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Kim (Korean surname)

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Kim
Pronunciation[kim][1]
Language(s)Korean
Origin
MeaningGold, iron, metal
Region of originKorea
Kim
Hangul
김
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGim
McCune–ReischauerKim

Kim (Korean: 김; Hanja: 金) is the most common surname in Korea. As of the 2015 South Korean census, there were 10,689,959 people by this name in South Korea or 21.5% of the population. Although the surname is always pronounced the same, dozens of different family clans (bon-gwan) use it. The clan system in Korea is unique from the surname systems of other countries.[2][3] Kim is written as 김 (gim) in both North and South Korea. The hanja for Kim, 金, can also be transliterated as 금 (geum) which means 'gold, metal, iron'. While romanized as Kim by 99.3% of the population, other rare variant romanizations such as Gim, Ghim, and Kin make up the remaining 0.7%.[4]

Origin

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The first historical document that records the surname dates to 636 and references it as the surname of Korean King Jinheung of Silla (526–576). In the Silla kingdom (57 BCE – 935 CE)—which variously battled and allied with other states on the Korean peninsula and ultimately unified most of the country in 668—Kim was the name of a family that rose to prominence and became the rulers of Silla for 586 years.[5] Many scholars have suggested that Kim Al-chi (Alti) may have been the chief of a "gold" (altin) clan of Korea and Manchuria, whose story is similar to the legend of Alji Geo-seo-khan.[6][7]

Clans

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21.6% of Korean people bear the family name Kim. However, they all come from different family clans and have different ancestors.
  Kim, Gim, Ghim
  Lee, Yi, Rhee, Yie
  Park, Bark, Pak, Bhak
  Choi, Choe
  Jung, Jeong, Chung, Cheong

As with other Korean surnames, different clans, known as bon-gwan, are inherited from a father to his children. These designate the region of Korea or paternal ancestor from which they claim to originate.

The 2000 South Korean census listed 348 extant Kim lineages.[8]

Major clans

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Uiseong

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The Uiseong Kim (의성김씨; 義城金氏) clan traces its lineage back to Kim Seok, also known as Kim Jung-seok, the son of Gyeongsun of Silla.[9]

Andong

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Main article: Andong Kim clan
Family seal of the Andong Kim clan

There are two Andong Kim clans (안동김씨; 安東金氏), distinguished as Gu (구; 舊) and Shin (신; 新), that have two separate progenitors.

Some of the notable Gu Andong Kim clan members were General Kim Si-min and Prime Minister Kim Sa-hyeong, who was involved with the Gangnido map, as well as Royal Noble Consort Hwi was banished for witchcraft.[10]

The Shin Andong Kim clan[11] was one of the powerful clans that dominated the later part of Joseon. One of the most powerful members from the clan was Kim Jo-sun, who was the father-in-law to Sunjo of Joseon. Kim Josun's daughter was Queen Sunwon.

Gimhae (Kimhae)

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Main article: Gimhae Kim clan
Family seal of the Gimhae Kim clan

The origin of the clan traces back to Suro of Geumgwan Gaya who had ten children, thus starting the Kim dynasty of Geumgwan Gaya, the capital of which was in present-day Gimhae. Famous ancient members of this clan, aside from the kings of Geumgwan Gaya, include the Silla general Kim Yu-sin. In Later Silla, members of the Gimhae Kim family were admitted to all but the highest level of the Silla bone rank system.

This clan is by far the most populous of all Korean clans. According to the 2015 South Korean census, there were 4,456,700 Gimhae Kim clan members in South Korea.

Distribution of ancestral lines of the Kim surname (1988)

Gyeongju

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Family seal of the Gyeongju Kim clan

The Gyeongju Kims (경주김씨; 慶州金氏)[12] trace their descent from the ruling family of Silla. The founder of this clan is said to have been Kim Al-chi, an orphan adopted by King Talhae of Silla in the 1st century CE. Alji's seventh-generation descendant was the first member of the clan to take the throne, as King Michu of Silla in the year 262. According to the South Korean census of 2015, there were 1,800,853 Gyeongju Kims in South Korea.

Nagan

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The Nagan Kim clan (낙안김씨; 樂安金氏) is small. Its progenitor, Kim Sujing (김수징; 金粹澄), was a descendant of the last king of Silla and established their ancestral home in Suncheon. In the South Korean census of 2000, less than 10,000 citizens claimed to be Nagan Kims.

Hamchang

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The Hamchang Kim clan (함창김씨; 咸昌金氏) trace their origin to the founder of the little-known Gaya confederacy state of Goryeong Gaya, King Taejo. His alleged tomb, rediscovered in the sixteenth century, is still preserved by the modern-day members of the clan. This clan numbered only 26,300 members in the 2000 South Korean census.

Gwangsan

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Main article: Gwangsan Kim clan
Gwangsan Kim clan family seal

The Gwangsan Kim clan (광산김씨; 光山金氏)[13] was one of the most prominent clans during Joseon. The Gwangsan Kims are the descendants of Kim Heung-gwang (김흥광, 金興光), who was the third prince of Sinmu of Silla, its 45th monarch.

Yaseong

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The Yaseong Kim clan (야성김씨; 野城金氏) is from Yeongdeok County. The name Yeongdeok replaced an earlier name, Yaseong, which means 'city in the wilderness', and dates its origins back to Silla.

Cheongpung

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The Cheongpung Kim clan (청풍김씨; 淸風金氏)[11] was one of the aristocratic families during the Joseon. Two queens were from this clan during that period. Several members of the clan also became prime ministers.

Yonan

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Main article: Yonan Kim clan

The Yonan Kim clan was an aristocratic family clan that had members in high government positions during the Joseon era. Six members of the clan were prime ministers. The founder of the Yonan Kim clan was Kim Sŏm-han (김섬한; 金暹漢), a descendant of Kim Al-chi.[14]

Gangneung

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Main article: Gangneung Kim clan
Gangneung Kim clan family seal

The Gangneung Kim clan (강릉김씨; 江陵金氏) originated from Gangneung in Gangwon Province. The progenitor was Kim Chu-wŏn, who was a descendant of Muyeol of Silla.

Sangsan

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The Sangsan Kim clan (상산김씨; 商山金氏) originated from Sangju in North Gyeongsang Province. The progenitor was Kim Su (김수; 金需) and the clan had members that participated in the Joseon government.

Ulsan

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The Ulsan Kim clan (울산김씨; 蔚山金氏) originated from Ulsan in Yeongnam. One of the members of this clan, Kim Inhu, was one of the 18 Sages of Korea and honored as a Munmyo Bae-hyang (문묘배향; 文廟配享).

Seoheung

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The Seoheung Kim clan (서흥김씨; 瑞興金氏) was one of the smaller Kim clans during the Joseon. The progenitor was Kim Bo (김보; 金寶) and one of the members was Kim Gwoeng-pil (김굉필; 金宏弼), who was one of the 18 Sages of Korea and honored as Munmyo Bae-hyang (문묘배향; 文廟配享).

Wonju

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The Wonju Kim clan (원주김씨; 原州金氏) might be one of the smallest Kim clans during the Joseon. They had two members that became prime ministers during that period.

Jeonju

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Main article: Jeonju Kim clan

According to the South Korean census of 2015, there were 56,989 members of the Jeonju Kim clan in South Korea. Its progenitor, Kim T'ae-sŏ, was descended from the last king of Silla, Gyeongsun of Silla. South Korean artist Kim Hee-chul is from the Jeonju clan, as are the North Korean leaders Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un.

Other clans

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Family seal of Gimnyeong Kim clan
  • Ansan Kim, 안산김씨
  • Bu-an Kim, 부안김씨
  • Cheongdo Kim, 청도김씨
  • Cheongju Kim, 청주김씨
  • Daegu Kim, 대구김씨
  • Dogang Kim, 도강김씨 (Gangjin Kim, 강진김씨)
  • Eon-yang Kim, 언양김씨
  • Gaeseong Kim, 개성김씨
  • Geumsan Kim, 금산김씨
  • Gimnyeong Kim, 김녕김씨
  • Gongju Kim, 공주김씨
  • Go-ryeong Kim, 고령김씨
  • Go-seong Kim, 고성김씨
  • Gwangju Kim, 광주김씨
  • Gyeongseong Kim, 경성김씨
  • Hanyang Kim, 한양김씨 (Korean adoptees)
  • Jinju Kim, 진주김씨
  • Joong-hwa Kim, 중화씨
  • Naju Kim, 나주김씨
  • Pungcheon Kim, 풍천김씨
  • Pungsan Kim, 풍산김씨
  • Samcheok Kim, 삼척김씨
  • Seoha Kim, 서하김씨
  • Seonsan Kim, 선산김씨
  • Suncheon Kim, 순천김씨
  • Suwon Kim, 수원김씨
  • Ye-an Kim, 예안김씨
  • Yeongdong Kim, 영동김씨 (Yeongsan Kim, 영산김씨)
  • Yeong-gwang Kim, 영광김씨

Notable people

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Further information: List of people with the Korean family name Kim

See also

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References

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  1. ^ King, Ross; Yeon, Jaehoon (2015). "2.2 Korean Names". Elementary Korean Second Edition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462914548.
  2. ^ "본관 (本貫)" [Family Origin]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  3. ^ "2015년 인구주택총조사 전수집계결과 보도자료" [Results of the 2015 Census of Population and Housing survey]. Korean Statistical Information Service. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  4. ^ 성씨 로마자 표기 방안: 마련을 위한 토론회 [Plan for romanisation of surnames: a preparatory discussion]. National Institute of Korean Language. 25 June 2009. p. 60. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  5. ^ "신라 왕실 연대표" [Chronicles of the Silla Royal Family]. Wonkwang University Department of History (in Korean). Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  6. ^ "金秉模의 考古學 여행 – 그리스-알타이-신라를 이어 준 汗血馬의 질주" [Kim Myung-soo's Ancient Learning Tour – The gallop of ancient horses that connected Greece, Altai, and Silla]. Monthly Chosun (in Korean). September 2003.
  7. ^ "大輔公 諱 金閼智 誕生 說話(대보공휘김알지 탄생설화)". 경주김씨 사승공파 소개 (in Korean). 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-09-03. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  8. ^ "성씨, 본관별 가구 및 인구". Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
  9. ^ Kim, Henry Cu (1987). The writings of Henry Cu Kim : autobiography with commentaries on Syngman Rhee, Pak Yong-man, and Chŏng Sun-man. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. p. 7. ISBN 0824811593.
  10. ^ 世宗實錄 [Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]. Vol. 45. 1454.
  11. ^ a b 조선왕조실록, 정조 대왕 행장, Joseon Annals, King Jeongjo's life history record after death. c. 1800
  12. ^ 조선왕조실록, Joseon Annals, Nov. 2, 1734, No. 2
  13. ^ 조선왕조실록,순종실록부록,순종 18년8월21일. Joseon Annals, Aug. 21, 1925. No. 1
  14. ^ "연안김씨". Doopedia (in Korean). Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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