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Hyaenodon

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Hyaenodon
Temporal range: 42.0–16.9 Ma Middle Eocene to Early Miocene
Mounted H. sp. skeleton, Science Museum of Minnesota
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Superfamily: †Hyaenodontoidea
Family: †Hyaenodontidae
Subfamily: †Hyaenodontinae
Tribe: †Hyaenodontini
Leidy, 1869[1]
Genus: †Hyaenodon
Laizer & Parieu, 1838
Type species
†Hyaenodon leptorhynchus
Laizer and Parieu, 1838
Species
[see classification]
Synonyms[2]
synonyms of genus:
  • Macropterodon (Lavrov, 1999)[3]
  • Megalopterodon (Dashzeveg, 1964)
  • Microhyaenodon (Lavrov, 1999)[3]
  • Neohyaenodon (Thorpe, 1922)
  • Protohyaenodon (Stock, 1933)
  • Pseudopterodon (Schlosser, 1887)
  • Taxotherium (Blainville, 1841)
synonyms of species:
  • H. brachyrhynchus:
    • Canis brachyrhynchus (Blainville, 1841)
    • Hyaenodon cuvieri (Pictet, 1853)[4]
    • Hyaenodon leptorhynchus (Dujardin, 1840)[5]
    • Hyaenodon parisiensis (Laurillard, 1845)[6]
    • Hyaenodon vulpinus (Gervais, 1873)
    • Nasua parisiensis (Blainville, 1841)
    • Pterodon brachyrhynchus (Pomel, 1846)[7]
    • Pterodon cuvieri (Pomel, 1846)
    • Taxotherium parisiense (Blainville, 1841)
  • H. brevirostrus:
    • Hyaenodon brevirostris (Joeckel, 1997)[8]
    • Protohyaenodon brevirostrus (Mellett, 1977)
  • H. chunkhtensis:
    • Microhyaenodon chunkhtensis (Lavrov, 1999)
  • H. crucians:
    • Hyaenodon leptocephalus (Scott, 1888)[9]
    • Hyaenodon minutus (Douglass, 1902)
    • Hyaenodon paucidens (Osborn & Wortman, 1894)[10]
    • Protohyaenodon crucians (Mellett, 1977)
    • Prtohyaenodon crucians (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Pseudopterodon minutus (Douglass, 1902)
  • H. dubius:
    • Hyaenodon aymardi (Filhol, 1882)[11]
  • H. exiguus:
    • Hyaenodon exigus (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Pterodon exiguum (Gervais, 1873)
  • H. filholi:
    • Hyaenodon compressus (Filhol, 1876)
    • Hyaenodon vulpinus (Filhol, 1876)
    • Microhyaenodon filholi (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Pseudopterodon ganodus (Schlosser, 1887)
  • H. gervaisi:
    • Hyaenodon ambiguus (Martin, 1906)
  • H. gigas:
    • Macropterodon zelenovi (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Neohyaenodon gigas (Lavrov, 1999)
  • H. heberti:
    • Hyaenodon arnaudi (Depéret, 1917)[12]
  • H. horridus:
    • Hyaenodon cruentus (Leidy, 1853)
    • Neohyaenodon horridus (Thorpe, 1922)
    • Neohyaenodon semseyi (Kretzoi, 1941)[13]
  • H. incertus:
    • Neohyaenodon incertus (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Pterodon exploratus (Dashzeveg, 1985)
  • H. leptorhynchus:
    • Canis leptorhynchus (Blainville, 1841)
    • Hyaenodon bavaricus (Dehm, 1935)[14]
    • Hyaenodon cayluxi (Filhol, 1876)
    • Hyaenodon martini (Depéret, 1917)
    • Hyaenodon milloquensis (Martin, 1906)
    • Pterodon leptorhynchus (Pomel, 1846)
  • H. macrocephalus:
    • Neohyaenodon macrocephalus (Lavrov, 1999)
  • H. megaloides:
    • Neohyaenodon megaloides (Mellett, 1977)
  • H. microdon:
    • Microhyaenodon microdon (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Protohyaenodon microdon (Mellett, 1977)
  • H. milvinus:
    • Neohyaenodon milvinus (Lavrov, 1999)
  • H. minor:
    • Hyaenodon aimi (Cooper, 1926)[15]
  • H. mongoliensis:
    • Epipterodon mongoliensis (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Megalopterodon mongoliensis (Dashzeveg, 1964)
    • Neohyaenodon mongoliensis (Morlo & Nagel, 2006)[16]
    • Pterodon mongoliensis (Van Valen, 1967)[17]
  • H. montanus:
    • Protohyaenodon montanus
    • Neohyaenodon montanus (Mellett, 1977)
  • H. mustelinus:
    • Protohyaenodon mustelinus (Scott, 1894)
  • H. pervagus:
    • Hyaenodon neimongoliensis (Huang & Zhu, 2002)[18]
  • H. pumilus:
    • Microhyaenodon pumilus (Lavrov, 1999)
  • H. raineyi:
    • Microhyaenodon raineyi (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Protohyaenodon raineyi (Gustafson, 1986)
  • H. requieni:
    • Hyaenodon heberti euzetensis (Depéret, 1917)
    • Pterodon requieni (Gervais, 1846)
  • H. venturae:
    • Hyaenodon exiguus (Stock, 1933)
    • Microhyaenodon venturae (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Protohyaenodon exiguus (Stock, 1933)
    • Protohyaenodon venturae (Mellett, 1977)
  • H. vetus:
    • Neohyaenodon vetus (Mellett, 1977)
    • Pterodon californicus (Stock, 1933)
  • H. yuanchuensis:
    • Hyaenodon yuanchüensis (Young, 1937)

Hyaenodon ("hyena-tooth") is an extinct genus of carnivorous placental mammals from extinct tribe Hyaenodontini within extinct subfamily Hyaenodontinae (in extinct family Hyaenodontidae),[19] that lived in Eurasia and North America from the middle Eocene, throughout the Oligocene, to the early Miocene.

Description

[edit]
Skull of Hyaenodon horridus
Life reconstruction of H. horridus

Typical of early carnivorous mammals, individuals of Hyaenodon had a very massive skull, but a small brain. The skull is long with a narrow snout—much larger in relation to the length of the skull than in canine carnivores, for instance. The neck was shorter than the skull, while the body was long and robust and terminated in a long tail. Compared to the larger (but not closely related) Hyainailouros, the dentition of Hyaenodon was geared more towards shearing meat and less towards bone crushing.[20]

Some species of this genus were among the largest terrestrial carnivorous mammals of their time; others were only of the size of a marten. Remains of many species are known from North America, Europe, and Asia.[21] The average weight of adult or subadult H. horridus, the largest North American species, is estimated to about 40 kg (88 lb) and may not have exceeded 60 kg (130 lb). H. gigas, the largest Hyaenodon species, was much larger, being 378 kg (833 lb) and around 10 ft (3 m).[20] H. crucians from the early Oligocene of North America is estimated to only 10 to 25 kg (22 to 55 lb). H. microdon and H. mustelinus from the late Eocene of North America were even smaller and weighed probably about 5 kg (11 lb).[22]

Tooth eruption

[edit]

Studies on juvenile Hyaenodon specimens show that the animal had a very unusual system of tooth replacement. Juveniles took about 3–4 years to complete the final stage of eruption, implying a long adolescent phase. In North American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.[23]

Paleoecology

[edit]

The various species of Hyaenodon competed with each other and with other hyaenodont genera (including Sinopa, Dissopsalis and Hyainailurus), and played important roles as predators in ecological communities as late as the Miocene in Asia and preyed on a variety of prey species such as primitive horses like Mesohippus, Brontotheres, early camels, oreodonts and even primitive rhinos.[20] Species of Hyaenodon have been shown to have successfully preyed on other large carnivores of their time, including a nimravid ("false sabertooth cat"), according to analysis of tooth puncture marks on a fossil Dinictis skull found in North Dakota.[24][25] Zigzag Hunter–Schreger bands in the enamel indicate that bone was a significant component of the diet of Hyaenodon.[26]

In North America the last Hyaenodon, in the form of H. brevirostrus, disappeared in the late Oligocene.[27] In Europe, they had already vanished earlier in the Oligocene.[21]

Classification and phylogeny

[edit]
Reconstruction of Hyaenodon by Heinrich Harder (around 1920)
Reconstruction of H. horridus and Leptomeryx evansi by W. B. Scott (1913)

Taxonomy

[edit]
  • Tribe: †Hyaenodontini (Leidy, 1869)
    • Genus: †Hyaenodon (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)
      • †Hyaenodon brachyrhynchus (Blainville, 1841)[28]
      • †Hyaenodon chunkhtensis (Dashzeveg, 1985)[29]
      • †Hyaenodon dubius (Filhol, 1873)[30]
      • †Hyaenodon eminus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)[31]
      • †Hyaenodon exiguus (Gervais, 1873)[32]
      • †Hyaenodon filholi (Schlosser, 1887)[33]
      • †Hyaenodon gervaisi (Martin, 1906)[34]
      • †Hyaenodon heberti (Europe, 41–33.9 mya) (Filhol, 1876)[35]
      • †Hyaenodon leptorhynchus (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)[36]
      • †Hyaenodon minor (Lange-Badré, 1979)[37]
      • †Hyaenodon neimongoliensis (Huang & Zhu, 2002)[38]
      • †Hyaenodon pervagus (Matthew & Granger, 1924)[39]
      • †Hyaenodon pumilus (Lavrov, 2019[40]
      • †Hyaenodon requieni (Gervais, 1846)[41]
      • †Hyaenodon rossignoli (Lange-Badré, 1979)
      • †Hyaenodon weilini (China, 23–16.9 mya) (Wang, 2005)[21]
      • †Hyaenodon yuanchuensis (Young, 1937)[42]
      • Subgenus: †Neohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Thorpe, 1922)[43]
        • †Hyaenodon gigas (Dashzeveg, 1985)
        • †Hyaenodon horridus (Leidy, 1853)[44]
        • †Hyaenodon incertus (Dashzeveg, 1985)
        • †Hyaenodon macrocephalus (Lavrov, 1999)[3]
        • †Hyaenodon megaloides (Mellett, 1977)[45]
        • †Hyaenodon milvinus (Lavrov, 1999)[3]
        • †Hyaenodon mongoliensis (Dashzeveg, 1964)[46]
        • †Hyaenodon montanus (Douglass, 1902)[47]
        • †Hyaenodon vetus (Stock, 1933)[48]
      • Subgenus: †Protohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Stock, 1933)
        • †Hyaenodon brevirostrus (Macdonald, 1970)[49]
        • †Hyaenodon crucians (Leidy, 1853)
        • †Hyaenodon microdon (Mellett, 1977)
        • †Hyaenodon mustelinus (North America, 38–30 mya) (Scott, 1894)[50]
        • †Hyaenodon raineyi (Gustafson, 1986)[51]
        • †Hyaenodon venturae (Mellett, 1977)

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyaenodon.
  1. ^ Leidy J. (1869). "On the extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska: including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 7: 1–472.
  2. ^ J. Alroy (2002). "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
  3. ^ a b c d A. V. Lavrov (1999). "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
  4. ^ F. J. Pictet (1853). "Traité de Paléontologie." I (2e edit.):584 p. + atlas 110 pl.
  5. ^ F. Dujardin (1840). "Note sur une tête fossile Hyaenodon trouvée au bord du Tarn, près de Rabastens." Comptes-Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 10:134-135
  6. ^ Ch. Laurillard (1845). "Hyaenodon." in: d'Orbigny: "Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire naturelle 1-6": 767-769, Renard, Martinet édit., Paris
  7. ^ A. Pomel (1846). "Note sur le Pterodon, genre voisin des Dasyures dont plusieurs espèces ont été trouvées dans les terrains tertiaires." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 4(2):385-393
  8. ^ R. M. Joeckel, H. W. Bond and G. W. Kabalka (1997). "Internal Anatomy of the Snout and Paranasal Sinuses of Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta)" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 440-446
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  32. ^ Gervais P. (1873). "Mammifères dont les ossements accompagnent les dépôts de chaux phosphatée des départements du Tarn-et.Garonne et du Lot." Journal de Zoologie, Paris, 2:356-380
  33. ^ M. Schlosser (1887). "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des Europaischen Tertiars." Beitrage zur Paleontologie Osterreich-Ungarns un des Orients 6:1-224
  34. ^ R. Martin (1906). "Revision der obereocænen und unteroligocænen Creodonten Europas." Rev. Suisse Zool., 14, (3), pp. 405-500
  35. ^ H. Filhol (1876). "Recherches sur les phospohorites du Quercy. Étude des fossiles qi'on y rencontre et spécialement des Mammifères." Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Paris, 7(7):220 p., pl. 11-36; 1877:art. 1, 340 p., 28 pl.
  36. ^ Laizer, L. D. and Parieu, D. (1838). "Description et détermination d'une mâchoire fossile appartenant à un mammifère jusqu'à présent inconnu, Hyaenodon leptorhynchus." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, 7:442
  37. ^ Lange-Badré, B. (1979). "Les créodontes (Mammalia) d'Europe occidentale de l'Éocène supérieur à l'Oligocène supérieur." Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 42: 1–249
  38. ^ Huang, Xue-Shi; Zhu, Bao-Cheng (15 March 2002). "Creodont (mammalia) remains from the Early Oligocene of Ulantatal, Nei Mongol". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 40 (1): 17. ISSN 2096-9899. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  39. ^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1924). "New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia." American Museum Novitates 104:1-9
  40. ^ A. V. Lavrov (2019). "New material on small hyenodons Hyaenodontinae, Creodonta) from the Paleogene of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal. 53 (4): 418–431. Bibcode:2019PalJ...53..418L. doi:10.1134/S0031030119040063. S2CID 201654889.
  41. ^ Gervais P. (1846). "Mémoire sur quelques Mammifères fossiles du Vaucluse." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Paris, T. 22, pp. 845-846.
  42. ^ C. Young (1937). "An early Tertiary vertebrate fauna from Yuanchü." Bulletin of the geological society of China 17(3-4):413-438
  43. ^ M. R. Thorpe (1922). "A new genus of Oligocene Hyaenodontidae." American Journal of Science 3(16):277-287
  44. ^ Leidy, J. (1853). "Remarks on a collection of fossil Mammalia from Nebraska." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 6:392-394.
  45. ^ J. S. Mellett (1977). "Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta)." Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 1:1-134
  46. ^ D. Dashzeveg (1964). "On two Oligocene Hyaenodontidae from Erghilyin-Dzo (Mongolian People's Republic)." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9(2):263-274
  47. ^ E. Douglass (1902). "Fossil Mammalia of the White River beds of Montana." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 20:237-279
  48. ^ C. Stock (1933). "Hyaenodontidae of the Upper Eocene of California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19(4):434-440
  49. ^ J. R. Macdonald (1970). "Review of the Miocene Wounded Knee faunas of southwestern South Dakota." Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science 8:165-82
  50. ^ William Berryman Scott (1894). "The osteology of Hyaenodon" Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (2), 9, 291-323
  51. ^ E. P. Gustafson (1986). "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
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