Hasan Mazhar
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Hasan Mazhar, or Hasan Mazhar Bey, was a Young Turk governor of Ankara in the Ottoman Empire who refused to participate in the Armenian genocide in 1915, leading to his dismissal.[1][2]
In 1918-1919, he led the Mazhar Commission, which investigated the Armenian genocide immediately after the war and whose findings initiated the Istanbul trials.[3]
Biography
[edit]Hasan Mazhar Bey served as the governor (vali) of Ankara starting from June 18, 1914. In May 1915, he opposed deportation orders issued by the Ministry of Interior, rejecting its genocidal rhetoric.[2]
The Young Turk government quickly intervened, sending a delegate, Atıf Kamçıl, at the beginning of July 1915 to monitor his actions. Atıf Kamçıl was a member of the Special Organization's leadership. Hasan Mazhar was dismissed a few days later, on July 8, 1915.[4] He later said about this event:
"I acted as if I did not understand the deportation orders I received from the Minister of Interior in Istanbul. As you know, other provinces had already completed their deportation operations, which I had not yet started. Then Atıf Bey arrived... He orally conveyed the order regarding the massacre and extermination of Armenians. I told him, 'No, Atıf Bey, I am the governor, I am not a bandit. I cannot do it. I will stand up from my [governor's] throne, and you can come and do it yourself."[5]
Mazhar Commission
[edit]On November 23, 1918, Sultan Mehmed VI established a government inquiry commission on the Armenian genocide, and Hasan Mazhar Bey was naturally appointed as its president, as he was one of the few Ottoman administrators who had not been involved in the massacres.[1]
From November 1918 onwards, he sent questionnaires to all provinces to record sworn oral or written statements from Turkish political or military figures.[5]
The commission began investigating the crimes committed by Ottoman officials, primarily against the Armenian population. Mazhar Bey initially requested that every prefect and sub-prefect send him the originals or certified copies of all orders they received during the genocide.[1] Despite the Young Turk government's instructions to destroy telegrams after reading, some officials retained telegrams, which the commission was able to obtain.[1]
After this initial step, Mazhar took testimony under oath from numerous sources. He wanted the commission to be mixed, not solely composed of military personnel.[1] Mazhar allowed Armenians to access the commission's proceedings while they were taking place. Despite the Turkish state's subsequent ban on accessing these documents, lawyers from the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople were able to take advantage of the resources provided by Mazhar to begin compiling the dossier of the Armenian genocide.[6]
The documents and testimonies collected by Mazhar would be used to "support 130 investigation files."[1]
Critics and recognition
[edit]The Mazhar Commission has been criticized for its narrow scope of action, which focused on government officials responsible for the genocide, despite one of the distinctive features of the Armenian genocide being the massive support of civilian populations or irregular troops in the massacres.[7][8] The complex political situation in the aftermath of World War I and the absence of the concept of genocide prior to the Holocaust may have hindered the commission. Despite the challenging political situation, Mazhar was not afraid of possible reprisals; he prohibited 26 Young Turk deputies from leaving the capital to prevent their escape and had 13 Ottoman ministers interrogated.[9]
However, the contributions of the commission in terms of sources, transparency, and justice have been recognized by genocide historians.[10][11] Furthermore, Mazhar sought to shed light on the mechanisms of genocide, even though they were not yet referred to by that name, demonstrating a keen sense of justice.[10][12]
The Istanbul Trials
[edit]The establishment of military courts to investigate the crimes of the Young Turks was a logical continuation of the work of the Mazhar Commission, and on December 16, 1918, the sultan officially created such tribunals. Three military courts and ten judicial bodies were established in the provinces.[1]
The military courts judged the most important perpetrators of the genocide based on the documents provided by Mazhar.[1] Most of the accused were sentenced to death between 1919 and 1920. The escape of some of them to foreign countries triggered Operation Nemesis.
Paradoxically, many of the convicted individuals have been regarded as heroes in Turkish history since Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, such as the highly significant example of Mehmed Kemal Bey, the first person sentenced to death by the military courts for organizing "slaughterhouse sites",[12] whose tomb has become a national memorial.[13]
Legacy
[edit]On April 27, 2015, a stone was erected in the Garden of the Righteous in Warsaw to commemorate his person and a memorial tree was planted.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2006). Le génocide des Arméniens (in French). O. Jacob. ISBN 2-7381-1830-5. OCLC 84844507.
- ^ a b Shirinian, George N. (2015). "Turks Who Saved Armenians: Righteous Muslims during the Armenian Genocide". Genocide Studies International. 9 (2): 208–227. ISSN 2291-1847.
- ^ Ogród Sprawiedliwych w Warszawie 2014-2015; DSH, 2015, str.63-65
- ^ Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2008-01-01), "Chapitre 11 : L'opposition de fonctionnaires ottomans au génocide des arméniens:", La résistance aux génocides, Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 205–220, doi:10.3917/scpo.andri.2008.01.0205, ISBN 978-2-7246-1089-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ a b Impr. Laballery), Yves (1989). Enquête sur la négation d'un génocide. Éd. Parenthèses. ISBN 2-86364-052-6. OCLC 417147836.
- ^ Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2006). Le génocide des Arméniens. O. Jacob. p. 13. ISBN 978-2-7381-1830-1. OCLC 84844507.
- ^ Miller, Donald E.; Touryan miller, Lorna (2004-03-01). "The Armenian and Rwandan genocides: some preliminary reflections on two oral history projects with survivors". Journal of Genocide Research. 6 (1): 135–140. doi:10.1080/1462352042000194755. ISSN 1462-3528.
- ^ Mayersen, Deborah (2014). On the path to genocide : Armenia and Rwanda re-examined. ISBN 978-1-78238-285-0. OCLC 875096100.
- ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1994). "The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 22 (1): 97–131. ISSN 0047-2697.
- ^ a b Becker, Annette,. Le génocide des Arméniens : cent ans de recherche, 1915-2015. Hamit,. Bozarslan, Vincent,. Duclert, Conseil scientifique international pour l'étude du génocide des Arméniens. Paris: A. Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-29442-7. OCLC 907022563.
La commission Mazhar accomplit un travail remarquable pour tenter de réunir le plus grand nombre possible de documents officiels et de témoins musulmans pour étayer les charges criminelles qui pesaient sur les dirigeants unionistes. Même si le nettoyage des archives les plus compromettantes avait été mené à bien avant la fin de la guerre, cette commission réussit néanmoins à mettre la main sur un certain nombre de télégrammes officiels adressés par le gouvernement aux autorités provinciales contenant des instructions relatives au processus de déportation et de destruction des populations arméniennes. Tous les procès qui eurent lieu en 1919 et 1920 reposent en partie sur le travail d'instruction conduit par cette commission.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' crime against humanity : the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. p. The second important source for this period is the group of documents dated from 1919 to 1921 of the Istanbul Court-Martial (Divan-ı Harb-i Örfi ), where the leaders of the CUP and their provincial representatives were tried for various crimes committed between 1908 and 1918. The principal source of information for these trials, about sixty-three cases in all, is the daily report of the sessions and official court documents (indictments, convictions, etc.) that were published in the Ottoman gazett e Takvim-i Vekayi. This information is far from comprehensive, however, as the published accounts are incomplete and cover just twelve of the sixty-three cases. Nevertheless, the available documents are of crucial importance and cover such topics as the indictments and witness testimonies in the cases against the members of the Unionist cabinet and members of the CUP Central Committee (Merkez-i mumi), as well as its semisecret Special Organization. ISBN 978-0-691-15333-9. OCLC 761850761.
- ^ a b Nichanian, Mikaël (2015-03-25), "13. Les procès des responsables du génocide arménien à Constantinople (1919-1920):", Le génocide des Arméniens, Armand Colin, pp. 166–177, ISBN 978-2-200-29442-7, retrieved 2023-05-01
- ^ "Kaymakam Mehmet Kemal kimdir? 1915 Ermeni tehcirinde idam sehpasına çıkarıldı". KARAR (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ^ Sprawiedliwi 2015 - Hasan Mazhar (pol.). dzieje.pl. [dostęp 2015-04-29].