion object" in the shadow of Hale–Bopp on several programs as early as November 1996. Speculation has been raised as to whether Bell's programs contributed to Heaven's Gate's group suicide. Knowledge Fight host Dan Friesen blames more on Courtney Brown rather than Bell.[31][32]

Louis Theroux contacted Heaven's Gate for his BBC2 documentary series, Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, in early March 1997, weeks before their mass suicide. In response to his e-mail, Theroux was told that Heaven's Gate could not take part in the documentary: "at the present time a project like this would be an interference with what we must focus on."[33]

Mass suicide

[edit]

In October 1996,[34] the group rented a large house which they called "The Monastery", a 9,200-square-foot (850 m2) mansion located near 18341 Colina Norte in Rancho Santa Fe, California. They paid the $7,000 per month rent in cash.[35] The same month, the group purchased alien abduction insurance that would cover up to fifty members and would pay out $1 million per person (the policy covered abduction, impregnation, or death by aliens).[36] In June 1995, they had purchased land near Manzano, New Mexico and began creating a compound out of rubber tires and concrete, but had left abruptly in April 1996.[37]

During March 19–20, 1997, Marshall Applewhite taped himself in a video entitled Do's Final Exit, speaking of mass suicide and "the only way to evacuate this Earth". After asserting that Comet Hale–Bopp was the sign that the group had been looking for, as well as the speculation that an unidentified flying object (UFO) may have been trailing the comet, Applewhite and his 38 followers prepared for ritual suicide, coinciding with the closest approach of the comet, so their souls could reach the Next Level before the closure of "Heaven's Gate". Members believed that after their deaths a UFO would take their souls to another "level of existence above human", which was described as being both physical and spiritual. Their preparations included most members videotaping a farewell message.[38][39][40] The 39 adherents – 21 women and 18 men between the ages of 26 and 72 – are believed to have died in three groups over three successive days, with the remaining participants cleaning up after each prior group's deaths.[41]

The suicides began on March 22–23, in three waves.[42][43][a] To kill themselves, members took phenobarbital mixed with apple sauce or pudding, and washed it down with vodka. After ingesting the mix, they secured plastic bags around their heads to induce asphyxiation. All 39 were dressed in identical black shirts and sweat pants, brand new black-and-white Nike Decades athletic shoes, and armband patches reading "Heaven's Gate Away Team" (one of many instances of the group's use of the terms of Star Trek). Each member carried a five-dollar bill and three quarters in their pockets.[48][42] According to former members, this was standard for members leaving the home for jobs and "a humorous way to tell us they all had left the planet permanently"; the five-dollar bill was for covering the cost of vagrancy laws and the quarters were for calling home from pay phones.[49][42] Another former member stated that it was a reference to a Mark Twain story, which said $5.75 was "the cost to ride the tail of a comet to heaven."[50] No such passage from the writings of Twain is known to exist.[51]

After a member died, a living member would arrange the body by removing the plastic bag from the person's head, followed by posing the body so that it lay neatly in its own bed, with faces and torsos covered by a square purple cloth, for privacy. In a 2020 interview with Harry Robinson, two members who were not in Rancho Santa Fe when the suicides happened said that the identical clothing was a uniform representing unity for the mass suicide, while the Nike Decades were chosen because the group "got a good deal on the shoes".[42] Applewhite was also a fan of Nikes "and therefore everyone was expected to wear and like Nikes" within the group. Heaven's Gate had a saying, "Just Do it", echoing Nike's slogan, but pronouncing "Do" as "Doe", to reflect Applewhite's nickname.[52]

Among the dead was Thomas Nichols, brother of the actress Nichelle Nichols, best known for her role as Uhura in the original television series of Star Trek.[53] Applewhite was the third to last member to die; two people remained after him, and were the only ones found with bags over their heads and not having purple cloths covering their top halves. Before the last of the suicides, similar sets of packages were sent to numerous Heaven's Gate affiliated (or formerly affiliated) individuals,[41] and at least one media outlet, the BBC department responsible for Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, for which Heaven's Gate had earlier declined participation.[citation needed]

Among those on the list of recipients was Rio DiAngelo. The package DiAngelo received on the evening of March 25,[38] as other packages sent had,[41] contained two VHS videotapes, one with Do's Final Exit, and the other with the "farewell messages" of group followers.[38] It also contained a letter stating that, among other things, "we have exited our vehicles just as we entered them."[54] DiAngelo informed his boss of the contents of the packages, and received a ride from him from Los Angeles to the Heaven's Gate home so he could verify the letter. DiAngelo found a back door intentionally left unlocked,[54] and used a video camera to record what he found. After leaving the house, DiAngelo's boss, who had waited outside, encouraged him to make calls alerting the authorities.[38]

The San Diego County Sheriff's Office received an anonymous tip through 911 at 3:15 p.m. on March 26,[34] suggesting they "check on the welfare of the residents".[55] Days after the suicides, the caller was revealed to be DiAngelo.[38][54]

Caller: Yes, I need to report an anonymous tip, who do I talk to?

Sheriff's Department: Okay, this is regarding what?

Caller: This is regarding a mass suicide, and I can give you the address [...]

— San Diego County 911 call, March 26, 1997, 3:15 p.m. PST[54]

The lone deputy who first responded to the call entered the home through a side door,[55] saw ten bodies, and was nearly overcome by a "pungent odor".[34] (The bodies were already decomposing in the hot Southern California spring.)[34] After a cursory search by two more deputies found no one alive, they retreated until a search warrant could be procured.[55] All 39 bodies were ultimately cremated.[citation needed]

Aftermath

[edit]

The Heaven's Gate deaths were widely publicized in the media as an example of mass suicide.[56] When the news broke of its relation to Comet Hale–Bopp, the co-discoverer of the comet, Alan Hale, was drawn into the story. Hale's phone "never stopped ringing the entire day". He chose not to respond until the next day at a press conference, after researching the details of the incident.[57] Speaking at the Second World Skeptics Congress in Heidelberg, Germany on July 24, 1998:[58]

Dr. Hale discussed the scientific significance and popular lore of comets and gave a personal account of his discovery. He then lambasted the combination of scientific illiteracy, willful delusions, a radio talk show's deception about an imaginary spacecraft following the comet, and a cult's bizarre yearnings for ascending to another level of existence that led to the Heaven's Gate mass suicides.[59]

Hale said that well before Heaven's Gate, he had told a colleague:

"We are probably going to have some suicides as a result of this comet." The sad part is that I was really not surprised. Comets are lovely objects, but they don't have apocalyptic significance. We must use our minds, our reason.[59]

News of the mass suicide motivated the copycat suicide of a 58-year-old man living near Marysville, California.[60] The man left a note dated March 27, which said, "I'm going on the spaceship with Hale–Bopp to be with those who have gone before me," and imitated some of the details of the Heaven's Gate suicides as they had then been reported. The man was found dead by a friend on March 31, and had no known connection with Heaven's Gate.[61]

At least three former members of Heaven's Gate died by suicide in the months following the mass suicide. On May 6, 1997, Wayne Cooke and Chuck Humphrey (known as "Rkkody" within the group) attempted suicide in a hotel in a manner similar to that used by the group. Cooke died but Humphrey survived, who was saved by authorities.[62][63] Another former member, James Pirkey Jr., died by suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot wound on May 11. In February 1998, Humphrey killed himself in Arizona. His body was found carrying a five dollar bill and four quarters in his pocket; next to him, a note: "do not revive".[62][63][64]

On March 22, the same day as the Heaven's Gate suicide, five members of the Order of the Solar Temple group also died in a mass suicide.[65] The Solar Temple happened to be a group with similar beliefs, in both cases believing that suicide would allow their souls to be transported into space.[66][67] This led to initial suspicions of a connection,[68][69] though police investigating the Heaven's Gate deaths refused to acknowledge these speculations.[70] The Solar Temple suicides had been timed for the vernal equinox on March 20, not the comet, but due to several failed attempts it only happened on the 22nd.[71] There was no apparent connection found between the two groups.[67]

Although most people considered the event a mass suicide, sociologist and former member of a cult, Janja Lalich, referred to the event as "murder".[72] UCLA psychiatrist Louis J. West described the dead members as "victims of a hoax [...] There was villainy here."[73]

Two former members, Marc and Sarah King of Phoenix, Arizona, operating as the TELAH Foundation, are believed to maintain the group's website.[28][74]

Belief system

[edit]

Scholars disagree over whether the theology of Heaven's Gate is fundamentally either New Age or Christian in nature. Benjamin Zeller has argued that the theology of Heaven's Gate was primarily rooted in Evangelicalism but with New Age elements.[75] Scholars have described the theology of Heaven's Gate as a mixture of Christian millenarianism, New Age, and ufology, and as such it has been mainly characterized as a UFO religion.[76]

The group adopted the ancient astronaut hypothesis, which was prominent at the time of the group's formation due to the then-recent publication of works like Erich Von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods?.[77] The term "ancient astronauts" is used to refer to various forms of the concept that extraterrestrials visited Earth in the distant past.[78] Applewhite and Nettles took part of this concept and taught it as the belief that "aliens planted the seeds of current humanity millions of years ago, and have to come to reap the harvest of their work in the form of spiritually evolved individuals who will join the ranks of flying saucer crews. Only a select few members of humanity will be chosen to advance to this transhuman state. The rest will be left to wallow in the spiritually poisoned atmosphere of a corrupt world."[79] Only individuals who joined Heaven's Gate, follow Applewhite and Nettle's belief system, and make the sacrifices required by membership would be allowed to escape human suffering.

Heaven's Gate, paralleling ancient astronaut theorists like Erich Von Däniken, interpreted the Bible as recording events of extraterrestrial contact.[77]

Initially, recruits had been told that they would be biologically and chemically transformed into extraterrestrial beings and would be transported aboard a spacecraft, which would come to Earth and take them to heaven – the "Next Level". When Bonnie Lou Nettles (Ti) died of cancer in 1985, the group's doctrine was confounded because Nettles was "chosen" by the Next Level to be a messenger on Earth, yet her body had died instead of leaving physically to outer space. Their belief system was then revised to include the leaving of consciousness from the body as equivalent to leaving the Earth in a spacecraft.[80]

The group declared that they were against suicide, as they defined suicide in their own context to mean "to turn against the Next Level when it is being offered", and believed their human bodies were only "vehicles" meant to help them on their journey. Suicide, therefore, would be not allowing their consciousness to leave their human bodies to join the next level; remaining alive instead of participating in the group suicide was considered suicide of their consciousness. In conversation, when referring to a person or a person's body, they routinely used the word "vehicle".[81]

The members of the group adopted names consisting of three letters followed by the suffix -ody to signify themselves as "children of the Next Level". This is mentioned in Applewhite's final video, Do's Final Exit, filmed March 19–20, 1997, just days prior to the suicides.

They believed that "to be eligible for membership in the Next Level, humans would have to shed every attachment to the planet". This meant all members had to give up all human-like characteristics, such as family, friends, gender, sexuality, individuality, jobs, money, and possessions.[12] "The Evolutionary Level Above Human" (TELAH) was a "physical, corporeal place",[82] another world in our universe,[83] where residents live in pure bliss and nourish themselves by absorbing pure sunlight.[84] At the next level, beings do not engage in sexual intercourse, eating or dying, the things that make humans "mammalian".[85] Heaven's Gate believed that what the Bible calls God is a highly developed extraterrestrial.[86]

Members of Heaven's Gate believed that evil space aliens – Luciferians – falsely represented themselves to Earthlings as "God" and conspired to keep humans from developing. As technically advanced humanoids, these aliens have spacecraft, space-time travel, telepathy, and increased longevity.[87] They use holograms to fake miracles.[85] They are carnal beings with gender, and they stopped training to achieve the Kingdom of God thousands of years ago.[87] Heaven's Gate believed that all existing religions on Earth had been corrupted by these aliens.[88]

Although these basic beliefs of the group stayed generally consistent over the years, "the details of their ideology were flexible enough to undergo modification over time".[78] There are examples of the group's adding to or slightly changing their beliefs, such as: modifying the way one can enter the Next Level, changing the way they described themselves, placing more importance on the idea of Satan, and adding several other New Age concepts. One of these concepts was the belief of extraterrestrial walk-ins; when the group began, "Applewhite and Nettles taught their followers that they were extraterrestrial beings [...] after the notion of walk-ins became popular within the New Age subculture, the Two changed their tune and began describing themselves as extraterrestrial walk-ins."[78] A walk-in can be defined as "an entity who occupies a body that has been vacated by its original soul". Heaven's Gate came to believe an extraterrestrial walk-in is "a walk-in that is supposedly from another planet".[89]

The concept of walk-ins aided Applewhite and Nettles in personally starting from what they considered to be "clean slates". In this clean slate, they were no longer considered to be the people they had been prior to the start of the group, but had taken on a new life; this concept gave them a way to "erase their human personal histories as the histories of souls who formerly occupied the bodies of Applewhite and Nettles".[89] Over time, Applewhite revised his identity in the group to encourage the belief that the "walk-in" that was inhabiting his body was the same that had done so to Jesus 2,000 years ago. Similar to Nestorianism, this belief stated that the personage of Jesus and the spirit of Jesus were separable. This meant that Jesus was simply the name of the body of an ordinary man that held no sacred properties, that was taken over by an incorporeal sacred entity to deliver "next level" information.

Techniques to enter the next level

[edit]

According to Heaven's Gate, once the individual has perfected himself through the "process", there were four methods to enter or "graduate" to the next level:[90]

  1. Physical pickup onto a TELAH spacecraft and transfer to a next level body aboard that craft. In this version, what Professor Zeller calls a "UFO" version of the "Rapture", an alien spacecraft would descend to Earth and collect Applewhite, Nettles, and their followers, and their human bodies would be transformed through biological and chemical processes to perfected beings.[91]
  2. Natural death, accidental death, or death from random violence. Here, the "graduating soul" leaves the human container for a perfected next-level body.[92]
  3. Outside persecution that leads to death. After the deaths of the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas, and the events involving Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge, Applewhite was afraid the American government would murder the members of Heaven's Gate.[93]
  4. Willful exit from the body in a dignified manner. Near the end, Applewhite had a revelation that they might have to abandon their human bodies and achieve the next level as Jesus had done.[92] This occurred when 39 members died by suicide and "graduated".[94]

Animals were said to have souls, and a soul in an animal could enter the next level, a human soul, if it becomes a servant of humans, such as in a guide dog, and "sees itself as a family member in that human family".[95]

Structure

[edit]

The group is only open to adults over the age of 18.[82] Members gave up their possessions and lived an ascetic life devoid of indulgences. The group was tightly knit, and everything was communally shared. In public, each member of the group always carried a five-dollar bill and a roll of quarters.[96] 8 men in the group, including Applewhite, voluntarily underwent castration as an extreme means of maintaining the ascetic lifestyle.[97] The group initially attempted castration by having one of its members, a former nurse, perform the castration, but this almost resulted in the patient's death, and caused at least one member to leave Heaven's Gate. Every castration that followed was done in a hospital.[98]

The group earned revenue by offering professional website development under the business name Higher Source.[99]

The cultural theorist Paul Virilio described the group as a cybersect, due to its heavy reliance on computer-mediated communication prior to its collective suicide.[100]

[edit]

In 1979, Gary Sherman produced the made-for-TV movie Mysterious Two for NBC, based on the exploits of Applewhite and Nettles, then relatively unknown, which aired in 1982.[101]

In its first live episode following the mass suicide, Saturday Night Live aired a sketch where the cult members made it to space. It was followed by a commercial parody for Keds, featuring the tagline, "Worn by level-headed Christians," as well as footage of the Nike-clad corpses of the Heaven's Gate members.[102][103]

In 2018, rapper Lil Uzi Vert posted a concept album art for their then-upcoming album, Eternal Atake. Soon after, they were threatened with legal action by Marc and Sarah King, the couple responsible for maintaining the group's website and intellectual property. A representative for the two wrote "[Uzi] is using and adapting our copyrights and trademarks without our permission and the infringement will be taken up with our attorneys. This is not fair use or parody; it is a direct and clear infringement". The teased cover contained a logo almost identical to the Heaven's Gate logo, with similar text and visuals below. When the album officially released, it would be changed substantially to instead feature three figures standing on the moon, accompanied by a UFO overhead.[104]

Heaven's Gate: The Cult of Cults, a documentary miniseries about the cult, was released on HBO Max in 2020.[105]

In 2021, Heaven's Gate was one of the subjects in the first season of Vice Media's documentary television series Dark Side of the 90s entitled "A Tale of Two Cults".[106]

Heaven's Gate was the subject of the 10-part podcast of the same name produced by Glynn Washington to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the mass suicide.[107]

In February 2023, a movie following the story of Applewhite and Nettles entitled The Leader was introduced during the Berlin Film Festival.[108] In October 2023, it was announced that Michael C. Hall and Grace Caroline Currey had joined the cast.[109]

Nike Decades

[edit]

The infamy caused by the mass suicides, limited availability, and their sudden discontinuation have been cited as reasons for the high resale value of Nike Decades.[110][111]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Some news reports give different dates, with some stating that all three groups committed suicide on March 22, that the groups committed suicide on March 22–24, or on March 24–26.[41][44][45][46] Autopsies determined that the deaths began on 22 or 23 of March.[47]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Heaven's Gate". Heaven's Gate. Archived from the original on December 12, 1997.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b Goldwag 2009, p. 77.
  3. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 111.
  4. ^ Lalich 2004, pp. 44, 48.
  5. ^ Balch & Taylor 2002, p. 210.
  6. ^ Lalich 2004, p. 43.
  7. ^ a b Zeller 2010a, p. 123.
  8. ^ Zeller 2010b, pp. 42–43.
  9. ^ Lifton 2000, p. 306.
  10. ^ Zeller 2010b, p. 40.
  11. ^ Chryssides 2004, p. 355.
  12. ^ a b c Balch & Taylor 2002, p. 211.
  13. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 108.
  14. ^ Chryssides 2004, p. 356; Zeller 2010b, p. 40.
  15. ^ Urban 2000, p. 276.
  16. ^ a b Bearak, Barry (April 28, 1997). "Eyes on Glory: Pied Pipers of Heaven's Gate". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  17. ^ Chryssides 2004, p. 356.
  18. ^ Goerman 2011, p. 60; Chryssides 2004, p. 357.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Bearman, Joshuah (March 21, 2007). "Heaven's Gate: The Sequel". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  20. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 34.
  21. ^ Hexham, Irving; Poewe, Karla (May 7, 1997). "UFO Religion – Making Sense of the Heaven's Gate Suicides". Christian Century. pp. 439–440. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2007 – via www.ucalgary.ca.
  22. ^ Ryan J. Cook, Heaven's Gate Archived 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, webpage retrieved 2008-10-10.
  23. ^ Mizrach, Steven. "The Facts about Heaven's Gate". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
  24. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 41–42.
  25. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 59–65.
  26. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 65–66.
  27. ^ Brooke, James (March 31, 1997). "For Cowboy in Cult, Long Ride Into Sunset". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Feinberg, Ashley (September 17, 2014). "The Online Legacy of a Suicide Cult and the Webmasters Who Stayed Behind". Gizmodo. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  29. ^ Vallee, Jacques (1979). Messengers of Deception: UFO Contacts and Cults. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 978-0915904389.
  30. ^ Gardetta, Dave (January 21, 1994). "They Walk Among Us". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on March 28, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  31. ^ Genoni, Thomas Jr. (July 1997). "Art Bell, Heaven's Gate, and Journalistic Integrity". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  32. ^ Dan Friesen; Jordan Holmes (January 30, 2018). "Project Camelot's War on Heaven". Knowledge Fight. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  33. ^ Louis Theroux. Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends: UFO. Veoh.
  34. ^ a b c d "Group: 39 Found Dead in Apparent Suicide". Los Angeles Times. March 27, 1997. p. 33. Retrieved June 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "The Marker We've Been [... Waiting For"], by Elizabeth Gleick, Cathy Booth and Pmes Willwerth (Rancho Santa Fe); Nancy Harbert (Albuquerque); Rachele Kanigal (Oakland) and Richard N. Ostling and Noah Robischon (New York). Time. Monday, April 7, 1997.
  36. ^ Edith Lederer, "Alien Abduction Insurance Cancelled!" Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 2 April 1997, Retrieved March 12, 2008
  37. ^ Mendoza, Martha (March 30, 1997). "Heaven's Gate left mounds of old tires and a few friends in New Mexico". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  38. ^ a b c d e Meyer, Norma; Medina, Hildy (March 28, 1997). "Package to office alerts ex-member to the fate of cult". San Diego Union-Tribune. Copley News Service. p. A-1. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020.
  39. ^ "Mass suicide involved sedatives, vodka, and careful planning". CNN. March 27, 1997. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  40. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (March 29, 1997). "Families Learning of 39 Cultists Who Died Willingly". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved November 9, 2008. According to material the group posted on its Internet site, the timing of the suicides were probably related to the arrival of the Hale–Bopp comet, which members seemed to regard as a cosmic emissary beckoning them to another world.
  41. ^ a b c d Ramsland, Katherine. "Death Mansion". All about Heaven's Gate cult. CourtTV Crime Library. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2006. On Saturday [...] The first team of 15 [...] Sunday, the next team of fifteen followed. Finally, there were seven on Monday, and then only two.
  42. ^ a b c d Zeller 2014a, p. 171.
  43. ^ Coleman 2004, p. 80.
  44. ^ Thomas, Evan (April 6, 1997). "The Next Level". Newsweek. Retrieved June 3, 2019. March 23: The first group of 15 swallow applesauce [...] March 24: Fifteen more die [...] March 25: The remaining cultists kill themselves
  45. ^ Reimann, Matt (October 14, 2016). "Suicide, Nikes, and comet space ships: the story of the Heaven's Gate cult". Timeline. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2019. 15 people on March 24, another 15 on March 25, and the final nine on March 26
  46. ^ dweisman (March 27, 2019). "22 years ago, Heaven's Gate couldn't wait". Escondido Grapevine. Retrieved June 3, 2019. March 24 [...] Fifteen members died that night. Fifteen more died the next day, followed by nine on March 26.
  47. ^ Zeller, Benjamin Ethan (2006). "Scaling Heaven's Gate: Individualism and Salvation in a New Religious Movement". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 10 (2): 75–102. doi:10.1525/nr.2006.10.2.75. ISSN 1092-6690. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2006.10.2.75.
  48. ^ Meredith, Nikki (2018). The Manson Women and Me: Monsters, Morality, and Murder. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-3860-0. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  49. ^ "Heaven's Gate Cult Still Alive and Checking Emails". Monster Children. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  50. ^ Tweel, Clay (director) (December 3, 2020). Heaven's Gate: The Cult of Cults, Episode 4 (Docuseries). Event occurs at 21:14.
  51. ^ Schrager, Cynthia D. (1997). "American Eye: Mark Twain and Heaven's Gate". The North American Review. 282 (5): 4–9. ISSN 0029-2397. JSTOR 25126154.
  52. ^ "How Heaven's Gate's Choice Of Nikes For Mass Suicide Became A Cultural Touchstone". Oxygen Official Site. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  53. ^ "Some members of suicide cult castrated". CNN. March 28, 1997.
  54. ^ a b c d Heaven's Gate suicides remembered. CNN. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  55. ^ a b c Calvo, Dana (March 27, 1997). "At Least 39 Found Dead in Luxury Estate". The Signal. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "First autopsies completed in cult suicide". CNN. March 28, 1997. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  57. ^ An Interview with Astronomer Alan Hale – CTV call-in (Knoxville Freethought Forum 4/23/13). finitist. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2016 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  58. ^ "Second World Skeptics Congress (Schedule)". amber.zine.cz. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  59. ^ a b Frazier, Kendrick (1998). "Science and Reason, Foibles and Fallacies, and Doomsdays". Skeptical Inquirer. 22 (6): 6. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  60. ^ Cornwell, Tim (May 7, 1997). "Heaven's Gate member found dead". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2014. In an earlier suicide bid, on 1 April, a 58-year-old recluse was found dead in his home in a remote mountain canyon in northern California after dying by suicide. He had left a note indicating he believed that he would also join the dead Heaven's Gate cult members.
  61. ^ Stanziano, Don (April 2, 1997). "Cult Inspires First Copycat Suicide". North County Times. pp. A-4. Retrieved December 2, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^ a b Purdum, Todd S. (May 7, 1997). "Ex-Cultist Dies In Suicide Pact; 2d Is 'Critical'". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 21, 2007. A former member of the Heaven's Gate cult was found dead today in a copycat suicide in a motel room near the scene of the group's mass suicide in San Diego County, and another former member was found unconscious in the same room, the authorities said.
  63. ^ a b "'Do Not Revive'". CBS News. February 20, 1998. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  64. ^ "Heaven's Gate: A timeline". The San Diego Union-Tribune. March 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  65. ^ Coleman 2004, p. 84.
  66. ^ Gross, Jane (March 28, 1997). "In the Hunt for Answers, Only Questions Arise". The New York Times. p. 21. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  67. ^ a b Clayton, Mark; Marks, Alexandra (March 31, 1997). "Why People Join 'Spiritually Abusive' Cults". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  68. ^ "39 Men Die In Apparent Mass Suicide". Chicago Tribune. March 27, 1997. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  69. ^ Niebuhr, Gustav (March 27, 1997). "Deaths at Season's Change Echo Earlier Suicides". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  70. ^ Purdum, Todd S. (March 27, 1997). "39 Men Found at San Diego Estate in Apparent Suicide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  71. ^ Coleman 2004, pp. 84, 87.
  72. ^ "UPI Focus: Former cult member: deaths were murder". UPI. March 30, 1997. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  73. ^ Monmaney, Terence (April 4, 1997). "Free Will, or Thought Control?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  74. ^ Goodwin, Megan (2017). "Staying after Class: Memory and Materiality beyond Heaven's Gate Report on the New Religious Movements Group Methods Meeting, 21 November 2014". Nova Religio. 20 (4): 80–93. doi:10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.80. ISSN 1092-6690. JSTOR 26417722.
  75. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 71.
  76. ^ Chryssides 2021, pp. 369–374.
  77. ^ a b Zeller, Benjamin E. (November 1, 2010). "Extraterrestrial Biblical Hermeneutics and the Making of Heaven's Gate". Nova Religio. 14 (2): 34–60. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.14.2.34. ISSN 1092-6690.
  78. ^ a b c Lewis 2001, p. 16.
  79. ^ Lewis 2001, p. 17.
  80. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 213.
  81. ^ Zeller, Benjamin (November 16, 2014). "Anatomy of a mass suicide: The dark, twisted story behind a UFO death cult". Salon. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  82. ^ a b Zeller 2014a, p. 38.
  83. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 99.
  84. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 102.
  85. ^ a b Zeller 2014a, p. 155.
  86. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 95.
  87. ^ a b Zeller 2014a, p. 104.
  88. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 182.
  89. ^ a b Lewis 2001, p. 368.
  90. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 193.
  91. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 31.
  92. ^ a b Zeller 2014a, pp. 123–124.
  93. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 184.
  94. ^ Zeller 2014a, pp. 171–172.
  95. ^ "Last Chance To Advance Beyond Human". Heaven's Gate. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  96. ^ Zeller 2014a, p. 143.
  97. ^ Ross, Rick (October 1999). "'Heaven's Gate' Suicides". Cult Education & Recovery. Archived from the original on January 14, 2002.
  98. ^ "Heaven's Gate". People's Magazine Investigates: Cults. Season 2. Episode 3. June 17, 2019. Investigation Discovery.
  99. ^ Weise, Elizabeth (March 28, 1997). "Internet Provided Way To Pay Bills, Spread Message Before Suicide". The Seattle Times. AP. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
  100. ^ Virilio, Paul (2000). The Information Bomb. Verso. p. 41. ISBN 978-1859847459.
  101. ^ "Hollywood knocks at 'Heaven's Gate'". Los Angeles Times. April 3, 1997 – via Baltimore Sun.
  102. ^ "An Endorsement Nike Didn't Want". Adweek. April 21, 1997. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  103. ^ Wilkens, John (March 21, 2017). "Fascination over Heaven's Gate cult continues, 20 years after mass suicide". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  104. ^ Burks, Tosten (July 3, 2018). "Heaven's Gate Cult Threatens Lil Uzi Vert With Legal Action Over 'Eternal Atake' Artwork". XXL. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  105. ^ Lattanzio, Ryan (December 3, 2020). "'Heaven's Gate' Review: HBO Max Doc Reveals Bonkers UFO Cult as More Than Just a Pop-Culture Joke". IndieWire. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  106. ^ "A Tale of Two Cults". Dark Side of the 90s. Episode 7. Vice Media. August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022 – via YouTube.
  107. ^ Shapiro, Ari (January 29, 2018). "For 'Heaven's Gate' Podcast Host, The Cult Story Hits Close To Home". NPR. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  108. ^ Ritman, Alex (February 16, 2023). "Berlin: Tim Blake Nelson, Vera Farmiga to Star in Heaven's Gate Cult Biopic 'The Leader' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  109. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (October 30, 2023). "Michael C. Hall & Grace Caroline Currey Join Heaven's Gate Cult Biopic 'The Leader' – AFM". Deadline. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  110. ^ Jolly, Nathan (May 13, 2017). "The creepy reason these Nikes are worth a fortune". News.com.au. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  111. ^ Caffier, Justin (March 15, 2017). "The Heaven's Gate Nikes and the Sneakerheads Who Collect Them". Vice News. Retrieved January 11, 2020.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)&oldid=1255936592#Mass_suicide"