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Hydrangea macrophylla

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Hydrangea macrophylla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Family: Hydrangeaceae
Genus: Hydrangea
Species:
H. macrophylla
Binomial name
Hydrangea macrophylla
(Thunb.) Ser.
Synonyms[1]
  • Hortensia opuloides Lam.
  • Hydrangea chungii Rehder
  • Hydrangea hortensia Siebold
  • Hydrangea hortensis Sm.
  • Hydrangea maritima Haw.-Booth
  • Hydrangea opuloides (Lam.) K.Koch
  • Hydrangea otaksa Siebold & Zucc.
  • Viburnum macrophyllum Thunb.
Hydrangea macrophylla by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868

Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to Japan. It is a deciduous shrub growing to 2 m (7 ft) tall by 2.5 m (8 ft) broad with large heads of pink or blue flowers in summer and autumn.[2] Common names include bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea, lacecap hydrangea, mophead hydrangea, and hortensia. It is widely cultivated in many parts of the world in many climates. It is not to be confused with H. aspera 'Macrophylla'.

Description

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Close-up on a flower showing coloured sepals around the five petals.

The term macrophylla means 'large- or long-leaved'.[3] The opposite leaves can grow to 15 cm (6 in) in length. They are simple, membranous, orbicular to elliptic and acuminate. They are generally serrated.

The inflorescence of Hydrangea macrophylla is a corymb, with all flowers placed in a plane or hemisphere, or even a whole sphere in cultivated forms. Two distinct types of flowers can be identified: central, non-ornamental, pentamerous ones, and peripheral, ornamental, tetramerous ones. The latter have sterile pistils with fertile stamen. The four sepals of decorative flowers have colors ranging from pale pink to red fuchsia purple to blue. The non-decorative flowers have five small greenish sepals and five small petals. Flowering begins in early summer and lasts until early winter. The fruit is a subglobose capsule.

Distribution and habitat

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Hydrangea macrophylla is native to East Asia. It is reported from seaside habitats as well as mountains in Japan, from Honshu southwards.[4] This species has naturalized in China, Korea, Siberia, New Zealand and the Americas.[5] It is an invasive species in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.[6]

Colors and soil acidity

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Hydrangea macrophylla blooms can be blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple. The color is affected by soil pH.[7][8] An acidic soil (pH below 7) will usually produce a flower colour closer to blue, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will produce flowers of a pink, or even a red colour.[9] This is caused by a color change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants. Scientists do not understand why this happens, whether it is due to predation or to attract pollinators.

Landscaping

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In climates where Hydrangea macrophylla flowers, place in a mixed shrub border or at the back of a flower bed. Its rich foliage and large size make it a wonderful background for white or light colored flowers, even tall growing perennials and annuals. In warm climates H. macrophylla is good for adding a splash of early summer color to shady areas and woodland gardens. Minimal pruning is recommended for most prolific flowering. Flowers are easily air dried and are long lasting.

While Hydrangea macrophylla is not considered a particularly difficult plant to grow, it may fail to flower. This may be due to cold winter damage to the flower buds, not getting enough sunlight, too much nitrogen fertilizer, or pruning at the wrong time of year. H. macrophylla forms flower buds in late summer. As a result, pruning in late summer, fall or winter could remove potential flowers.[10]

Chemistry

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Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol, and their 8-O-glucosides, and thunberginols A and F can be found in H. macrophylla.[11] Thunberginol B,[12] the dihydroisocoumarins thunberginol C, D and E, the dihydroisocoumarin glycosides thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside[13] and four kaempferol and quercetin oligoglycosides[14] can be found in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii. The leaves also contain the stilbenoid hydrangeic acid.[15]

The various colors, such as red, mauve, purple, violet and blue, in H. macrophylla are developed from one simple anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside (myrtillin), which forms complexes with metal ions called metalloanthocyanins.[16][17]

Lunularic acid, lunularin, 3,4′-dihydroxystilbene and a glycoside of lunularic acid have been found in the roots of H. macrophylla.[18]

Hydrangine is another name for the coumarin umbelliferone, and may be responsible for the possible toxicity of the plant.

Possible uses

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Bud and leaves

Amacha is a Japanese beverage made from fermented leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.

Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium is a drug made from the fermented and dried leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii with possible antiallergic and antimicrobial properties.[19] It also has a hepatoprotective activity by suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.[20]

Hydrangea macrophylla is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[21]

Leaf extracts of Hydrangea macrophylla are being investigated as a possible source of new chemical compounds with antimalarial activity.[22][23] Hydrangeic acid from the leaves is being investigated as a possible anti-diabetic drug as it significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in laboratory animals.[15]

Cultivars

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The two main types of H. macrophylla cultivars are called "mophead" and "lacecap".[24]

Some popular hydrangea cultivars (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit) include:[25]

  • 'All Summer Beauty'; cold-hardy, floriferous mophead
  • 'Alpengluhen'; deep-red colored mophead
  • 'Altona' agm;[26] compact plant with large rose-red florets
  • 'Ami Pasquier' agm;[27] floriferous, wine pink to blue mophead
  • 'Ayesha';[28] small, cupped, lilac-like flowers in clusters
  • 'Bailmer' (marketed as Endless Summer) a perpetual-blooming, pink to blue mophead
  • 'Beauté Vendômoise'; giant whitish-pink lacecap
  • 'Blaumeise' agm;[29] Swiss-bred "Teller" blue lacecap
  • 'Blue Bonnet'; hardy, blue mophead
  • 'Blue Wave'; robust light pink to light blue lacecap
  • 'Blushing Bride'; cold-hardy, ever-blooming white mophead
  • 'Cocktail'; bushy shrub with ovate, serrated sepals
  • 'Europa' agm;[30] compact, deep pink mophead
  • 'Forever Pink'; a pink mophead
  • 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye' agm;[31] compact, cold-hardy, French-bred pink to blue mophead
  • 'Hamburg'; deep-colored pink to blue mophead
  • 'Harlequin'; a picoteed pink to purple mophead
  • 'Lady in Red';[32] large lacecap flowers of rose-red
  • 'Lanarth White' agm;[33] white lacecap
  • 'Lilacina'; cold-hardy, disease-resistant pink to blue lacecap
  • 'Love You Kiss' agm;[34] red-margined white florets, lacecap
  • 'Madame Emile Mouillère' agm;[35] small shrub to 1.8 m (5.9 ft), white flowers
  • 'Marechal Foch'; old-fashioned pink to blue mophead
  • 'Mariesii Grandiflora';[36] blue or pink and white lacecap
  • 'Mariesii Lilacina' agm;[37] mauve pink or blue lacecap
  • 'Mariesii Perfecta';[38] blue, or blue and pink, lacecap
  • 'Masja';[39] bushy and compact, dark pink to pink mophead
  • 'Möwe';[40] rose-red and cream lacecap
  • 'Nigra';[41] pink or blue mophead, black stems
  • 'Nikko Blue'; popular, cold-hardy pink to blue mophead
  • 'Pia'; dwarf pink to purplish-blue mophead
  • 'Penny Mac'; cold-hardy, pink to blue mophead
  • 'Rotschwantz’ agm;[42] deep red and white lacecap
  • 'Soeur Therese'; hardy, robust white mophead
  • 'Taube'; Swiss-bred "Teller", pink to blue lacecap
  • 'Tokyo Delight' agm;[43] mauve-pink and white lacecap
  • 'Twist-N-Shout'; ever-blooming, hardy pink to blue lacecap
  • 'Veitchii' agm;[44] blue and white lacecap
  • 'Westfalen' agm;[45] compact, crimson-purple mophead
  • 'Zorro’ agm;[46] agm bright blue lacecap
[edit]
  • 'Taube' lacecap
    'Taube' lacecap
  • H. m. 'Nikko Blue' petals exhibiting the 'blueing' effects of aluminium sulfate solution
    H. m. 'Nikko Blue' petals exhibiting the 'blueing' effects of aluminium sulfate solution
  • 'Gakuajisai' lacecap
    'Gakuajisai' lacecap
  • 'Tokyo Delight' lacecap
    'Tokyo Delight' lacecap
  • 'Red Ace'
    'Red Ace'
  • 'Pia'
    'Pia'
  • 'Ayesha'
    'Ayesha'
  • 'Beauté Vendomoise'
    'Beauté Vendomoise'
  • 'Bunspecht'
    'Bunspecht'
  • 'Geoffrey Chadbund'
    'Geoffrey Chadbund'
  • 'Harlequin'
    'Harlequin'
  • 'La Marne'
    'La Marne'
  • 'Mariesii'
    'Mariesii'
  • 'Merveille'
    'Merveille'
  • 'Satinette'
    'Satinette'
  • 'Zaunkoenig'
    'Zaunkoenig'
  • 'An Hydrangea macrophylla shrub displays blooms in a range of colors ranging from pink to blue.'
    'An Hydrangea macrophylla shrub displays blooms in a range of colors ranging from pink to blue.'

References

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  1. ^ "Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser". World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  2. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  3. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  4. ^ Ohwi, Jisaburo; Meyer, Frederick G.; Walker, Egbert H. (1965). Flora of Japan. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 511.
  5. ^ Wiersema, John H.; León, Blanca (2016). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 357. ISBN 9781466576810.
  6. ^ "Hydrangea macrophylla". flora.on. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  7. ^ Wade, Gary L. (August 2017) [September 2009]. Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea. University of Georgia.
  8. ^ "Hydrangea Questions and Answers". The United States National Arboretum. United States Department of Agriculture. 28 September 2005. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
  9. ^ "Tips for Using pH to Change Hydrangea Color". Earth Science. 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  10. ^ "Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea | UGA Cooperative Extension". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  11. ^ Matsuda, H.; Shimoda, H.; Yamahara, J.; Yoshikawa, M. (1999). "Effects of Phyllodulcin, Hydrangenol, and their 8-O-Glucosides, and Thunberginols A and F from Hydrangea macrophylla SERINGE var. thunbergii MAKINO on Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction in Rats" (pdf). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 22 (8): 870–872. doi:10.1248/bpb.22.870. PMID 10480329.
  12. ^ Matsuda, H; Wang, Q; Matsuhira, K; Nakamura, S; Yuan, D; Yoshikawa, M (2008). "Inhibitory effects of thunberginols A and B isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium on mRNA expression of cytokines and on activation of activator protein-1 in RBL-2H3 cells". Phytomedicine. 15 (3): 177–84. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.010. PMID 17950587.
  13. ^ Yoshikawa, M; Uchida, E; Chatani, N; Kobayashi, H; Naitoh, Y; Okuno, Y; Matsuda, H; Yamahara, J; Murakami, N (1992). "Thunberginols C, D, and E, new antiallergic and antimicrobial dihydroisocoumarins, and thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside and (−)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, new dihydroisocoumarin glycosides, from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 40 (12): 3352–4. doi:10.1248/cpb.40.3352. PMID 1363465.
  14. ^ Murakami, N; Mostaqul, HM; Tamura, S; Itagaki, S; Horii, T; Kobayashi, M (2001). "New anti-malarial flavonol glycoside from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium" (PDF). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 11 (18): 2445–7. doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00467-x. PMID 11549443.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ a b Zhang, Hailong; Matsuda, Hisashi; Yamashita, Chihiro; Nakamura, Seikou; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2009). "Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1–3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005. PMID 19374876.
  16. ^ Hayashi, K.; Abe, Y. (1953). "Studien über Anthocyane. XXIII. Papierchromatographische Übersicht der Anthocyane im Pflanzenreich". Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute for Natural Resources. 29: 1–8.
  17. ^ Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T (2009). "Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology". Natural Product Reports. 26 (7): 884–915. doi:10.1039/b800165k. PMID 19554240.
  18. ^ Gorham, John (1977). "Lunularic acid and related compounds in liverworts, algae and Hydrangea". Phytochemistry. 16 (2): 249–253. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86795-3.
  19. ^ Yoshikawa, M; Matsuda, H; Shimoda, H; Shimada, H; Harada, E; Naitoh, Y; Miki, A; Yamahara, J; Murakami, N (1996). "Development of bioactive functions in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. V. On the antiallergic and antimicrobial principles of Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. (2). Thunberginols C, D, and E, thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside, (−)-hydrangenol 4'-o-glucoside, and (+)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 44 (8): 1440–7. doi:10.1248/cpb.44.1440. PMID 8795265.
  20. ^ Nakagiri R, Hashizume E, Kayahashi S, Sakai Y, Kamiya T (December 2003). "Suppression by Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 67 (12): 2641–3. doi:10.1271/bbb.67.2641. PMID 14730144. S2CID 29536120.
  21. ^ Chladil and Sheridan, Mark and Jennifer. "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund.
  22. ^ Kamei K.; Matsuoka H.; Furuhata S.I.; Fujisaki R.I.; Kawakami T.; Mogi S.; Yoshihara H.; Aoki N.; Ishii A.; et al. (2000). "Anti-malarial activity of leaf-extract of Hydrangea macrophylla, a common Japanese plant". Acta Medica Okayama. 54 (5): 227–232. PMID 11061572.
  23. ^ Yarnell E, Abascal K (Oct 2004). "Botanical treatment and prevention of malaria: Part 2 - Selected botanicals". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 10 (5): 277–84. doi:10.1089/act.2004.10.277.
  24. ^ Types of Hydrangeas at Plant Addicts. Accessed 7/3/2018
  25. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 51. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  26. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Altona'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  27. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ami Pasquier'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  28. ^ "RHS Plants - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Ayesha'". Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  29. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Blaumeiser'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  30. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Europa'". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  31. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye'". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  32. ^ "RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lady in Red'". Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  33. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Lanarth White'". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  34. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Love You Kiss'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  35. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Madame Emile Mouillère'". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  36. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Grandiflora'". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  37. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Lilacina'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  38. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Mariesii Perfecta'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  39. ^ "RHS Plant - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Masja'". Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  40. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Möwe'". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  41. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra'". Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  42. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Rotschwantz'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  43. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Tokyo Delight'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  44. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Veitchii'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  45. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Westfalen'". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  46. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hydrangea macrophylla 'Zorro'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.

Yuan, Qi, H., Yang, S., Chu, Z., Zhang, G., & Liu, C. (2023). Role of delphinidin-3-glucoside in the sepal blue color change among Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 313, 111902–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111902

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