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Highway 413 marker
Highway 413
Map
     GTA West Corridor      Highway 410 and 427 extensions (proposed)
Route information
Maintained by Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
Length52 km[1] (32 mi)
History
  • Proposed January 2002[2]
  • Cancelled February 9, 2018[3]
  • Revived November 2018[4]
Major junctions
West end  Highway 401 / 407 ETR in Halton Hills
Major intersections Highway 410 south in Caledon
 Highway 427 south near Bolton
East end Highway 400 in Vaughan
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
Highway system
← Highway 412→ Highway 416

King's Highway 413, known as the GTA West Corridor or GTA West until 2021, is a planned 400-series highway and bus transitway in the western Greater Toronto Area of the Canadian province of Ontario. The approximately 52-kilometre (32 mi) route is currently undergoing planning and analysis under an environmental impact assessment (EA) by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and the Government of Ontario. If approved, a new four-to-six lane controlled-access highway would be built between the existing interchange of Highway 401 and the 407 ETR at the Halton–Peel boundary, and Highway 400 north of Vaughan. In addition, two new extensions would be built to connect Highway 410 and Highway 427 with Highway 413.

The proposed highway would serve as an outer ring road around the built-up areas of Brampton and Vaughan that would permit traffic travelling between Southwestern Ontario and Ontario's cottage country or Northern Ontario to bypass much of the Greater Toronto Area. However, the highway has attracted criticism for its environmental impacts, including concerns about its footprint on designated farmland in the Greenbelt, and its implications to encourage urban sprawl and induced demand.

Planning for the corridor began in the mid 2000s. However the EA was suspended in 2015, and the project shelved in February 2018 by the Liberal government of Kathleen Wynne. Following the 2018 Ontario general election in June of that year, the new Progressive Conservative government of Doug Ford announced the resumption of the suspended EA in November. Since then, several of the municipalities along the route have voiced their opposition to its construction. In April 2024, a previously announced federal EA was dropped by the Canadian government, with the federal and provincial governments to work together to minimize environmental impacts along the corridor instead. Construction is set to begin in 2025.

Route description

[edit]

The proposed route of Highway 413 was confirmed in the Technically Preferred Route report, which was published by Aecon and released on August 7, 2020.[5] The approximately 52 km (32 mi) route would consist of a four-to-six lane freeway as well as a transitway situated within a 170-metre (560 ft)-wide right-of-way.[1][6] Fifteen interchanges were proposed. Four of the interchanges, including both termini, would be freeway-to-freeway. The corridor would arch around the west and north sides of the rural–urban fringe of Brampton, skirting the boundary between the regions of Halton and Peel before proceeding northwest into York Region.[5][7]

The southwestern end would be at a freeway-to-freeway connection at the existing interchange between Highway 401 and Highway 407ETR at the tripoint of Halton Hills, Milton and Mississauga.[8] It would meander northward, entering Brampton at an interchange with Winston Churchill Boulevard. Crossing the Credit River immediately east of Georgetown, it would gradually curve northwest to parallel Old School Road east of Heritage Road. It would interchange with Bovaird Drive (Regional Road 107), which becomes Highway 7 to the west beyond the Brampton–Halton Hills boundary. Midway between Bovaird Drive and the next interchange at Mayfield Road (Peel Regional Road 14), the freeway would cross the CN Halton Subdivision, which carries the Kitchener line of GO Transit.[5][7]

A four-lane divided highway (dual carriageway) curves over a wooded stream. A subdivision looms on a hill in the distance.
The Highway 410 extension, opened in 2009, would be bypassed by the construction of Highway 413.

Beyond Mayfield Road, Highway 413 would make a broad curve to the northeast into Caledon, passing Mississauga Road (Peel Regional Road 1). Travelling roughly parallel to and midway between Mayfield Road and King Street (Peel Regional Road 9), it would interchange with Chinguacousy Road and pass north of Snelgrove and Mayfield West near an interchange with Highway 10.[5][7] Just east of Mayfield West, a new extension of Highway 410, bypassing 4 km (2.5 mi) of the extension north of Mayfield Road that opened in 2009, and would meet Highway 413 at a freeway-to-freeway interchange.[9][10] To the east would be an partial interchange with Bramalea Road. After interchanging with Airport Road (Peel Regional Road 7), the route would curve southeast, with an interchange at The Gore Road (Peel Regional Road 8), before re-entering Brampton to pass between the large unincorporated community of Bolton in Caledon and the Brampton neighbourhood of Castlemore. An interchange at Humber Station Road would provide an eastern access to Mayfield Road, which Highway 413 would cross.[5][7]

Highway 413 would cross the Peel–York regional boundary at Regional Road 50 (former Highway 50) immediately north of Nashville Road (York Regional Road 49), where it would encounter a freeway-to-freeway interchange with an extension of Highway 427 northward from Major Mackenzie Drive (York Regional Road 25).[5] Curving northeast, the proposed route would encounter the CP MacTier Subdivision before crossing over the Humber River at the location of the Humber Valley Heritage Trail.[11] Between the main branch and east branch of the Humber River would be an interchange with York Regional Road 27 (former Highway 27) north of Kleinburg. The final several kilometres would travel east, midway between Kirby Road and King Vaughan Road. After a partial interchange with Weston Road (York Regional Road 56) it would end at a freeway-to-freeway interchange with Highway 400.[5][7]

History

[edit]

2002 to 2018

[edit]

The GTA West Corridor was first conceived as the GTA East–West Economic Corridor by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) in its Central Ontario Strategic Transportation Directions study in January 2002.[2] The North–South Corridor Feasibility Study, prepared for the MTO and City of Brampton in September 2003, was first to recommend acquiring land for a future "higher order transportation facility" around Brampton.[12] The report identified the need for a controlled-access highway as part of the city's ultimate transportation plan to serve western Brampton. Land was subsequently set aside for the next several years while the MTO analysed the need for both corridors.[13]

In 2005, the Government of Ontario passed the Places to Grow Act, which set forth consistent urban planning principles across the province for the following 25 years. The Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe was released in June of the following year as a framework for implementing the act,[14] with a future transportation corridor identified north of Highway 401 between Guelph and Vaughan.[15] Following the submission of a Terms of Reference on June 15, 2007, an EA began[note 1] on March 4, 2008, to establish conceptual routes for additional transportation infrastructure to interconnect the GTA West economic centres (Milton, Brampton and Vaughan) with Guelph and Waterloo Region.[17][18] The early concepts for the GTA West Corridor considered five different options, including two extending as far west as Guelph without intersecting Highway 401 or Highway 407.[19] When combined with the planned Highway 7N west of Guelph, they would have resulted in a parallel freeway to the north of Highway 401 between Kitchener/Waterloo and Vaughan.[note 2]

Simultaneously, the City of Brampton appealed an amendment of the Halton Region Official Plan to the Ontario Municipal Board. As a result, the North–South Corridor Feasibility Study evolved into the Halton–Peel Boundary Area Transportation Study (HPBATS), which commenced on April 11, 2007.[22][23] HPBATS recommended a north–south route, known as the Halton–Peel Freeway, east of Georgetown and west of Brampton as a complementary project that would connect in the north with the potential GTA West Corridor. The completed study and its recommendations were submitted to the MTO in late April 2010.[24] In 2012 the provincial EA recommended that the GTA West should follow a broadly similar corridor to the Halton–Peel Freeway.[25]

An aerial photograph of Highway 407 travelling north through farmland towards the interchange with Highway 401. Subdivisions of Mississauga are visible to the right.
Stage 1 of the GTA West EA concluded with the recommendation that the Highway 401 and Highway 407 ETR interchange (located at the curve at top of photo) serve as the western terminus of the proposed freeway.

Stage 1 of the EA concluded with the release of the GTA West Transportation Development Strategy Report in November 2012. The report indicated limited demand for and the considerable environmental consequences of a new crossing of the Niagara Escarpment. It recommended not proceeding further with a new route over the escarpment, instead favouring a connection to Highway 401 west of Mississauga, including the route of the proposed Halton–Peel Freeway. An alternative route, connecting with Highway 401 west of Milton and travelling between 5 Side Road and 10 Side Road through Halton Hills, was also not carried forward, with the MTO instead electing to widen Highway 401 to 12 lanes between Milton and Mississauga.[26][27]

Stage 2 of the GTA West EA began in February 2014, intended to further refine the study corridor to a preliminary design.[28] However, by this point public opposition to the corridor began to appear, with the group Environmental Defence starting a campaign against the proposed highway by 2015.[29] On December 16, 2015, Minister of Transportation Steven Del Duca announced the suspension of the EA process.[30] A three-member advisory panel[note 3] was formed in October 2016 to assess alternative approaches to meet projected traffic levels.[32] The suspension was opposed by the municipalities of Vaughan, King, York Region, Caledon and Peel Region,[33] as well as Brampton.[34] The advisory panel report was released on May 29, 2017,[35] recommending that the EA be stopped, and the "development of a single transportation plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe" proceed in its place.[36] The panel also recommended that the provincial government negotiate with the private operators of the 407 ETR to encourage the routing of more truck traffic onto that route, alleviating congestion on the 401, and negating the need for the GTA West.[37] Consequently the Ontario government cancelled the GTA West Study on February 9, 2018.[38][39][40] In the run up to the 2018 provincial election, the Progressive Conservatives stated that they would complete the EA of the project if elected.[41]

2018 to present

[edit]
Sign advertising the future freeway on Highway 10

The 2018 Ontario general election, held on June 7, 2018, ended the 15-year tenure of the Ontario Liberal Party and saw Premier Kathleen Wynne defeated by the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) under Doug Ford.[42] As part of the PCs Fall Economic Statement, released in November 2018, the government committed to the campaign pledge of resuming the suspended EA for the GTA West Corridor, "in order to speed up travel and alleviate traffic congestion".[4] The EA was subsequently resumed on June 5, 2019.[43][44] In September and October of that year, a series of Public Information Centres were held in which the preferred route and interchange locations were announced.[45] This route, with modifications,[note 4] was confirmed publicly by the provincial government on August 7, 2020.[47] The EA for the corridor was expected to be complete by the end of 2022.[48]

On February 3, 2021, Jonathan Wilkinson, the federal Minister of Environment and Climate Change announced that he had received a request for the project to undergo an EA at the federal level,[49] following a formal request from Environmental Defence.[50][51][52] On May 3, 2021, Wilkinson announced that a federal EA would take place.[53][54][55] In response, provincial Minister of Transportation Caroline Mulroney stated that she would work with the federal government to address “newly found concerns" on potential adverse effects on species at risk.[55]

Funding was committed to the project as part of the fall economic statement on November 1, 2021.[56] That month, the GTA West began to be referred to by the Government of Ontario as Highway 413 for the first time.[57] The highway was a contentious issue during the 2022 Ontario general election, with the Liberal, NDP and Green Party pledging to cancel the project if elected.[58] The three NDP MPPs in Brampton were defeated by their PC counterparts in the election.[59]

In early 2023, 467 landowners along the planned route received letters requesting permission to enter their property for "intrusive and non-intrusive fieldwork" to assess the suitability of their property for the project.[60] The inspections will be conducted between March 2023 and the end of 2024.[60]

In October 2023, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Impact Assessment Act was largely unconstitutional.[61] Following this, Attorney General of Ontario Doug Downey announced that the province would seek legal action to prevent the federal government intervening in Highway 413.[62] In March 2024, the Canadian government moved to drop the federal EA, with Downey stating "we have come to an agreement".[63] In April 2024, the provincial and federal governments announced that the EA had been dropped, and that they would work together to "minimize environmental impacts in areas of federal environmental jurisdiction" and ensure that impacts to species at risk are considered.[64][65] Following the announcement, provincial Minister of Transportation Prabmeet Sarkaria stated "we finally have certainty to move forward with the ... project".[64] The announcement was criticised by other political parties and environmental groups.[64] Later that month, Premier Ford announced that construction will begin in 2025.[66]

Impacts and environmental concerns

[edit]

The highway has attracted criticism from municipalities, politicians, campaign groups and the public regarding its potential impacts.[67][68][69]

Environmental groups have criticised the significant impact that the highway would have on the environment. In addition to increasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, opponents claim the highway would disrupt woodlands, waterways, wetlands, wildlife habitats and species at risk.[70][71][72] The highway will travel through both the Greenbelt, the Whitebelt (an area of land left unprotected from development when the Greenbelt was established in 2005) and the Humber and Credit watersheds. [73] According to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, the highway would specifically impact 85 waterways, 220 wetlands, 10 different species at risk and hundreds of acres of vulnerable wildlife habitat.[70] According to a study commissioned by Environmental Defence, 29 species at risk were found along the proposed highway.[72]

Urban planning critics claim the highway will encourage urban sprawl through induced demand,[74][75] as research shows that building new highways tends to attract more drivers and fails to improve congestion levels on other roads.[76] Consequently, they claim it would increase car dependency in surrounding areas and ultimately only save commuters around 30 to 60 seconds of travel time.[38] Other groups, such as the National Farmers Union have concerns about the impacts of the highway on agricultural land, as the highway would be built on around 2,000 acres of Class 1 and 2 farmland – the most productive designation.[77] A planning land use expert noted that "agricultural land is valued as low as C$18,000 an acre, but residential land is easily worth C$1 million an acre" and that billions of dollars could be made if farmland adjacent to the highway was rezoned as land for development.[73] Avison Young, a real estate services firm, estimated around 62,000 acres (250 km2) of developable land is available located within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the 16 proposed interchanges.[78] In 2021, a Toronto Star investigation noted that 3,300 acres (13 km2) of land along the route was owned by 8 major property developers, several of which had donated to Doug Ford's Progressive Conservative government.[79]

Other critics have noted the high cost of building the highway – the cost of construction in 2012 was estimated at C$4.7 billion, with recent estimates around C$6 billion.[67] It is unclear whether the highway would be tolled, similar to Highway 407.[80] As an alternative to a new freeway, stakeholders have suggested investing in local transportation improvements. Some proposed suggestions include improvements to local roads, truck priority lanes on Highway 407, public transit investments including GO Transit Regional Express Rail and widening of existing highways.[68][81] Others have suggested working with the owners of Highway 407 to increase capacity on that highway,[37] or subsidize truck drivers to use Highway 407.[82] A study commissioned by the previous provincial government stated that the highway would save all drivers in Greater Golden Horseshoe approximately 30 seconds of travel time, regardless of whether their trip used the highway or not. The Ministry of Transportation contends that the Highway 413 will save drivers up to 30 minutes if their trip uses the full length of the highway.[83]

Perspectives

[edit]
Lawn sign opposing the highway's construction

The majority of local municipalities have opposed the project, including Mississauga,[1] Vaughan,[84] Halton Hills,[69] Halton Region,[69] Peel Region,[85] King Township[86] and Orangeville.[87] Brampton and Caledon withdrew their support of the fast-tracked environmental assessment.[69][88] The NDP opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the Green Party of Ontario[89] and Ontario Liberal Party have stated that they would scrap the highway following the 2022 provincial election.[90][91] Despite the corridor not directly impacting the City of Toronto itself, Toronto City Council passed a resolution in March 2021 condemning the proposed highway.[92] In August 2023, over 50,000 people signed a petition requesting that the federal government block the highway.[93]

Supporters of the freeway include Regional Municipality of York[94] as well as the Progressive Conservative government.[41] Several non-governmental organizations such as the Ontario Trucking Association,[95] the Building Industry and Land Development Association (BILD),[96] and the Association of Municipalities of Ontario also continue to support the project.[97] The Toronto Metropolitan University Centre for Urban Research and Land Development (CUR) also specifically supported the streamlining of the EA process, noting that “It is simply taking too long to bring critical infrastructure improvements such as roads, transit, sewers and water to completion".[98]

Exit list

[edit]

The following table lists the proposed exits along Highway 413, as shown in the Preferred Route.[45][47]   

DivisionLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes
HaltonMilton – Halton Hills – Mississauga boundary00.0  Highway 401 / 407 ETR
Halton – Peel boundaryHalton Hills – Brampton boundary42.5 Regional Road 19 (Winston Churchill Boulevard)
PeelBrampton74.3
Bridge over the Credit River
95.6  Highway 7 west / Regional Road 107 east (Bovaird Drive)Highway 7 formerly continued east of interchange[note 5]
Brampton – Caledon boundary138.1 Regional Road 14 (Mayfield Road)
Caledon1912Chinguacousy Road
2214 Highway 10 (Hurontario Street) – Orangeville
2616 Highway 410 southDiversion of Highway 410 on east side of Snelgrove
2717Bramalea RoadPartial-access interchange with westbound exit and eastbound entrance
3019 Regional Road 7 (Airport Road) – Caledon East
3522 Regional Road 8 (The Gore Road)
3723Humber Station Road – Bolton
YorkVaughan4025 Highway 427 south
4427 Regional Road 27 (Highway 27) – Kleinburg, NobletonFormerly Highway 27[note 6]
5132 Regional Road 56 (Weston Road)Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
5232 Highway 400
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  •       Proposed

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Subsection 13(1) of the Environmental Assessment Act allows a person to apply to the Minister of the Environment to approve a class environmental assessment with respect to a class of undertakings. The application consists of a proposed terms of reference and subsequently a class environmental assessment."[16]
  2. ^ Both options 4-4 and 4-5 would have connected the Hanlon Expressway with Highway 400.[20] Highway 7N will connect Kitchener/Waterloo with the north end of the Hanlon Expressway.[21]
  3. ^ The three-member GTA West Advisory Panel consisted of former Deputy Minister of the Environment Gail Beggs, environmental lawyer Rodney Northey, and Ryerson urban planning professor Dr. Matthias Sweet.[31]
  4. ^ As a result of an approved subdivision proposal north of the GTA West Corridor, the Coleraine Drive interchange was moved to Humber Station Road.[46][47]
  5. ^ The Bovaird Drive portion of Highway 7 was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Peel on November 28, 2001.[99]
  6. ^ York Regional Road 27 carries the name "Highway 27",[100] despite not being a provincial highway since January 1, 1998.[101]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Fox, Chris (February 25, 2021). "Mississauga Council Formally Opposes Hwy. 413 as Crombie Warns of 'Disastrous Impact on Environment'". CP24. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Paradigm Transportation Solutions Limited (September 20, 2004). Caledon Transportation Needs Study (PDF) (Report). Regional Municipality of Peel. p. 26. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  3. ^ Frisque, Graeme (February 10, 2018). "Wynne Government Kills Plans for GTA West Highway After Lengthy and Expensive Planning Process". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Ministry of Finance (November 15, 2018). "Chapter I, Section C: Respecting Consumers And Families". Ontario Economic Outlook and Fiscal Review (Report). Government of Ontario. p. 73. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g WSP (August 7, 2020). "Preferred Route Announcement" (PDF). GTA West Study (Press release). Aecom. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  6. ^ Al-Shibeeb, Dina (August 7, 2020). "Ontario Government Confirms Preferred Route for GTA West Corridor". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e "GTA West Corridor – Length and Route" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  8. ^ Crawley, Mike (October 16, 2021). "Doug Ford's PCs believe Highway 413 is a winning issue in next election". CBC News. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  9. ^ "GTA West Transportation Corridor – Route Planning and EA Study – Stage 2 – Presentation to Town of Caledon Council". Aecom. July 7, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  10. ^ Abrey, Heather (November 20, 2009). "Hwy 410 Extension Causing Confusion". Caledon Enterprise. North Peel Media Group. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  11. ^ Al-Shibeeb, Dina (February 22, 2021). "'Shame on Ford government': Vaughan and King Residents Urge York Region to Axe Support for $6B GTA Highway". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  12. ^ "Status Report – Bram West Secondary Plan and North West Brampton Future Urban Development Area Corridor Protection Area – Official Plan and Zoning Bylaw Amendments – City of Brampton" (PDF). City of Mississauga. August 30, 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  13. ^ "By-Law Number 360-2005" (PDF). City of Brampton. November 14, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  14. ^ "Overview". Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, 2006. Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  15. ^ "Schedule 2". Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe 2006. Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  16. ^ Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. "Part A Preparing the Terms of Reference and Class Environmental Assessment". Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  17. ^ McCormick Rankin (July 2007). "GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Terms of Reference" (PDF). GTA West Study. Aecom. pp. 1–4. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  18. ^ Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (March 4, 2008). "Approval of the Terms of Reference for the GTA West Transportation Corridor Environmental Assessment". Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  19. ^ "Will Halton Hills Become the Byway for a New Highway?". Burlington Post. June 10, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via InsideHalton.com.
  20. ^ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "4.4. Road Based Improvement Alternatives". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. pp. 45–49. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  21. ^ "Project Background". New Highway 7 – Kitchener to Guelph. WSP. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  22. ^ iTrans Consulting (May 2010). Halton–Peel Boundary Area Transportation Study Amended Final Report Executive Summary (PDF) (Report). p. ii. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  23. ^ City of Brampton Transportation and Transit Master Plan Sustainable Update (PDF) (Report). iTrans Consulting. November 2009. pp. 23–24. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  24. ^ Tallyn, Lisa (April 27, 2010). "Report Calls for New Freeway and Norval Bypass" (PDF). The Independent. Halton Hills. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2021 – via OurOntario.ca.
  25. ^ "GTA West Transportation Corridor". The Town of Halton Hills. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  26. ^ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "5.8. Summary of Evaluation Findings of 2011/2012 Additional Analysis". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. p. 158. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  27. ^ McCormick Rankin & URS (November 2012). "6.4. New / Expanded Roadway Infrastructure". GTA West Corridor Environmental Assessment Study – Transportation Development Strategy Report (PDF) (Report). Aecom. p. 172. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  28. ^ Planning and Infrastructure Services Committee (March 30, 2015). GTA West Transportation Corridor Route Planning and Environmental Assessment Study, Stage 2 (PDF) (Report). Committee of the Council of The Corporation of the City of Brampton. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  29. ^ Javed, Noor (January 2, 2015). "Proposed highway to pave parts of Greenbelt proving controversial". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 23, 2021. "We see this as a lose-lose proposal," said Susan Lloyd Swail, the Greenbelt Program Manager with Environmental Defence. "There will be a loss to the Greenbelt, a loss of farmland, waterways and forests," said Swail.
  30. ^ "Ontario to Review Greater Toronto Area West Corridor Project". Government of Ontario. December 16, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  31. ^ "Advisory Panel Members". GTA West Corridor Review. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  32. ^ Belgrave, Roger (October 7, 2016). "Ontario Seeks Public Input On Alternatives to Proposed GTA-West Highway". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  33. ^ Martin-Robbins, Adam (May 1, 2017). "Fate of Future 400-Series Highway Through Vaughan Still Up in Air". Vaughan Citizen. Retrieved March 17, 2021 – via YorkRegion.com.
  34. ^ Criscione, Peter (November 8, 2016). "Brampton Wants Province to Revive GTA-West Highway Plans". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  35. ^ GTA West Advisory Panel (May 29, 2017). GTAW Advisory Panel's Letter (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  36. ^ GTA West Advisory Panel (May 29, 2017). GTA West Corridor Advisory Panel Report (Report). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Webster, Paul (December 19, 2020). "Doug Ford Plans to Start Building a New Superhighway Near the 401 Next Year. Why Not Move All the Trucks to the 407 Toll Highway Instead?". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  38. ^ a b "Ontario's Proposed Highway 413 is a $6-Billion Sprawl Accelerator". Globe and Mail. February 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  39. ^ Bradley, Dave (February 9, 2018). "Province Scraps Plans for Highway 413". Newstalk 1010. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  40. ^ "Ontario Not Moving Forward with Highway for GTA West Corridor". Government of Ontario. February 9, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Plan For The People". Ontario PC Party. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  42. ^ Grenier, Éric (June 8, 2018). "Doug Ford Promised to Deliver the GTA for the Ontario PCs and That's What He Did". CBC News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  43. ^ Frisque, Graeme (June 6, 2019). "Brampton Council Applauds Ford Government's Hwy. 413/GTA West Corridor Reboot". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  44. ^ Moore, Oliver (November 3, 2019). "Ontario PCs Revive Plans for GTA West Highway Amid Questions of Suitability in Changing Transportation Future". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Preferred Interchange Locations" (PDF). GTA West Study. September 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  46. ^ Marychuk, Marta (July 29, 2020). "Caledon Council Hears Options for GTA West Corridor". Caledon Enterprise. Retrieved March 24, 2021 – via Toronto.com.
  47. ^ a b c "Ontario Making Travel Easier Across York, Peel and Halton Regions" (Press release). Government of Ontario. August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  48. ^ Frisque, Graeme (November 14, 2019). "Province Says No Timeline Yet for GTA West Highway". Brampton Guardian. Retrieved March 24, 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  49. ^ "GTA West Project". Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. February 18, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  50. ^ Bowman, Laura (February 3, 2021). "GTA West – Request for Designation of Project" (PDF). Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  51. ^ "Environmental Groups Ask Ottawa to Intervene on Controversial Highway Projects". BarrieToday.com. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  52. ^ Chaarani, James (February 27, 2021). "Caledon Requests Federal Environmental Assessment of GTA West Highway: But Do Feds Have Jurisdiction?". Toronto.com. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  53. ^ Wilkinson, Jonathan (May 3, 2021). "My Statement On the Designation Request for the GTA West Project". Twitter. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  54. ^ "Minister's Response on the Designation Request for the GTA West Project". Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  55. ^ a b Bailey, Ian; Moore, Oliver; Stone, Laura (May 3, 2021). "Environmental concerns spur Ottawa to consider Highway 413 assessment". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  56. ^ Artuso, Antonella (November 4, 2021). "New Highways in Fast Lane". Toronto Sun. p. 7.
  57. ^ McKenzie-Sutter, Holly (November 10, 2021). "Ford government shows support for controversial Highway 413 with campaign-style route visit". Global News. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  58. ^ Jones, Allison (May 4, 2022). "Ontario leaders kick off election campaign by debating proposed 413 highway". CityNews. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  59. ^ Pecar, Steve (June 3, 2022). "Brampton rides the blue wave as all five ridings now belong to Doug Ford". insauga. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
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  61. ^ "Supreme Court rules environmental impact legislation largely unconstitutional". CBC News. October 13, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  62. ^ "Ontario asks court to prevent feds from 'holding up' Highway 413, Ontario Place". CBC News. October 24, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  63. ^ "Ottawa agrees to scrap Ontario Highway 413 impact assessment, pending judge approval". CBC News. March 21, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  64. ^ a b c "Ottawa and Ontario announce deal to scrap Highway 413 impact assessment". CBC News. April 15, 2024.
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