Jump to content

Graphic design

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Graphic Design)

Due to its interdisciplinary nature, graphic design can be performed in different areas of application: branding, technical and artistic drawing, signage, photography, image and video editing, 3D modeling, animation, programming, among other fields.[1]

Graphic design is a profession,[2] academic discipline[3][4][5] and applied art whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives.[6] Graphic design is an interdisciplinary branch of design[1] and of the fine arts. Its practice involves creativity, innovation and lateral thinking using manual or digital tools, where it is usual to use text and graphics to communicate visually.

The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of the encoder or interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering, and presentation of visual messages. Usually, graphic design uses the aesthetics of typography and the compositional arrangement of the text, ornamentation, and imagery to convey ideas, feelings, and attitudes beyond what language alone expresses. The design work can be based on a customer's demand, a demand that ends up being established linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, that graphic design transforms a linguistic message into a graphic manifestation.[7]

Graphic design has, as a field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on any visual communication system. For example, it can be applied in advertising strategies, or it can also be applied in the aviation world[8] or space exploration.[9][10] In this sense, in some countries graphic design is related as only associated with the production of sketches and drawings, this is incorrect, since visual communication is a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied.

With origins in Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[11] graphic design as applied art was initially linked to the boom of the rise of printing in Europe in the 15th century and the growth of consumer culture in the Industrial Revolution. From there it emerged as a distinct profession in the West, closely associated with advertising in the 19th century[12] and its evolution allowed its consolidation in the 20th century. Given the rapid and massive growth in information exchange today, the demand for experienced designers is greater than ever, particularly because of the development of new technologies and the need to pay attention to human factors beyond the competence of the engineers who develop them.[13]

Terminology

[edit]

The term "graphic design" makes an early appearance in a 4 July 1908 issue (volume 9, number 27) of Organized Labor, a publication of the Labor Unions of San Francisco, in an article about technical education for printers:[14]

An Enterprising Trades Union
… The admittedly high standard of intelligence which prevails among printers is an assurance that with the elemental principles of design at their finger ends many of them will grow in knowledge and develop into specialists in graphic design and decorating. …

A decade later, the 1917–1918 course catalog of the California School of Arts & Crafts advertised a course titled Graphic Design and Lettering, which replaced one called Advanced Design and Lettering. Both classes were taught by Frederick Meyer.[15]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of graphic design

In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document the human experience."[16]

The definition of the graphic designer profession is relatively recent concerning its preparation, activity, and objectives. Although there is no consensus on an exact date when graphic design emerged, some date it back to the Interwar period. Others understand that it began to be identified as such by the late 19th century.[11]

It can be argued that graphic communications with specific purposes have their origins in Paleolithic cave paintings and the birth of written language in the third millennium BCE. However, the differences in working methods, auxiliary sciences, and required training are such that it is not possible to clearly identify the current graphic designer with prehistoric man, the 15th-century xylographer, or the lithographer of 1890.

The diversity of opinions stems from some considering any graphic manifestation as a product of graphic design, while others only recognize those that arise as a result of the application of an industrial production model—visual manifestations that have been "projected" to address various needs: productive, symbolic, ergonomic, contextual, among others.

Nevertheless, the evolution of graphic design as a practice and profession has been closely linked to technological innovations, social needs, and the visual imagination of professionals.[17] Graphic design has been practiced in various forms throughout history; in fact, good examples of graphic design date back to manuscripts from ancient China, Egypt, and Greece. As printing and book production developed in the 15th century, advances in graphic design continued over the subsequent centuries, with composers or typographers often designing pages according to established type.[11]

By the late 19th century, graphic design emerged as a distinct profession in the West, partly due to the process of labor specialization that occurred there and partly due to the new technologies and business possibilities brought about by the Industrial Revolution. New production methods led to the separation of the design of a communication medium (such as a poster) from its actual production. Increasingly, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, advertising agencies, book publishers, and magazines hired art directors who organized all visual elements of communication and integrated them into a harmonious whole, creating an expression appropriate to the content. In 1922, typographer William A. Dwiggins coined the term graphic design to identify the emerging field.[11]

Throughout the 20th century, the technology available to designers continued to advance rapidly, as did the artistic and commercial possibilities of design. The profession expanded greatly, and graphic designers created, among other things, magazine pages, book covers, posters, CD covers, postage stamps, packaging, brands, signs, advertisements, kinetic titles for TV programs and movies, and websites. By the early 21st century, graphic design had become a global profession as advanced technology and industry spread worldwide.[11]

Historical background

[edit]
Main article: History of printing

In China, during the Tang dynasty (618–907) wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century in China, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely available during the Song dynasty (960–1279).[18]

In the mid-15th century in Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg developed a way to reproduce printed pages at a faster pace using movable type made with a new metal alloy[19] that created a revolution in the dissemination of information.[20]

Nineteenth century

[edit]

In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.

From 1891 to 1896, William Morris' Kelmscott Press was a leader in graphic design associated with the Arts and Crafts movement, creating hand-made books in medieval and Renaissance era style,[21] in addition to wallpaper and textile designs.[22] Morris' work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau.[23]

Cover of the Thanksgiving 1895 issue of The Chap-Book, designed by Will H. Bradley

Will H. Bradley became one of the notable graphic designers in the late nineteenth-century due to creating art pieces in various Art Nouveau styles. Bradley created a number of designs as promotions for a literary magazine titled The Chap-Book.[24]

Twentieth century

[edit]
A Boeing 747 aircraft with livery designating it as Air Force One. The cyan forms, the US flag, presidential seal and the Caslon lettering, were all designed at different times, by different designers, for different purposes, and combined by designer Raymond Loewy in this one single aircraft exterior design.

In 1917, Frederick H. Meyer, director and instructor at the California School of Arts and Crafts, taught a class entitled "Graphic Design and Lettering".[25] Raffe's Graphic Design, published in 1927, was the first book to use "Graphic Design" in its title.[26] In 1936, author and graphic designer Leon Friend published his book titled "Graphic Design" and it is known to be the first piece of literature to cover the topic extensively.[27]

The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example[28] of the modern era. Although he lacked artistic training, Frank Pick led the Underground Group design and publicity movement. The first Underground station signs were introduced in 1908 with a design of a solid red disk with a blue bar in the center and the name of the station. The station name was in white sans-serif letters. It was in 1916 when Pick used the expertise of Edward Johnston to design a new typeface for the Underground. Johnston redesigned the Underground sign and logo to include his typeface on the blue bar in the center of a red circle.[29]

In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in different spheres of production. The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, film and theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc.[30]

Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography.[31] He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as fascistic, but it remained influential.[citation needed] Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and László Moholy-Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly influenced graphic design. They pioneered production techniques[citation needed] and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and application.[32]

The professional graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism. This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto. First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Things First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in the magazine Emigre 51[33] stating "We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design."[34]

Applications

[edit]
Colour

Graphic design can have many applications, from road signs to technical schematics and reference manuals. It is often used in branding products and elements of company identity such as logos, colors, packaging, labelling and text.

From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinions and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information – known as information design. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly used to illustrate the background to news stories. Information design can include Data and information visualization, which involves using programs to interpret and form data into a visually compelling presentation, and can be tied in with information graphics.

Skills

[edit]

A graphic design project may involve the creative presentation of existing text, ornament, and images.

The "process school" is concerned with communication; it highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode these messages. The semiotic school treats a message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent.[citation needed]

Typography

[edit]
Main article: Typography

Typography includes type design, modifying type glyphs and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using illustration techniques. Type arrangement is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the space between two specific characters) and leading (line spacing).

Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the digital age, typography was a specialized occupation. Certain fonts communicate or resemble stereotypical notions. For example, the 1942 Report is a font which types text akin to a typewriter or a vintage report.[35]

Page layout

[edit]
Further information: Grid (graphic design)
Golden section in book design

Page layout deals with the arrangement of elements (content) on a page, such as image placement, text layout and style. Page design has always been a consideration in printed material and more recently extended to displays such as web pages. Elements typically consist of type (text), images (pictures), and (with print media) occasionally place-holder graphics such as a dieline for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.

Grids

[edit]

A grid serves as a method of arranging both space and information, allowing the reader to easily comprehend the overall project. Furthermore, a grid functions as a container for information and a means of establishing and maintaining order. Despite grids being utilized for centuries, many graphic designers associate them with Swiss design. The desire for order in the 1940s resulted in a highly systematic approach to visualizing information. However, grids were later regarded as tedious and uninteresting, earning the label of "designersaur." Today, grids are once again considered crucial tools for professionals, whether they are novices or veterans.[36]

Tools

[edit]

In the mid-1980s desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced computer image manipulation and creation capabilities that had previously been manually executed. Computers enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media. Traditional tools such as pencils can be useful even when computers are used for finalization; a designer or art director may sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process.[37] Styluses can be used with tablet computers to capture hand drawings digitally.[38]

Computers and software

[edit]

Designers disagree whether computers enhance the creative process.[39] Some designers argue that computers allow them to explore multiple ideas quickly and in more detail than can be achieved by hand-rendering or paste-up.[40] While other designers find the limitless choices from digital design can lead to paralysis or endless iterations with no clear outcome.

Most designers use a hybrid process that combines traditional and computer-based technologies. First, hand-rendered layouts are used to get approval to execute an idea, then the polished visual product is produced on a computer.

Graphic designers are expected to be proficient in software programs for image-making, typography and layout. Nearly all of the popular and "industry standard" software programs used by graphic designers since the early 1990s are products of Adobe Inc. Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based program for photo editing) and Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for drawing) are often used in the final stage. CorelDraw, a vector graphics editing software developed and marketed by Corel Corporation, is also used worldwide. Designers often use pre-designed raster images and vector graphics in their work from online design databases. Raster images may be edited in Adobe Photoshop, vector logos and illustrations in Adobe Illustrator and CorelDraw, and the final product assembled in one of the major page layout programs, such as Adobe InDesign, Serif PagePlus and QuarkXPress.

Many free and open-source programs are also used by both professionals and casual graphic designers. Inkscape uses Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) as its primary file format and allows importing and exporting other formats. Other open-source programs used include GIMP for photo-editing and image manipulation, Krita for digital painting, and Scribus for page layout.

[edit]
[edit]
Main article: Print design

A specialized branch of graphic design and historically its earliest form, print design involves creating visual content intended for reproduction on physical substrates such as silk, paper, and later, plastic, for mass communication and persuasion (e.g., marketing, governmental publishing, propaganda). Print design techniques have evolved over centuries, beginning with the invention of movable type by the Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng, later refined by the German inventor Johannes Gutenberg. Over time, methods such as lithography, screen printing, and offset printing have been developed, culminating in the contemporary use of digital presses that integrate traditional print techniques with modern digital technology.

Interface design

[edit]
Main article: User interface design

Since the advent of personal computers, many graphic designers have become involved in interface design, in an environment commonly referred to as a Graphical user interface (GUI). This has included web design and software design when end user-interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with an understanding of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create the look and feel of a web site or software application. An important aspect of interface design is icon design.

User experience design

[edit]
Main article: User experience design

User experience design (UX) is the study, analysis, and development of creating products that provide meaningful and relevant experiences to users. This involves the creation of the entire process of acquiring and integrating the product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function. UX design involves creating the interface and interactions for a website or application, and is considered both an act and an art. This profession requires a combination of skills, including visual design, social psychology, development, project management, and most importantly, empathy towards the end-users.[41]

Experiential graphic design

[edit]

Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the built environment.[42] This area of graphic design requires practitioners to understand physical installations that have to be manufactured and withstand the same environmental conditions as buildings. As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and construction teams.

Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings and space (also called environmental graphic design). Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding, placemaking, branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments.

Occupations

[edit]
Main article: Graphic design occupations
Graphic symbols are often functionalist and anonymous,[43] as these pictographs from the US National Park Service illustrate.

Graphic design career paths cover all parts of the creative spectrum and often overlap. Workers perform specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising and public relations. As of 2023, median pay was $58,910 per year.[44] The main job titles within the industry are often country specific. They can include graphic designer, art director, creative director, animator and entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP associate" or "Graphic Artist". The responsibilities may involve specialized skills such as illustration, photography, animation, visual effects or interactive design.

Employment in design of online projects was expected to increase by 35% by 2026, while employment in traditional media, such as newspaper and book design, expect to go down by 22%. Graphic designers will be expected to constantly learn new techniques, programs, and methods.[45]

Graphic designers can work within companies devoted specifically to the industry, such as design consultancies or branding agencies, others may work within publishing, marketing or other communications companies. Especially since the introduction of personal computers, many graphic designers work as in-house designers in non-design oriented organizations. Graphic designers may also work freelance, working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc.

A graphic designer typically reports to the art director, creative director or senior media creative. As a designer becomes more senior, they spend less time designing and more time leading and directing other designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs.

Crowdsourcing in graphic design

[edit]
Main article: Crowdsourcing creative work

Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used the term "crowdsourcing" in his 2006 article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing."[46][47] It spans such creative domains as graphic design, architecture, apparel design, writing, illustration, and others. Tasks may be assigned to individuals or a group and may be categorized as convergent or divergent. An example of a divergent task is generating alternative designs for a poster. An example of a convergent task is selecting one poster design. Companies, startups, small businesses and entrepreneurs have all benefitted from design crowdsourcing since it helps them source great graphic designs at a fraction of the budget they used to spend before. Getting a logo design through crowdsourcing being one of the most common. Major companies that operate in the design crowdsourcing space are generally referred to as design contest sites.[citation needed]]

Role of graphic design

[edit]

Graphic design is essential for advertising, branding, and marketing, influencing how people act. Good graphic design builds strong, recognizable brands, communicates messages clearly, and shapes how consumers see and react to things.

One way that graphic design influences consumer behavior is through the use of visual elements, such as color, typography, and imagery. Studies have shown that certain colors can evoke specific emotions and behaviors in consumers, and that typography can influence how information is perceived and remembered.[48] For example, serif fonts are often associated with tradition and elegance, while sans-serif fonts are seen as modern and minimalistic. These factors can all impact the way consumers perceive a brand and its messaging.[49]

Another way that graphic design impacts consumer behavior is through its ability to communicate complex information in a clear and accessible way. For example, infographics and data visualizations can help to distill complex information into a format that is easy to understand and engaging for consumers.[50] This can help to build trust and credibility with consumers, and encourage them to take action.

Ethical consideration in graphic design

[edit]

Ethics are an important consideration in graphic design, particularly when it comes to accurately representing information and avoiding harmful stereotypes. Graphic designers have a responsibility to ensure that their work is truthful, accurate, and free from any misleading or deceptive elements. This requires a commitment to honesty, integrity, and transparency in all aspects of the design process.

One of the key ethical considerations in graphic design is the responsibility to accurately represent information. This means ensuring that any claims or statements made in advertising or marketing materials are true and supported by evidence.[51] For example, a company should not use misleading statistics to promote their product or service, or make false claims about its benefits. Graphic designers must take care to accurately represent information in all visual elements, such as graphs, charts, and images, and avoid distorting or misrepresenting data.[52]

Another important ethical consideration in graphic design is the need to avoid harmful stereotypes. This means avoiding any images or messaging that perpetuate negative or harmful stereotypes based on race, gender, religion, or other characteristics.[53] Graphic designers should strive to create designs that are inclusive and respectful of all individuals and communities, and avoid reinforcing negative attitudes or biases.

Future of graphic design

[edit]

The future of graphic design is likely to be heavily influenced by emerging technologies and social trends. Advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, and automation are likely to transform the way that graphic designers work and create designs. Social trends, such as a greater focus on sustainability and inclusivity, are also likely to impact the future of graphic design.[54]

One area where emerging technologies are likely to have a significant impact on graphic design is in the automation of certain tasks. Machine learning algorithms, for example, can analyze large datasets and create designs based on patterns and trends, freeing up designers to focus on more complex and creative tasks. Virtual and augmented reality technologies may also allow designers to create immersive and interactive experiences for users, blurring the lines between the digital and physical worlds.[55]

Social trends are also likely to shape the future of graphic design. As consumers become more conscious of environmental issues, for example, there may be a greater demand for designs that prioritize sustainability and minimize waste. Similarly, there is likely to be a growing focus on inclusivity and diversity in design, with designers seeking to create designs that are accessible and representative of a wide range of individuals and communities.[56]

See also

[edit]
[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Vise, Kristen. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Graphic Design". College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  2. ^ Quintela, Pedro. "From the shadow to the centre: Tensions, contradictions and ambitions in building graphic design as a profession" (PDF). University of Coimbra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  3. ^ Khaled Nabil, Al-Momani (25 August 2020). "Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline". Kne Social Sciences. Ural Federal University: 294–298. doi:10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560. S2CID 221710217.
  4. ^ Bravo, Rafael Ángel (4 March 2016). "Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos" [Currency of the Bauhaus in the academic training of graphic designers] (in Spanish). Francisco José de Caldas District University. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Graphic Design". College of the Sequoias. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  6. ^ "Professional Graphics Design". Scholar IT Institute. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  7. ^ Wong, Wucius (1995). Principles of Form and Design.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Eveleth, Rose (25 July 2014). "How Graphic Design Can Make Flying Just a Little Bit Safer". nautil.us. Nautilus. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  9. ^ Junkunc, Ashley (22 October 2019). "NASA needs more than just rocket scientists". udayton.edu. University of Dayton. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  10. ^ Monaghan, Heather (4 March 2021). "We Are NASA: Reese Patillo, Junior Animator/Graphic Designer (Contractor)". nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e Meggs, Philip B. "Graphic design". Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  12. ^ Raffel, Burton; Thomson, Ellen Mazur (1 January 1997). The Origins of Graphic Design in America, 1870–1920. Yale University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-300-06835-1. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  13. ^ Frascara, Jorge (1988). Diseño y Comunicación.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Paul Shaw, Blue Pencil no. 46—Yet more on the early history of the term "graphic design" Archived 27 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 1 June 2020.
  15. ^ Paul Shaw, "The Definitive Dwiggins no. 81—Who Coined the Term 'Graphic Design'? Archived 2021-11-27 at the Wayback Machine", Blue Pencil, 7 January 2018.
  16. ^ Meggs, Philip B., 'A history of graphic design'. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983
  17. ^ Kumar Gupta, Gaurav (2 January 2018). "10 Things You Never Knew About The Graphic Design History".
  18. ^ Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 450. ISBN 0674002490.
  19. ^ "Treasures of the McDonald Collection – Special Collections & Archives Research Center". scarc.library.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  20. ^ Hellinga, Lotte (24 August 2011). "The Gutenberg Revolutions". In Eliot, Simon; Rose, Johnathan (eds.). A Companion to the History of the Book. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-1-4443-5658-8. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  21. ^ "V&A · William Morris: literature and book design". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  22. ^ "V&A · William Morris textiles". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  23. ^ Fiona McCarthy, William Morris, London: Faber and Faber, 1996 ISBN 0-571-17495-7
  24. ^ Eskilson, Stephen J. (21 May 2019). Graphic Design: A New History, Third Edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23328-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  25. ^ Shaw, Paul. "W.A. Dwiggins and "graphic design": A brief rejoinder to Steven Heller and Bruce Kennett". www.paulshawletterdesign.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  26. ^ Baker, Steve (1990). "The Sign of the Self in the Metropolis". Journal of Design History. 3 (4). Oxford University Press: 228. doi:10.1093/jdh/3.4.227. JSTOR 1315763.
  27. ^ Poole, Buzz (27 March 2013). "The History of Graphic Design". PRINT Magazine. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  28. ^ "Designing Modern Britain - Design Museum Exhibition". Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  29. ^ Meggs, Philip (1998). A History of Graphic Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 229–230. ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
  30. ^ Bowlt, John E. (1976). ""From Pictures to Textile Prints"". The Print Collector's Newsletter. 7 (1): 16–20. ISSN 0032-8537. JSTOR 44130037. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  31. ^ White, Alex W. (21 September 2010). Advertising Design and Typography. Allworth Press. ISBN 9781581158205. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  32. ^ Crouch, Christopher. 2000. Modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk)
  33. ^ "฿Emigre Essays". Emigre.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  34. ^ "max bruinsma". Maxbruinsma.nl. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  35. ^ Butterick, Matthew. "Butterick's Practical Typography." Butterick's Practical Typography. Jones McClure, 2010–14. Web. 17 February 2015.
  36. ^ Tondreau, Beth (2009). Layout essentials 100 design principles for using grids. Quarto Publishing Group USA. ISBN 978-1-63159-630-8. OCLC 1143849931.
  37. ^ Jacci Howard Bear, desktoppub.about.com Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 19 March 2008
  38. ^ Milton Glaser Draws & Lectures Archived 21 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 31 January 2011
  39. ^ Designtalkboard.com Archived 29 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, topic 1030 and Designtalkboard.com Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, topic 1141. Retrieved 18 March 2007
  40. ^ Jann Lawrence Pollard and Jerry James Little, Creative Computer Tools for Artists: Using Software to Develop Drawings and Paintings, November 2001 Introduction
  41. ^ Hamm, Matthew, J. (2014). Wireframing Essentials. ProQuest Ebook Central, CSULB: Packt Publishing, LimitedProQuest Ebook Central,. ISBN 9781849698542
  42. ^ "1.0 Experiential Graphic Design: A Physical Relationship" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  43. ^ Currie, Nick. "Design Rockism". Archived from the original on 5 April 2007.
  44. ^ "Graphic Designers: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  45. ^ "Graphic Designers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  46. ^ Howe, Jeff. "The Rise of Crowdsourcing". Wired. WIRED Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  47. ^ Gilmour, Julia (15 August 2013). "The Long History of Crowdsourcing – and Why You're Just Now Hearing About It". Crowdsource.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  48. ^ Hassanien, A., Dale, C., Clarke, D., & Sinclair, M. (2020). The Impact of Graphic Design on the Effectiveness of Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 60(4), 419-433
  49. ^ Koukova, V. (2019). The Influence of Typography on Consumer Behavior. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education", 153-158.
  50. ^ Lee, S. (2018). Visualizing Consumer Behavior and Decision Making in the Age of Big Data. Journal of Business Research, 85, 262-267.
  51. ^ AIGA. (2018). AIGA Standards of Professional Practice.
  52. ^ Crowell, K. (2019). Ethics and Advertising. In The Advertising Handbook (pp. 51-66). Routledge.
  53. ^ Berman, J. (2019). The Ethics of Graphic Design. The Design Journal, 22(3), 347-363.
  54. ^ Guffey, E. (2018). Building Bridges to the Future of Graphic Design Education. Visual Communication Quarterly, 25(2), 77-88.
  55. ^ Hassenzahl, M., Diefenbach, S., & Göritz, A. (2010). Needs, Affect, and Interactive Products: Facets of User Experience. Interacting with Computers, 22(5), 353-362.
  56. ^ Rolston, M. (2017). Graphic Design and Social Change: Raising Awareness of Gender-Based Violence through Advocacy Design. Communication Design Quarterly Review, 5(1), 32-43.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Fiell, Charlotte and Fiell, Peter (editors). Contemporary Graphic Design. Taschen Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-5269-9
  • Wiedemann, Julius and Taborda, Felipe (editors). Latin-American Graphic Design. Taschen Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-4035-1
[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Graphic Design
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_design&oldid=1246538216"