Girga

Girga

ⲑⲁⲣϫⲉ
جرجا
Girga ⲑⲁⲣϫⲉ جرجا
City
	Uthman Bey Mosque Entrance (top) - Suq Market (left) - Mitwalli Mosque Entrance (right)
	Girga Location in Egypt
	Coordinates: 26°20′N 31°54′E / 26.333°N 31.900°E
Country	Egypt
Governorate	Sohag
Area
• Total	5.42 sq mi (14.05 km2)
Elevation	230 ft (70 m)
Population (2021)
• Total	162,165
• Density	30,000/sq mi (12,000/km2)
Time zone	UTC+2 (EST)

Girga (Egyptian Arabic: جرجا [ˈɡeɾɡæ]), alternatively Digirga or Digurga^[2] is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile River. It is the metropolitan see of the Coptic Orthodox Church, and is the oldest continuously-inhabited city on the African continent.

Name

grg^[3]^[4]
in hieroglyphs

The name of the city comes from Ancient Egyptian: (tꜣ)-grg.t, lit. 'the settlement', which is also preserved in possibly corrupted Coptic: ⲑⲁⲣϫⲉ, romanized: tarje and its alternative name Digirga.^[2]

Some Egyptologists such as Brugsch believe that the name of the city derives from the ancient Egyptian word grg miri-amoun Ramessou which means "The establishment of Ramesses II",^[5] although Daressy and Budge identify the name with Coptic Balyana near Abydos.^[3]^[4]

Through folk etymology the city became associated with St. George and a now non-existent monastery dedicated to him nearby, hence Leo Africanus calls it Giorgia and Peust suggests an older vocalisation Gurga.^[2]

Overview

Girga was the capital of the Girga Governorate until 1960, when the capital was moved to Sohag and the name of the governorate changed accordingly.^[6] Girga has an estimated population of 71,564 (as of 1986) and has various economic industries which include cane sugar manufacturing and pottery.

History

The city might have been the location of ancient city of Thinis (Greek name; also spelled This) – the first capital city of unified Egypt under Narmer. As of 2023, it remains inconclusive whether Girga or nearby village of Birba is the site of Thinis (Birba was confirmed to be the site of the capital of Egypt during the 1st and 2nd dynasties^{[citation needed]}).

There are ancient sites located on the territory of Girga including Beit Khallaf, a necropolis with mudbrick tombs dating back to the 3rd dynasty.

Girga was the capital of Upper Egypt during Ottoman rule.

In 1791, Saint Yousab El Abah (also Joseph el-Abbah) was the bishop of the city.

In 1907 Girga had a population of 19,893, of whom about one-third were Copts.

As lately as the middle of the 18th century the town stood about 0.4 km from the river, but in the beginning of the 20th century it stood on the bank, the intervening space having been washed away, together with a large part of the town, by the stream continually encroaching on its left bank.^[7]

Places of worship

Mosques

Chinese Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الصينى, romanized: almasjid assini): The mosque was presumably built in about 1150 AH (= 1737) in the historical district of al-Qaysariyya by Muhammad bey al-Faqari who became a governor in 1117 AH (= 1705/1706) in Ottoman times. Although it is called Chinese, no materials imported from China were used in its construction, and it got its name after porcelain used in its decoration.
Osman Bey Mosque (Arabic: مسجد عثمان بك)
Al-Fuqara Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الفقراء)
Jalal Bey Mosque (Arabic: مسجد جلال بك)
Al-Mitwalli Mosque (Arabic: جامع المتولي)

Churches and monasteries

Monastery of Archangel Michael (Arabic: دير الملاك ميخائيل, romanized: dayr al-malak mikhail): Situated on the right bank of the Nile opposite of Girga. Since 1910 this site has been celebrated among archaeologists, because the discoveries made there have shed light on the region's prehistory.^[8]
Church of Archangel Michael (Arabic: كنيسة الملاك ميخائيل, romanized: kenisa al-malak mikhail)
Church of Saint George (Arabic: كنيسة مارجرجس, romanized: kenisa mar jirjis)
Church of Theodore Tiron (Arabic: كنيسة الأمير تادرس, romanized: kenisa alamir tadrus)

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

Climate data for Girga
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	22.3 (72.1)	24.3 (75.7)	28.1 (82.6)	33.5 (92.3)	36.9 (98.4)	38.3 (100.9)	37.9 (100.2)	38.1 (100.6)	34.9 (94.8)	32.4 (90.3)	28.8 (83.8)	23.8 (74.8)	31.6 (88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.7 (56.7)	15.3 (59.5)	18.7 (65.7)	23.9 (75.0)	27.8 (82.0)	29.5 (85.1)	29.5 (85.1)	29.9 (85.8)	27.7 (81.9)	25.1 (77.2)	20.4 (68.7)	15.5 (59.9)	23.1 (73.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	5.1 (41.2)	6.1 (43.0)	9.4 (48.9)	14.3 (57.7)	18.7 (65.7)	20.8 (69.4)	21.2 (70.2)	21.8 (71.2)	20.5 (68.9)	17.9 (64.2)	12.2 (54.0)	7.3 (45.1)	14.6 (58.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.0)	1 (0)
Source: Climate-Data.org^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Jirjā (Kism (urban and rural parts), Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Peust, Carsten. "Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" (PDF). p. 43.
^ ^a ^b Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1049.
^ ^a ^b Gauthier, Henri (1928). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5. pp. 217, 218.
^ Brugsch, Heinrich (1879). Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Egypte: contenant par ordre alphabétique la nomenclature comparée des noms propres géographiques qui se rencontrent sur les monuments et dans les papyrus. J. C. Hinrichs. pp. 853–854.
^ Law, Gwillim (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 (snippet view). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7864-0729-3. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Girga". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
^ "Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia".
^ "Climate: Girga - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

External links

(in German) Girga on Wikivoyage
Usepigraphy Stele Marble Relief - Brown University

[citypopulation-1] "Jirjā (Kism (urban and rural parts), Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

[:0-2] Peust, Carsten. "Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" (PDF). p. 43.

[Budge1049-3] Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1049.

[Gauthier217-4] Gauthier, Henri (1928). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5. pp. 217, 218.

[Brugsch853-5] Brugsch, Heinrich (1879). Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Egypte: contenant par ordre alphabétique la nomenclature comparée des noms propres géographiques qui se rencontrent sur les monuments et dans les papyrus. J. C. Hinrichs. pp. 853–854.

[6] Law, Gwillim (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 (snippet view). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7864-0729-3. Retrieved 2010-08-07.

[7] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Girga". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48.

[8] "Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia".

[9] "Climate: Girga - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

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v t e Cities and towns in Egypt
Cairo Governorate	Cairo
Giza Governorate	Giza, 6th of October City, Sheikh Zayed City, El Hawamdeya, El Badrashein, El Saff, Atfih, El Ayyat, Bawiti, Manshiyat al Qanater, Awsim, Kerdasa, Abu El Numrus
Qalyubia Governorate	Benha, Qalyub, Shubra El Kheima, El Qanater El Khayreya, Khanka, Kafr Shukr, Toukh, Qaha, Obour City, Khusus, Shibin El Qanater, Saryaqos, El Kulzom
Alexandria Governorate	Alexandria, Borg El Arab, New Borg El Arab
Beheira Governorate	Damanhur, Kafr El Dawwar, Rosetta, Edku, Abu El Matamir, Abu Hummus, El Delengat, El Mahmoudiyah, El Rahmaniya, Itay El Barud, Hosh Issa, Shubra Khit, Koum Hamada, Badr, Wadi El Natrun, New Nubariya
Matrouh Governorate	Mersa Matruh, El Hamam, El Alamein, El Dabaa, El Negaila, Sidi Barrani, Sallum, Siwa Oasis
Damietta Governorate	Damietta, New Damietta, Ras El Bar, Faraskur, Kafr Saad, El Zarqa, Assarw, Arrawda, Kafr El Battikh, Ezbet El Borg, Mit Abu Ghaleb
Dakahlia Governorate	Mansoura, Talkha, Mit Ghamr, Dekernes, Aga, Minyat An-Nasr, El Senbellawein, El Kurdi, Bani Ebaid, El Manzala, Temay El Amdeed, El Gammalia, Sherbin, El Matareya, Dakahlia, Belqas, Mit Salsil, Gamasa, Mahallat Damana, Nabaruh
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate	Kafr El Sheikh, Desouk, Fuwwah, Metoubes, Baltim, El Hamool, Biyala, El Reyad, Sidi Salem, Qallin, Sidi Ghazi, Borg El Burulus
Gharbia Governorate	Tanta, El Mahalla El Kubra, Kafr Az-Zayyat, Zefta, El Santa, Qutur, Basyoun, Sebennytos
Monufia Governorate	Shibin El Kom, Sadat (city), Menouf, Sirs Al-Layyan, Ashmoun, El Bagour, Quesna, Birket El Sab, Tala, Shuhada
Sharqia Governorate	Zagazig, 10th of Ramadan (city), Minya El Qamh, Bilbeis, Mashtool El Souk, Al-Qinayat, Abu Hammad, El Qurein, Hihya, Abu Kebir, Faqous, El Salheya El Gedida, El Ibrahimiya, Diyarb Negm, Kafr Saqr, Awlad Saqr, El Husseiniya, Tanis, Minshat Abu Omar, Qantir
Port Said Governorate	Port Said, Port Fuad
Ismailia Governorate	Ismailia, Fayed, El Qantara, Tell El Kebir, Abu Suwir, Kassassin
Suez Governorate	Suez
North Sinai Governorate	Arish, Sheikh Zuweid, Rafah, Bir al-Abd, El Hasana, Nekhel
South Sinai Governorate	El Tor, Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba, Taba, Saint Catherine, Abou Redis, Abu Zenima, Ras Sedr
Beni Suef Governorate	Beni Suef, New Beni Suef, Al Wasta, Nasser, Heracleopolis Magna, Biba, Sumusta, El Fashn
Faiyum Governorate	Faiyum, New Faiyum, Tamiya, Sinnuris, Itsa, Ibsheway, Yousef El Seddik
Minya Governorate	Minya, New Minya, El Idwa, Maghagha, Beni Mazar, Matai, Samalut, Mallawi, Dir Mawas, Aba al-Waqf, Dir Mawas, Dalga, Bahnasa, Idmo, Tuna el-Gebel, Al Madinah Al Fikriyyah
Asyut Governorate	Asyut, New Asyut, Dairut, Dayrut al-Sharif, Manfalut, El Quseyya, Abnub, Abu Tig, El Ghanayem, Sahel Selim, El Badari, Sidfa, Manqabad, Musha
New Valley Governorate	El Kharga, Baris, Mut, Farafra, Balat, Abu Minqar
Red Sea Governorate	Hurghada, Ras Ghareb, Safaga, El Qoseir, Marsa Alam, Shalateen, Halayeb
Sohag Governorate	Sohag, New Sohag, Akhmim, New Akhmim, El Balyana, El Maragha, Ptolemais Hermiou, Dar El Salam, Girga, West Juhayna, Saqultah, Tima, Tahta
Qena Governorate	Qena, New Qena, Abu Tesht, Nag Hammadi, Dishna, El Waqf, Qift, Naqada, Qus, Farshut, Shaarani
Luxor Governorate	Luxor, New Luxor, New Thebes, Zainiya, Bayadiya, Kurna, Armant, El-Tod, Esna, Medamud
Aswan Governorate	Aswan, New Aswan, Daraw, Kom Ombo, Nasr Al-Nuba, Kalabsha, Edfu, Radisia, Busylia, Sebaiya, Abu Simbel
Capital cities are in bold font.

v t e Sohag Governorate Regions
Regions	Akhmim El Balyana Dar El Salam Girga El Mansha El Maragha Saqultah Sohag Tahta Tima El Usayrat
Important sites	Abydos Beit Khallaf El Hawawish Hut-Repyt Aphrodito El Salamuni Tjebu
Monasteries and Mosques: Monastery of the Martyrs Red Monastery White Monastery Sidi Arif Mosque