Géza Gyóni

The native form of this personal name is Gyóni Géza. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Géza Gyóni (25 June 1884 – 25 June 1917) was a Hungarian war poet. He died in a Russian prisoner of war camp during the First World War.

Early life

Born Géza Áchim to "crusading Lutheran family" in the small village of Gyón, near Dabas, in Austria-Hungary. Gyóni was one of the seven children of a pastor of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary.

After his younger brother died, Gyóni's mother became mentally ill and the future poet was sent to live with his uncle, who was also a Lutheran minister.

After he graduated from the high school in Békéscsaba, the future poet began studying in the Lutheran seminary at Pozsony. But he was also drawn to writing and also became a newspaper correspondent and adopted the name of his birthplace as a pseudonym.

Gyóni had to leave the seminary after he was injured while playing Russian roulette with a rival reporter. In the aftermath, he edited a rural newspaper for a time and then moved to Budapest to study economics.

His first collection of poetry, named simply Versek (Poems) was published in the same year, 1903. This marked a very low period in his life, in which Gyóni sought to free himself from his father's demands and even attempted suicide, before being transferred to an administrative course which led to a job in Budapest. In the city he was increasingly drawn to journalists and poets, contributing to the literary journal Nyugat and beginning a long rivalry with the contemporary leading poet of Hungary Endre Ady, who he criticized in his second collection, Szomorú szemmel (With sorrowful eyes) in 1909.

Military service

Austro-Hungarian artillery unit appearing in The Illustrated London News in 1914

In November 1907, Gyóni was called up to the Austro-Hungarian Army, and spent eighteen months breaking rocks and building railway lines in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which he did not at all enjoy and which bred a very strong streak of pacifism in him. The "exercise" was finally called off in 1908.

In Szabadka, Gyóni met and fell in love with the woman whose memory and infidelity were to taunt him in the POW camps in Siberia.

During this time and the following two years he continued working on his poetry in Budapest, until he was recalled to active service during the Balkan Wars in 1912. In response, Gyóni wrote the great pacifist poem, Cézar, én nem megyek ("Caesar, I Will Not Go").

His works in this period were later collected following his death, and posthumously published in 1917 as Élet szeretője (Lover of Life).

War poet

Austro-Hungarian soldiers resting in a trench

After the police investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand exposed the involvement of Serbian military intelligence chief Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, Gyóni, like many other Austro-Hungarians, accepted the Government's allegations of, "a plot against us," and the necessity to fight, "a defensive war." Some Hungarian intellectuals felt that World War I provided an excellent opportunity to pay back the House of Romanov for Tsar Nicholas I's pivotal role in the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

Gyóni seemed initially to enjoy the soldier's life, regularly writing poetry which was sent back home from the front for publication.

According to Peter Sherwood, "Gyóni's first, still elated, poems from the Polish Front recall the 16th-century Hungarian poet Bálint Balassi's soldiers' songs of the marches, written during the campaign against the Turks."

During the Siege of Przemyśl, Gyóni wrote poems to encourage the city's defenders and these verses were published there, under the title, Lengyel mezőkön, tábortűz melett (By Campfire on the Fields of Poland). A copy reached Budapest by aeroplane, which was an unusual feat in those days.

In Hungary, the politician Jenő Rákosi, used the popularity of Gyóni's collection to set up Gyóni as a brave soldier-poet and as the paragon of the Hungarian poetic ideal, as opposed to Endre Ady, who was a pacifist. Meanwhile, Gyóni's poetry took an increasingly depressive turn.

According to Erika Papp Faber, "His leaning toward Socialism and his anti-militarist attitude were, for a brief time, suspended, as he was caught up in the general patriotic fervor at the outbreak of World War I. But once he experienced the horrors of war first hand, he soon lost his romantic notions, and returned to the more radical positions of his youth, as it evident in his further volumes."

One of his poems from this period, Csak egy éjszakára (For Just One Night), in which he calls for Hungary's war profiteers, industrialists, and armchair patriots to come and spend just one night in the trenches, became a prominent anti-war poem and its popularity has lasted well beyond the end of the First World War.

Prisoner of war

Austro-Hungarian Army POWs in Russia, 1915; early colour photo taken by Prokudin-Gorskii.

In March 1915, Gyóni was was taken prisoner when the Austro-Hungarian Army surrendered Przemyśl to the Imperial Russian Army, who celebrated by immediately launching a pogrom against the city's Jewish population. Regular outbreaks of anti-semitic violence, as well as the religious persecution of Rusins and Ukrainians who belonged to the Eastern Catholic Churches, was to continue until the Imperial Russian Army was driven out of the region and into the Great Retreat of 1915

Meanwhile, Gyóni was permitted to remain with his younger brother, Mihály Áchim, who had also been captured. Tgother they endured a lengthy nine-month journey between POW camps and receiving areas in Kiev, Moscow, Alatyr, Petropavlovsk, Omsk and finally Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. In the Krasnoyarsk POW camp, Gyóni learnt of the full actions of Jenő Rákosi, the politician who had been weaponizing his verse for wartime propaganda. Gyóni had only heard rumours before and was enraged by what he learned.

Central Powers POWs who spoke Slavic languages were generally treated favorably by their Tsarist, captors out of both Slavophilism and also in the hopes of recruiting them to fight for the Allies. German- and Hungarian-speaking prisoners, on the other hand, were treated so inhumanely that, according to historian Alfred Maurice de Zayas, the post-Armistice government of the Weimar Republic spent many years investigating and ultimately ruled that the treatment of POWs in Russian Imperial custody was a war crime.

Gyóni went on to write perhaps his finest poetry in the quiet and boredom he found as a POW in Krasnoyarsk and produced the collection Levelek a kálváriáról és más költemények (Letters from Golgotha and Other Poems) in 1916 which was published in Hungary, based on manuscripts sent through the lines.

According to Erika Papp Faber, "The framework of this volume is provided by his unfaithful sweetheart and is filled with homesickness and visions of reconciliation with her."

Death

Gyóni died in the camp on his 33rd birthday, shortly after having a psychotic breakdown in response to his brother's death on 8 June. He was buried with his brother at the Troitsky Cemetery in Krasnoyarsk.

Gyóni wrote a poem in captivity which represented his attitude to life entitled Magyar bárd sorsa (A Hungarian bard's fate):

Nekem magyar bárd sorsát mérték:

Úgy hordom végig a világon

Véres keresztes magyarságom,

Mint zarándok a Krisztus képét.

A Hungarian bard's is my fate
To carry across the world
My bloodied, crusading Magyarhood
Like a pilgrim with a picture of Christ.

—Géza Gyóni

Legacy

War memorial to the Siege of Przemyśl in Budapest, Hungary.

Géza Gyóni's last collection, Rabságban (In Captivity), consists of poems that were brought back to Hungary by a fellow POW. It was posthumously published in 1919.

According to Erika Papp Faber, "Loránt Czigány, the literary historian, called Gyóni 'a war poet of considerable talent,' while others, among them László Cs. Szabó, observe that Gyóni was not as outstanding a 'singer of the trenches' as were some French and English poets of World War I. Be that as it may, Géza Gyóni is a writer whose entire life and writings reflect the events of his time and help in understanding that period of European history."

Géza Gyóni's anti-war poem Csak egy éjszakára ("For Just One Night"), remains very popular and is still taught in Hungarian schools. It has been translated into English by Canadian poet Watson Kirkconnell and by Hungarian American poet Erika Papp Faber.

Although Kirkconnell's translation renders Gyóni's poem into the same idiom as British war poets Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, and Isaac Rosenberg, Erika Papp Faber's version is far more faithful to the original poem in Hungarian.

Collections

• 1903 – Versek (Poems)
• 1909 – Szomorú szemmel (With sorrowful eyes)
• 1914 – Lengyel mezőkön, tábortűz melett (By the campfire on Polish prairies)
• 1916 – Levelek a kálváriáról és más költemények (Letters from Calvary and Other Poems)
• 1917 – Élet szeretője (Lover of Life) (posthumous)
• 1919 – Rabságban (In Prison) (posthumous)

Literature

• Cross, Tim, The Lost Voices of World War I, Bloomsbury Publishing, Great Britain: 1988. ISBN 0-7475-4276-7