Greece–Turkey border
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2019) |
| Greece–Turkey border Σύνορα Ελλάδας–Τουρκίας Türkiye–Yunanistan sınırı | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Characteristics | |
| Entities |  Greece  Turkey |
| Length | 212 km (132 mi)[1] |
The Greece–Turkey border (Greek: Σύνορα Ελλάδας–Τουρκίας, romanized: Sýnora Elládas–Tourkías, Turkish: Türkiye–Yunanistan sınırı) is around 200 kilometres (120 mi) long, and separates Western Thrace in Greece from East Thrace in Turkey.
Course
[edit]It mostly follows the river Evros. At some places the border does not follow the main course of the river, mainly because the river has been straightened.
Barrier
[edit]It is the external border of the European Union. In 2012, a high border fence was erected along the land border where it is not separated by the river, because of the European migrant crisis.[2] In addition there is a sea border which sometimes goes through straits of a few kilometres width.
Aegean dispute
[edit]Between the two countries, there are political disputes over several aspects of political control over the Aegean space, including the size of territorial waters, air control and the delimitation of economic rights to the continental shelf. These issues are known as the Aegean dispute. Turkey doesn't recognize a legal continental shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Greek islands.[3][4][5]
History
[edit]
After the Greek War of Independence ended in 1829, the Greek state covered a fraction of its present territory. The first Greco-Ottoman border was the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line, followed in 1832 by the Arta–Volos line, which remained in effect until the annexation of Thessaly in 1881. The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 led to an extension of Greece northward, but at the same time, due to the advances of Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece ceased sharing a land border with the Ottoman Empire. This changed again in 1919–20, when Greece gained Western Thrace, Eastern Thrace, and the Smyrna Zone.
Following the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, the present course of the border was established in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne, which also left the so-called "Karaağaç Triangle" (Greek: Τρίγωνο του Καραγάτς), a suburb of the city of Edirne, Turkey, as a Turkish exclave on the western side of the river. This territory was ceded during the Lausanne negotiations in exchange for Turkey abandoning its claim for war reparations on Greece.
The Greek-Turkish border, as defined by Lausanne, is effectively a reaffirmation of the Bulgarian-Turkish border set out by the Treaty of Constantinople (1913) ten years earlier, but this time with Greece as party, as Bulgaria had ceded Western Thrace to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly after World War I.
European migrant crisis
[edit]Because the refugees entering Europe in 2015 were predominantly from the Middle East, the vast majority first entered the EU by crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey to Greece by boat; Turkey's land border has been inaccessible to migrants since a border fence was constructed there in 2012.[6] As of June 2015[update], 124,000 migrants had arrived into Greece, a 750 percent increase from 2014, mainly refugees stemming from the wars in Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Greece appealed to the European Union for assistance, whilst the UNCHR European Director Vincent Cochetel said facilities for migrants on the Greek islands were "totally inadequate" and the islands in "total chaos".[7] Frontex's Operation Poseidon, aimed at patrolling the Aegean Sea, is badly underfunded and undermanned, with only 11 coastal patrol vessels, one ship, two helicopters, two aircraft, and a budget of €18 million.[8] In September 2015, the photos of dead 3-year-old Alan Kurdi, who drowned when he and his family were in a small inflatable boat which capsized shortly after leaving Bodrum trying to reach the Greek island of Kos, made headlines around the world. Konstantinos Vardakis, the top EU diplomat in Baghdad, told The New York Times that at least 250 Iraqis per day had been landing on Greek islands between mid-August and early September 2015.[9]
After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Greek authorities on a number of Aegean islands have called for emergency measures to curtail a growing flow of refugees from Turkey, the number of migrants and refugees willing to make the journey across the Aegean has increased noticeably. At Athens, officials voiced worries that Turkish monitors overseeing the deal in Greece had been abruptly pulled out after the failed coup with little sign of them being replaced.[10]
At the start of the 2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis in late February 2020, migrants started to gather at the Greek-Turkish land border after Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he would no longer "block" refugees and migrants' "access to the border", and opened the border with Greece.[11][12] Turkey's government was also accused of pushing refugees into Europe for political and monetary gain.[13]
During March 2020, the migrants repeatedly tried to cross the border fence but they were blocked by Greek army, police, and small detachments of policemen from Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, and Poland, who defended the fence and resisted the migrants using tear gas. Among those who illegally attempted to cross were individuals from Africa, Iran, Afghanistan, and Syria. Greece responded by refusing to accept asylum applications for a month.[14][15] As migrants tried to breach the border fence using tools, they also set fires, threw stones, and Molotov cocktail firebombs over to the Greek side and there are videos of Turkish security forces in uniform and plain-clothes, firing tear gas at Greek forces and a Turkish armored vehicle attempting to pull down the border fence by tugging on an attached cable.[better source needed][11][16] Sources also verified that there is an undisclosed detention center that founded by Greek forces for expelling the migrants without any legal process.[17]
On 2 March, Muhammad al-Arab, a Syrian asylum seeker was shot dead on Turkish soil from 15–135 metres (49–443 ft) away. According to an analysis by Forensic Architecture, the victim was shot by Greek soldiers standing at the border.[18] On 4 March, Turkish authorities reported that the Greek border guard used live rounds and injured asylum seekers. Forensic Architecture reviewed the evidence and found that one Pakistani, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed and seven were wounded, and determined that it was "highly probable" that the live rounds came from the Greek side of the border.[19] According to an article by Der Spiegel, it’s "quite possible" that Gulzar was shot accidentally, by a ricochet.[20] The shooting of Gulzar has been dismissed by Greek government spokesmen, as "fake news" spread by the Turkish authorities.[21] There is still no commonly accepted account of what happened on both incidents.[18][19]
By 11 March 2020, 348 people who illegally crossed the borders had been arrested and 44,353 cases of unlawful entry had been prevented.[citation needed]
Crossings
[edit]There are three crossings along the entire border, two for vehicular traffic and one for vehicular and rail traffic. The busiest of three, İpsala, is among the busiest border checkpoints in the world.
| Turkish checkpoint |
Province | Greek checkpoint |
Province | Opened | Route in Turkey | Route in Greece | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pazarkule | Edirne | Kastanies | Evros | 20 April 1952 | 
|
|
Open |
| İpsala | Edirne | Kipoi | Evros | 10 July 1961 | 
|
|
Open |
| Uzunköprü | Edirne | Pythio | Evros | 4 September 1953 | Open |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Türkiyenin Komşuları ve Coğrafi Sınırları". 14 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016.
- ^ Why Greece Shut The Shortest, Safest Route For Migrants And Refugees. The Huffington Post. Published on 09/24/2015.
- ^ Egypt and Greece sign agreement on exclusive economic zone | Reuters. www.reuters.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ "EU urges Turkey to 'deescalate' energy dispute with Greece". Associated Press. 14 August 2020.
- ^ "Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims". Deutsche Welle. 5 September 2020.
- ^ Ledwith, Gabriela Baczynska, Sara (2016-04-04). "How Europe built fences to keep people out". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Migrant 'chaos' on Greek islands – UN refugee agency". BBC News. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Pop, Valentina (7 August 2015). "Greek Government Holds Emergency Meeting Over Soaring Migrant Arrivals". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ Tim Arango (7 September 2015). "A New Wave of Migrants Flees Iraq, Yearning for Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ "Aegean islands alarm as refugee numbers rise after Turkey coup attempt". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Aris Roussinos (3 April 2020). "What the Hell Is Happening With Migrants in Greece?".
- ^ Anthee Carassava (March 26, 2020). "Migration to Greece Drops Dramatically, but EU Seeks Greater Refugee Coronavirus Protection". Voice of America.
- ^ Seth J. Frantzman (15 March 2020). "Turkey cynically pushes migrants toward coronavirus-hit Europe". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "'Are we in Greece?': Migrants seize their chance in Europe quest". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ "Greece blocks thousands of migrants trying to enter from Turkey". France 24. 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
- ^ thraki nea (7 March 2020). "Οι Τουρκοι προσπαθουν να ριξουν το φραχτη" [The Turks trying to pul down the fence].
- ^ Clapp, Alex (16 September 2020). "Europe Turns Its Back on Refugees—and Its Own Values". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ a b "The Killing of Muhammad al-Arab". Forensic Architecture. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ a b "The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar". Forensic Architecture. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
- ^ Christides, Giorgos; Lüdke, Steffen; Popp, Maximilian (2020-05-08). "Live Ammunition: The Killing of a Migrant at the Greek-Turkish Border". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
- ^ Petsas, Stelios (8 May 2020). "Statement by the Deputy Minister to the Prime Minister and Government Spokesman Stelios Petsas". General Secretariat for Media and Communication (in Greek and English). Retrieved 2021-10-06.
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